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'''''Fraxinus profunda''''', the '''pumpkin ash''', is a species of ''[[Fraxinus]]'' (ash) native to eastern [[North America]], primarily in the [[United States]], with a scattered distribution on the Atlantic coastal plain and interior lowland river valleys from southern [[Maryland]] northwest to [[Indiana]], southeast to northern [[Florida]], and southwest to southeastern [[Missouri]] to [[Louisiana]], and also locally in the extreme south of [[Canada]] in [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex County]], [[Ontario]].<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 14 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=cnp>Canada Native Plants: [http://www.evergreen.ca/nativeplants/search/view-plant.php?ID=02709 ''Fraxinus profunda'']</ref><ref name=usfs>{{Silvics |volume=2 |genus=Fraxinus |species=profunda |first=W. R. |last=Harms}}</ref><ref name=onc>Ojibway Nature Centre: [http://www.ojibway.ca/trees.htm Trees of Essex County, Ontario]</ref>
'''''Fraxinus profunda''''', the '''pumpkin ash''', is a species of ''[[Fraxinus]]'' (ash) native to eastern [[North America]], primarily in the [[United States]], with a scattered distribution on the Atlantic coastal plain and interior lowland river valleys from southern [[Maryland]] northwest to [[Indiana]], southeast to northern [[Florida]], and southwest to southeastern [[Missouri]] to [[Louisiana]], and also locally in the extreme south of [[Canada]] in [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex County]], [[Ontario]].<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 14 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=cnp>Canada Native Plants: [http://www.evergreen.ca/nativeplants/search/view-plant.php?ID=02709 ''Fraxinus profunda'']</ref><ref name=usfs>{{Silvics |volume=2 |genus=Fraxinus |species=profunda |first=W. R. |last=Harms}}</ref><ref name=onc>Ojibway Nature Centre: [http://www.ojibway.ca/trees.htm Trees of Essex County, Ontario]</ref> The pumpkin ash tree is native to swampland areas. It is a tree that is very important environmentally and economically. Currently, ''Fraxinus profunda'' is threatened by the emerald ash borer which is threatening all species of ash trees in North America. The pumpkin ash, which is an angiosperm, reproduces through its fruits and flowers, and depends on the movement of its fruits to reproduce efficiently. The fruits of the pumpkin ash tree are also the largest of all ash trees.

While normally a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] reaching 12–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1 m diameter, the tree can reach 50 m tall with a 4.7 m diameter trunk.<ref name=msct>[http://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2010/05/missouri_state_champion_trees_12-02-14.pdf Missouri State Champion Trees]</ref> The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is gray, thick and fissured. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite, pinnate, with 7–9 leaflets; each leaf is 25–40&nbsp;cm long, the leaflets 8–20&nbsp;cm long and 5–8&nbsp;cm broad, with a finely toothed margin; they are downy on the underside and along the rachis. The leaflets are stalked, with a short [[petiole (botany)|petiolule]]. The [[flower]]s are produced in [[panicle]]s in spring shortly before the new leaves; they are inconspicuous purplish-green with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The [[fruit]] is a [[Samara (fruit)|samara]]; it is the largest of any North American ash species, 5–8&nbsp;cm long, comprising a single [[seed]] with an elongated apical wing 9&nbsp;mm broad.<ref name=usfs/><ref name=onc/><ref name=vplants>Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region: [http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17018 ''Fraxinus profunda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004085840/http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17018 |date=2006-10-04 }}</ref><ref name=mnfi>Michigan Natural Features Inventory: [http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/abstracts/botany/Fraxinus_profunda.pdf ''Fraxinus profunda'' (pdf file)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107182505/http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/abstracts/botany/Fraxinus_profunda.pdf |date=2008-01-07 }}</ref>


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The pumpkin ash tree is a member of the Oleaceae family, and has two synonyms ''Fraxinus michauxii'' Britton and ''Fraxinus tomentosa'' Michx. f.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Plants Profile for Fraxinus profunda (pumpkin ash)|url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=FRPR|access-date=2020-11-18|website=plants.sc.egov.usda.gov}}</ref> Benjamin Franklin Bush described the pumpkin ash in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fraxinus profunda {{!}} International Plant Names Index|url=https://www.ipni.org/n/105892-2|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.ipni.org}}</ref> The pumpkin ash tree was erroneously hypothesized to be a fertile cross between ''Fraxinus pennsylvanica'' and ''Fraxinus americana.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125914|title=Phytoneuron|date=2010|publisher=Guy L. Nesom|volume=2010-32|location=Fort Worth, TX :}}</ref> This tree is also considered to be a hexaploid and has 138 chromosomes.<ref name=":1" /> Pumpkin ash was thought to be a cross between ''Fraxinus pennsylvanica'' and ''Fraxinus americana'' because it shared similarities like abaxial leaf surfaces and how the bark develops as it becomes older.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the similarities, it was determined that ''Fraxinus profunda'' is a phylogenetically distinct species.<ref name=":1" />
The pumpkin ash tree is a member of the Oleaceae family, and has two synonyms ''Fraxinus michauxii'' Britton and ''Fraxinus tomentosa'' Michx. f.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Plants Profile for Fraxinus profunda (pumpkin ash)|url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=FRPR|access-date=2020-11-18|website=plants.sc.egov.usda.gov}}</ref> Benjamin Franklin Bush described the pumpkin ash in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fraxinus profunda {{!}} International Plant Names Index|url=https://www.ipni.org/n/105892-2|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.ipni.org}}</ref> The pumpkin ash tree was erroneously hypothesized to be a fertile cross between ''Fraxinus pennsylvanica'' and ''Fraxinus americana.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125914|title=Phytoneuron|date=2010|publisher=Guy L. Nesom|volume=2010-32|location=Fort Worth, TX :}}</ref> This tree is also considered to be a hexaploid and has 138 chromosomes.<ref name=":1" /> Pumpkin ash was thought to be a cross between ''Fraxinus pennsylvanica'' and ''Fraxinus americana'' because it shared similarities like abaxial leaf surfaces and how the bark develops as it becomes older.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the similarities, it was determined that ''Fraxinus profunda'' is a phylogenetically distinct species.<ref name=":1" />


The term pumpkin ash comes from the swollen trunk that can be found at the base of the tree. The other common names of ''Fraxinus profunda'' are red ash or swell-butt ash. <ref name="mnfi" />
The term pumpkin ash comes from the swollen trunk that can be found at the base of the tree. The other common names of ''Fraxinus profunda'' are red ash or swell-butt ash. <ref name="mnfi">Michigan Natural Features Inventory: [http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/abstracts/botany/Fraxinus_profunda.pdf ''Fraxinus profunda'' (pdf file)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107182505/http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/abstracts/botany/Fraxinus_profunda.pdf|date=2008-01-07}}</ref>


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
While normally a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] reaching 12–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1 m diameter, the tree can reach 50 m tall with a 4.7 m diameter trunk.<ref name="msct" /> The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is gray, thick and fissured. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are opposite, pinnate, with 7–9 leaflets; each leaf is 25–40&nbsp;cm long, the leaflets 8–20&nbsp;cm long and 5–8&nbsp;cm broad, with a finely toothed margin; they are downy on the underside and along the rachis. The leaflets are stalked, with a short [[Petiole (botany)|petiolule]]. Pumpkin ash trees are angiosperms meaning that they have flowers and fruits rather than seeds.<ref name="usfs" /> The [[Flower|flowers]] are produced in [[Panicle|panicles]] in spring shortly before the new leaves; they are inconspicuous purplish-green with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The [[fruit]] is a [[Samara (fruit)|samara]]; it is the largest of any North American ash species, 5–8&nbsp;cm long, comprising a single [[seed]] with an elongated apical wing 9&nbsp;mm broad.<ref name="usfs" /><ref name="onc" /><ref name="vplants" /><ref name="mnfi" /> ''Fraxinus profunda'' leaves have a very similar abaxial side as ''Fraxinus americana.''<ref name=":1" /> As the pumpkin ash tree grows and becomes older, the bark starts to become solid ridges that are continuous like the white ash.<ref name=":1" />
While normally a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] reaching 12–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1 m diameter, the tree can reach 50 m tall with a 4.7 m diameter trunk.<ref name="msct">[http://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources/2010/05/missouri_state_champion_trees_12-02-14.pdf Missouri State Champion Trees]</ref> The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is gray, thick and fissured. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are opposite, pinnate, with 7–9 leaflets; each leaf is 25–40&nbsp;cm long, the leaflets 8–20&nbsp;cm long and 5–8&nbsp;cm broad, with a finely toothed margin; they are downy on the underside and along the rachis. The leaflets are stalked, with a short [[Petiole (botany)|petiolule]]. Pumpkin ash trees are angiosperms meaning that they have flowers and fruits rather than seeds.<ref name="usfs" /> The [[Flower|flowers]] are produced in [[Panicle|panicles]] in spring shortly before the new leaves; they are inconspicuous purplish-green with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The [[fruit]] is a [[Samara (fruit)|samara]]; it is the largest of any North American ash species, 5–8&nbsp;cm long, comprising a single [[seed]] with an elongated apical wing 9&nbsp;mm broad.<ref name="usfs" /><ref name="onc" /><ref name="vplants">Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region: [http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17018 ''Fraxinus profunda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004085840/http://www.vplants.org/plants/species/species.jsp?gid=17018|date=2006-10-04}}</ref><ref name="mnfi" /> ''Fraxinus profunda'' leaves have a very similar abaxial side as ''Fraxinus americana.''<ref name=":1" /> As the pumpkin ash tree grows and becomes older, the bark starts to become solid ridges that are continuous like the white ash.<ref name=":1" />


==Ecology==
==Ecology==

Revision as of 17:53, 1 December 2020

Fraxinus profunda
Pumpkin ash in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Fraxinus
Section: Fraxinus sect. Melioides
Species:
F. profunda
Binomial name
Fraxinus profunda
(Bush) Bush
Natural range of Fraxinus profunda
Close-up of natural range of Fraxinus profunda
Synonyms

Fraxinus tomentosa F.Michx.

Fraxinus profunda, the pumpkin ash, is a species of Fraxinus (ash) native to eastern North America, primarily in the United States, with a scattered distribution on the Atlantic coastal plain and interior lowland river valleys from southern Maryland northwest to Indiana, southeast to northern Florida, and southwest to southeastern Missouri to Louisiana, and also locally in the extreme south of Canada in Essex County, Ontario.[2][3][4][5] The pumpkin ash tree is native to swampland areas. It is a tree that is very important environmentally and economically. Currently, Fraxinus profunda is threatened by the emerald ash borer which is threatening all species of ash trees in North America. The pumpkin ash, which is an angiosperm, reproduces through its fruits and flowers, and depends on the movement of its fruits to reproduce efficiently. The fruits of the pumpkin ash tree are also the largest of all ash trees.

Taxonomy

The pumpkin ash tree is a member of the Oleaceae family, and has two synonyms Fraxinus michauxii Britton and Fraxinus tomentosa Michx. f.[6] Benjamin Franklin Bush described the pumpkin ash in 1901.[7] The pumpkin ash tree was erroneously hypothesized to be a fertile cross between Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Fraxinus americana.[8] This tree is also considered to be a hexaploid and has 138 chromosomes.[8] Pumpkin ash was thought to be a cross between Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Fraxinus americana because it shared similarities like abaxial leaf surfaces and how the bark develops as it becomes older.[8] Despite the similarities, it was determined that Fraxinus profunda is a phylogenetically distinct species.[8]

The term pumpkin ash comes from the swollen trunk that can be found at the base of the tree. The other common names of Fraxinus profunda are red ash or swell-butt ash. [9]

Morphology

While normally a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 12–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1 m diameter, the tree can reach 50 m tall with a 4.7 m diameter trunk.[10] The bark is gray, thick and fissured. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The leaves are opposite, pinnate, with 7–9 leaflets; each leaf is 25–40 cm long, the leaflets 8–20 cm long and 5–8 cm broad, with a finely toothed margin; they are downy on the underside and along the rachis. The leaflets are stalked, with a short petiolule. Pumpkin ash trees are angiosperms meaning that they have flowers and fruits rather than seeds.[4] The flowers are produced in panicles in spring shortly before the new leaves; they are inconspicuous purplish-green with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara; it is the largest of any North American ash species, 5–8 cm long, comprising a single seed with an elongated apical wing 9 mm broad.[4][5][11][9] Fraxinus profunda leaves have a very similar abaxial side as Fraxinus americana.[8] As the pumpkin ash tree grows and becomes older, the bark starts to become solid ridges that are continuous like the white ash.[8]

Ecology

This tree occurs primarily in swamps. Pumpkin ash is a food plant for the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes. It is also seriously threatened by the invasive Asian emerald ash borer.[11] In 2017, the IUCN assessed the pumpkin ash as Critically Endangered, due to a massive population decline over most of its range that is due to the emerald ash borer.

Reproduction

Fruit production can begin as early as ten years of age.[4] The seeds of that the pumpkin ash tree produces grow during the summer months and are dropped in the early fall months.[4] As the seeds fall the most common type of dispersal is through wind, but with pumpkin ash trees growing it wet areas, the seeds can also be dispersed through the water.[4] When the seeds are dispersed by water, they can survive wet conditions for months at a time making this a feasible dispersion method.[4]

As a seedling, it thrives in moist soils in openings in the forest cover.[4] Dense cover does not benefit the young trees and it will grow very quickly in areas that are open with bare ground.[4] Given the right conditions, the seedling will grow very quickly and can often outgrow other tree species.[4]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraxinus profunda.
  1. ^ Jerome, D.; Westwood, M.; Oldfield, S. & Romero-Severson (2016). "Fraxinus profunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2017. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  2. ^ "Fraxinus profunda". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  3. ^ Canada Native Plants: Fraxinus profunda
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Harms, W. R. (1990). "Fraxinus profunda". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
  5. ^ a b Ojibway Nature Centre: Trees of Essex County, Ontario
  6. ^ "Plants Profile for Fraxinus profunda (pumpkin ash)". plants.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  7. ^ "Fraxinus profunda | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Phytoneuron. Vol. 2010–32. Fort Worth, TX :: Guy L. Nesom. 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  9. ^ a b Michigan Natural Features Inventory: Fraxinus profunda (pdf file) Archived 2008-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Missouri State Champion Trees
  11. ^ a b Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region: Fraxinus profunda Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
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