George Emil Palade and Caliber: Difference between pages
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{{Recent death|Palade, George Emil|date=October 2008}} |
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{{Infobox Scientist |
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The term '''caliber''' or '''calibre''' designates the interior [[diameter]] of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod. It comes from the French ''calibre'', itself from ''qālib'' (قالب), Arabic word for ''[[Molding (process)|mold]]'', itself from ''kalamoys'', Greek word for ''wooden form to make shoes''. |
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|name = George Emil Palade |
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|box_width = |
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|image =George Emil Palade.jpg |
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|image_size =150px |
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|caption =Dr. Palade won the Nobel Prize in 1974. |
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|birth_date = [[November 19]], [[1912]] |
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|birth_place = [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]] |
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|death_date = {{death date and age|2008|10|8|1912|11|19}} |
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|death_place = |
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|residence = |citizenship = [[United States]] |
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|nationality = [[Romanian]] |
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|ethnicity = |
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|field = [[cell biology|cell biologist]] |
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|work_institutions = |
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|alma_mater = [[Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy|Carol Davila School of Medicine]] |
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|doctoral_advisor = |
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|doctoral_students = |
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|known_for = [[Rough ER]] |
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|author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo = |
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|influences = |
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|influenced = |
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|prizes = 1974 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] |
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|religion = |footnotes = |signature = |
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}} |
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[[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png Nobel Medal]] |
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The term most often appears with respect to [[firearm]]s, as a measure of the inside diameter of the [[Gun barrel|barrel]] in inches or hundredths of an inch, or in millimetres. |
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'''George Emil Palade''' ([[November 19]], [[1912]] – [[October 8]], [[2008]]) was a highly regarded Romanian [[cell biology|cell biologist]]. In 1974, he shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[Albert Claude]] and [[Christian de Duve]], for his discoveries concerning the structure and function of [[organelle]]s in [[Cell (biology)|biological cells]]. |
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==Firearms== |
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Dr. George E. Palade also received the U.S. [[National Medal of Science]] in Biological Sciences for " ''pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells...'' " in 1986. |
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In firearms, the caliber is the diameter of the inside of the barrel. In a [[rifling|rifled]] barrel the distance is measured between opposing ''lands'' or ''grooves''; groove measurements are common in cartridge designations originating in the United States, while land measurements are more common elsewhere. This is very important when [[handloading]], as the bullet should closely match the groove diameter of the barrel to ensure a good seal. |
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When the barrel diameter is given in inches, the abbreviation "cal" is used in place of "inches". For example, a (smallbore) rifle with a diameter of 0.22 inch is a .22 cal, however the decimal point is generally dropped when spoken, making it ''"twenty-two caliber"''. |
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== Biography == |
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George Palade received his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in 1940 from the [[Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy|Carol Davila School of Medicine]] of the [[University of Bucharest]], [[Romania]]. He was a member of the faculty of that famous school until 1945 when he went to the United States for postdoctoral studies. There, he joined Prof. [[Albert Claude]] at the [[Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]]. |
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Calibers of weapons can be referred to in metric in millimeters, as in a "caliber of eighty-eight millimetres" (88 mm) or "a hundred and five-millimetre caliber gun" (often abbreviated as "105 mm gun"). |
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Palade was married to [[Marilyn Farquhar]], a cell biologist at the [[University of California, San Diego]]. |
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While modern cartridges and [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] firearms are generally referred to by the cartridge name, they are still lumped together based on bore diameter; for example, a firearm might be described as a ''.30 caliber rifle'', which could be any of a wide range of cartridges using a roughly .30 inch projectile, or a ''.22 rimfire'', referring to any [[rimfire]] cartridge using a .22 caliber projectile. |
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In 1952, Palade became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States. He was a Professor at the Rockefeller Institute (1958-1973), [[Yale University]] Medical School (1973-1990), and [[University of California, San Diego]]([[UCSD]];(1990-2008). At UCSD, Dr. Palade was Professor of Medicine in Residence (Emeritus) in the |
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Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, as well as a Dean for Scientific Affairs (Emeritus), in the School of Medicine at La Jolla, California.<ref>http://cmm.ucsd.edu/palade/ The home page of (fmr.) Professor George E. Palade |
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at UCSD (USA)</ref> |
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===Cartridge naming conventions=== |
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In 1970, he was awarded<ref>http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/</ref> the [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] from [[Columbia University]] together with [[Renato Dulbecco]] co-winner of 1974 [[Nobel Prize]] in Physiology or Medicine "''for discoveries concerning the functional organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology''.",<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/</ref>, related to his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research<ref>http://www.rockefeller.edu/nobel.html</ref>. His Nobel lecture, delivered on December 12th, 1974, was entitled: " ''Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion,'' "<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.html</ref>, published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation <ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.pdf The Nobel Prize Lecture of George E. Palade is in Text Format |
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Makers of early cartridge arms had to invent methods of naming<ref name="cotw">{{cite book | last = Barnes | first = Frank C. | editor = McPherson, M.L. | title = Cartridges of the World | edition = 8th Edition | origyear = 1965 | year = 1997 | publisher = DBI Books | pages =8-12 | isbn = 0-87349-178-5}}</ref> the cartridges, since there was at the time no established convention. One of the early established cartridge arms was the [[Spencer repeating rifle]], which saw service in the [[American Civil War]]. It was named based on the [[Chamber_(firearms)|chamber]] dimensions, rather than the bore diameter, with the earliest cartridge called the "No. 56 cartridge", indicating a chamber diameter of .56 inches; the bore diameter varied considerably, from .52 to .54 inches. Later various [[wildcat cartridge| derivatives]] were created using the same basic cartridge, but with smaller diameter bullets; these were named by the cartridge diameter at the base and mouth. The original No. 56 became the .56-56, and the smaller versions .56-52, .56-50, and .56-46. The .56-52, the most common of the new calibers, used a .50 caliber bullet. |
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Pdf 3.78 MB, Copyright©1974 by The Nobel Foundation, ISBN 981-02-0791-3</ref>, |
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<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/WSC/physio-71-80.html .</ref> |
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===Alongside the Nobel Award=== |
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Dr.George E. Palade received the [[National Medal of Science]] in Biological Sciences for "''pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells through studies combining electron microscopy and biochemistry. These contributions stimulated the growth of the field of cell biology, which he continues to inspire through his own research and leadership, active collaboration, and the training of new investigators''." (Presented by President Reagan at a White House Ceremony on March 12, 1986). |
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<ref>http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=266</ref> |
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Other early [[black powder]] era cartridges used a similar looking naming scheme, but measured entirely different characteristics. This scheme was far more popular, and was used into the advent of early [[gunpowder| smokeless powder]] cartridges. The cartridge would be described by the bullet diameter, in hundredths of an inch, and the powder charge in [[grain (measure)|grain]]s. Some of these cartridges remain popular today, such as the [[.45-70]], [[.44-40]], and [[.30-30 Winchester]]. |
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At the [[Rockefeller Institute]] for Medical Research, Palade used [[electron microscopy]] to study the internal organization of such cell structures as [[mitochondria]], [[chloroplast]]s, the Golgi apparatus, and others. His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a [[pulse-chase analysis]]. In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists and that the [[Rough ER]] and the [[Golgi apparatus]] function together.<ref>[[Biological Science]]</ref> |
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With the growing number of cartridges chambered for new smokeless powders, the cartridges started to be named based on bullet diameter combined with some other identifier. The [[.30-03]] and [[.30-06]] were named for the date of introduction, 1903 and 1906 respectively. The [[.45 ACP]], or ''.45 Automatic Colt Pistol'', described the developer and intended use. Other times some liberty is taken with the bullet diameter to differentiate different cartridges; for example the .221 Fireball, .222 Remington and .223 Remington all use the same bullet diameter, but the cartridges are different lengths. Some cartridges use a relative length in the name, such as [[.22 Short]] and [[.22 Long]], or a relative power, such as [[.44 Special]] and [[.44 Magnum]]. Variations on these methods persist today, with new cartridges such as the [[.204 Ruger]] and [[.17 HMR]] (Hornady Magnum Rimfire). |
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His name has become [[eponym|attached to]] the [[Weibel-Palade bodies]] (a storage organelle unique to the [[endothelium]], containing [[von Willebrand factor]] and various proteins) which he described together with the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] anatomist [[Ewald R. Weibel]] (Weibel ER, Palade GE. New cytoplasmic components in arterial endothelia. ''J. Cell. Biol.'' 1964, '''23''': 101-112).<ref>http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/1/101</ref> |
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Metric calibres for small arms are usually expressed with an "x" between the width and the length, for example, [[7.62x51 NATO]]. This indicates that the cartridge uses a 7.62 mm diameter bullet, loaded in a case 51 mm long. Similarly, the [[6.5x55 Swedish]] cartridge has a bullet of 6.5 mm, and a case length of 55 mm. The means of measuring a rifled bore varies, and may refer to the diameter of the lands or the grooves of the rifling; this is why the [[.303 British]], measured across the lands, actually uses a .311 inch bullet (7.70 mm vs. 7.90 mm), while the [[.308 Winchester]], while dimensionally similar to (but should not be considered interchangeable with) the 7.62x51 mm NATO cartridge, is measured across the grooves, and uses a .308" diameter (7.62 mm) bullet. An exception to this rule are the proprietary cartridges used by US maker [[Lazzaroni]], which are named based on the groove diameter in millimeters, such as 7.82 Warbird.<ref name=cotw /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lazzeroni.com/ct_reload.htm |title=Reloading Data |author=Lazzeroni Arms}}</ref> |
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===Dr. Palade's collaborative research in the 60's=== |
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The following is a concise excerpt from Dr. George E. Palade's Atuobiography |
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appearing in the Nobel Award documents:<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-autobio.html</ref> |
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Modern small arms range in bore size from approximately .17 (4.5 mm) up to .50 caliber (12.7 mm). Arms used to hunt large dangerous game, such as those used in [[express rifle]]s, may be as large as .80 caliber. In the middle of the 19th century, [[musket]]s and muzzle-loading [[rifle]]s were .58 caliber or larger; the [[Brown Bess]] [[flintlock]], for example, had a bore diameter of about .75 caliber (19 mm). [[Paintball]] guns (or "markers") are typically .68 caliber (17 mm). |
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"''In the 1960's, I continued the work on the secretory process using in parallel or in succession two different approaches. The first relied exclusively on cell fractionation, and was developed in collaboration with Philip Siekevitz, Lewis Greene, Colvin Redman, David Sabatini and Yutaka Tashiro; it led to the characterization of the zymogen granules and to the discovery of the segregation of secretory products in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum. The second approach relied primarly on radioautography, and involved experiments on intact animals or pancreatic slices which were carried out in collaboration with Lucien Caro and especially James Jamieson. This series of investigations produced a good part of our current ideas on the synthesis and intracellular processing of proteins for export. A critical review of this line of research is presented in the Nobel Lecture''."<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.html</ref> |
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===Caliber as measurement of length===<!-- This section is linked from [[USS Barbero (SS-317)]] --> |
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===Dr. Palade's Photograph in 1974 <ref>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/thumb/7/7d/Palade.jpg/180px-Palade.jpg </ref>=== |
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[[Image:calibre bore length gdl.png|thumb|Relationship of caliber in bore and length of gun]] |
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The length of the barrel (especially for larger guns) is often quoted in calibers. The effective length of the barrel (from [[breech]] to [[Muzzle (firearm)|muzzle]]) is divided by the barrel diameter to give a value. As an example, the main guns of the [[Iowa class battleship|''Iowa'' class battleship]]s can be referred to as 16"/50 caliber. They are 16 inches in diameter and the barrel is 800 inches long (16 x 50 = 800). This is also sometimes indicated using the prefix L/, so for example, the most common gun for the [[Panzer V]] tank is described as a "75 mm L/70", meaning a barrel 75 mm in diameter, and 5250 mm long. |
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===Alternative measurements of bore=== |
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== References == |
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Measurement of the bore of large weapons was often expressed in pounds. The weapon would be named according to the weight of a sphere of lead of the same diameter as the bore. The density of lead was used because it is a traditional material for projectiles. |
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{{Reflist}} |
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|volume=3 |
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|title=George Emil Palade and Don Wayne Fawcett and the development of modern anatomy, histology and contemporary cell biology |
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|journal=[[Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia]] |
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|volume=106 |
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|last=Farquhar |
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|first=M G |
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|coauthors=Wissig S L, Palade G E |
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|year=1999|month=Dec. |
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|title=Glomerular permeability I. Ferritin transfer across the normal glomerular capillary wall. 1961 |
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|journal=[[J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.]] |
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|title=The Nobel chronicles. 1974: Albert Claude (1899-1983), George Emil Palade (b 1912), and Christian Réne de Duve (b 1917) |
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|journal=[[The Lancet|Lancet]] |
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|volume=354 |
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|issue=9185 |
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|title=George E. Palade: charting the secretory pathway |
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|journal=[[Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia]] |
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|title=An informal tribute to George E. Palade |
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|title=[Accomplishment of Drs. Albert Calude and George E. Palade and the birth of cell biology] |
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|journal=[[Journal of the Indian Medical Association]] |
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*{{cite journal |
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|year=1970|month= |
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|title=George E. Palade |
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|volume=9 |
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This leads to certain guns being referred to as 6-pounder, 25-pounder and so forth. However this relationship between calibre and projectile weight changed with the introduction of the cylindrical rifled shell. The gun continued to be named by the weight of projectile it threw although this no longer gave a direct indication of the barrel size. |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-autobio.html Autobiography written in 1974 for the Nobel Prize] |
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* Professor Palade's [http://cmm.ucsd.edu/palade/ current webpage] at University of California, San Diego |
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* George Palade biography and images, [http://cellimages.ascb.org/u?/p4041coll1,110 Image & Video Library] of [http://www.ascb.org The American Society for Cell Biology] |
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* [http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/ The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize] |
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Shotguns are named according to [[Gauge (bore diameter)|gauge]], a related expression. The ''gauge'' of a shotgun refers to how many lead spheres the diameter of the bore would equal a pound. In the case of a 12-gauge shotgun, it would take twelve spheres the size of the shotgun's bore to equal a pound. Counterintuitively, a numerically larger gauge indicates a smaller barrel: a 20-gauge shotgun requires more spheres to equal a pound, therefore its barrel is smaller than the 12 gauge. This metric is used in Russia as "caliber number": "shotgun of the twelve caliber". The sixteenth caliber is known as "lordly" ({{lang-ru|барский}}). While shotgun bores can be expressed in calibers (the .410 bore shotgun is in fact a caliber measure of .41 caliber (11 mm)), the nature of [[shotshell]]s is such that the barrel diameter often varies significantly down the length of the shotgun barrel, with various levels of ''choke'' and ''backboring''. |
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{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1951-1975}} |
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{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|biological}} |
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===Metric versus inch=== |
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{{Lifetime|1912|2008|Palade, George Emil}} |
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The following table lists some commonly used calibers with their metric and inch equivalents. Some calibers appear more than once; due to variations in naming conventions, as well as whims of the creator of various cartridges, bullet diameters can vary quite widely from the diameter implied by the name. For example, the ''.38 caliber'' cartridges in particular vary quite a bit, covering a range of approximately 0.045 inches (1.15 mm) from smallest to largest bullet diameter. |
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[[Category:American biologists]] |
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[[Category:American physicians]] |
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[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]] |
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[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Sciences]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] |
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[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]] |
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[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]] |
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[[Category:People from Iaşi]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Star of Romania Order]] |
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[[Category:Romanian academics]] |
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[[Category:Romanian biologists]] |
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[[Category:Romanian physicians]] |
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[[Category:Romanian-Americans]] |
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[[Category:Yale University faculty]] |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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[[ca:George Emil Palade]] |
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|+ Common calibers in inch and their metric equivalents<ref name="accurate">{{cite book | last = Accurate | title = Accurate Smokeless Powders Loading Guide | edition = Number Two (Revised) | year = 2000 | publisher =Wolfe Publishing | location =Prescott, AZ | pages = 392 | id = barcode 94794 00200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blue-star-inc.com/catalog/lprbullet.htm |title=Pistol and Rifle Lead Bullets}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blue-star-inc.com/catalog/lprbullet.htm |title=Rifle Bullets}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rainierballistics.com/mainframe.htm |title=LeadSafe Total Copper |
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[[de:George Emil Palade]] |
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Jacket ("TCJ") Bullet List}}</ref> |
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[[es:George Palade]] |
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! US caliber !! Metric Equivalent !! Typical Actual Bullet Dia.!! Common cartridges !! Notes |
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[[fr:George Emil Palade]] |
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|- |
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[[hr:George E. Palade]] |
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| .17 || [[4 mm caliber|4.4 mm]] || .172 || [[.17 Remington]], [[.17 HMR]] || |
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[[id:George Palade]] |
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|- |
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[[it:George Emil Palade]] |
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| .177 || [[4 mm caliber|4.5 mm]] || .177 lead, .175 BB || [[Airgun]] and [[BB gun]] .177 caliber || |
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[[he:ג'אורג'ה אמיל פאלאדה]] |
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|- |
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[[sw:George Palade]] |
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| .20, .204 || [[5 mm caliber|5 mm]] || .204 || [[.204 Ruger]] || |
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[[nl:George Emil Palade]] |
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|- |
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[[ja:ジョージ・エミール・パラーデ]] |
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| .22, .218, .219 .220, .221, .222, .223, .224, .225, .226 || 5.5, 5.56, 5.7 mm || .223-.224 || [[.22 Long Rifle]], [[.223 Remington]] (5.56mm NATO), [[5.7 x 28 mm]] || |
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[[no:George Emil Palade]] |
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|- |
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[[oc:George Emil Palade]] |
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| .228 || none || .228 || .228 Ackley Magnum || Bullets formerly available from Barnes, in heavily constructed 70 and 90 grain weights for medium game use |
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[[pl:George Emil Palade]] |
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|- |
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[[pt:George Emil Palade]] |
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| .24 || [[6 mm caliber|6 mm]] || .243 || [[.243 Winchester]], [[6 mm Remington]], 6mm plastic (airsoft) BBs || |
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[[ro:George Emil Palade]] |
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|- |
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[[ru:Паладе, Джордж]] |
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| .25 || 6.5 mm || .257, 6.527 mm || [[.257 Roberts]], [[.25-06 Remington]] || typical 25 cal, not normally called 6.5 |
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[[sk:George Emil Palade]] |
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|- |
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[[fi:George Emil Palade]] |
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| .26 || 6.5 mm || .264, 6.7 mm || [[6.5 x 55 mm]] || cartridges commonly known as ''6.5'' |
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[[sv:George E. Palade]] |
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|- |
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[[zh:喬治·埃米爾·帕拉德]] |
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| .27 || 6.8 mm, 7 mm || .277, 7.035 mm || [[.270 Winchester]], [[6.8 SPC]] || not called 7 mm |
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|- |
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| .28 || [[7 mm caliber|7 mm]] || .284, 7.213 mm || [[7 mm Remington Magnum]], [[7 x 57 mm Mauser|7 x 57 mm]] || commonly called ''7 mm'' |
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|- |
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| .30 || 7.62 mm || .308 || 30-06 [[.308 Winchester]] (7.62mm NATO) || American ".30 caliber" |
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|- |
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| .30 || 7.62 mm || .311 || [[.303 British]], [[7.62x39]] || Other ".30 caliber" |
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|- |
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| .32, .327 || 7.65 mm || .309 - .312 || [[.32 ACP]], [[.32 S&W]], [[.327 Federal Magnum]] || .32 caliber handgun cartridges |
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|- |
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|.32, .325 || [[8 mm caliber|8 mm]] || .323 || [[.325 WSM]], [[8 mm Remington Magnum]]|| .32 caliber rifle cartridges |
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|- |
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| .38, .357, .35 || [[9 mm caliber|9 mm]] || .355-.357 || [[.38 Special]], [[.357 Magnum]], [[.35 Remington]] || Generally .357 for revolvers and rifles, .355 in autoloaders |
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|- |
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| .38 || [[10 mm caliber|10 mm]] || .400 || [[.38-40]] || Old black powder cartridge |
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|- |
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| .40 || 10 mm || .400 || [[.40 S&W]], [[10 mm Auto]] || |
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|- |
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| .404 || 10.25 mm || .423 || [[.404 Jeffery]] || |
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|- |
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| .405 || 10.75 mm || .411 || [[.405 Winchester]] || |
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|- |
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| .41 || 10.25 mm || .410 || [[.41 Magnum]] [[.41 Action Express]] || |
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|- |
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| .416 || 10.6 mm || .416 || [[.416 Rigby]] || |
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|- |
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| .44 || 10.8 mm || .427 - .430 || [[.44 Magnum]] || |
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|- |
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| .45 || [[11 mm caliber|11.45 mm]] || .451-.452 || [[.45 ACP]] || Handgun .45 calibers, .451 autos and .452 in revolvers |
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|- |
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| .45 || 11.6 mm || .458 || [[.45-70 Government]] || Most rifle .45 calibers |
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|- |
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| .454 || [[11.53 mm]] || .454 || [[.454 Casull]] || Once considered a [[wildcat cartridge]], becoming more common |
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|- |
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| .458, .46 || 11.6 mm || .458 || [[.460 Weatherby]], [[.458 Winchester Magnum]] || |
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|- |
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| .475, .480 || [[12 mm caliber|12 mm]] || .475 || [[.480 Ruger]], [[.475 Linebaugh]] || |
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|- |
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| .50 || 12.7 mm || .50 || [[.50 AE]], [[.500 S&W]], [[.50 Beowulf]] || [[Desert Eagle]], [[Smith & Wesson Model 500| S&W X-Frame]], Alexander Arms .50 Beowulf |
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|- |
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| .50 || 12.7 mm || .510 || [[.50 BMG]], [[12.7 x 108 mm]] || [[M2 Browning machine gun]] and other heavy machine guns, long range rifles typified by [[Barrett Firearms Company]] products |
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|- |
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| .68 || 17.5 mm || .683-.696 || .689 Caliber Paintball Guns || Typically .689 Caliber, not called 17.5mm |
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|} |
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Calibers outside the range of .17 to .50 (4.5 to 12.7 mm) do exist, but are rarely encountered. [[Wildcat cartridge]]s, for example, can be found in .10, .12, and .14 caliber (2.5, 3.0, 3.6 mm), typically used for short range [[varmint hunting]] where the high velocity, lightweight bullets provide devastating [[terminal ballistics]] with little risk of ricochet. Larger calibers, such as .577, .585, .600, .700, and .729 (14.7, 14.9, 15.2, 17.8, 18.5 mm) are generally found in proprietary cartridges chambered in [[express rifle]]s or similar guns intended for use on dangerous game.<ref name=cotw10>{{cite book |title=Cartridges of the World, 10th Ed. |publisher=Krause Publications |author=Frank C. Barnes, ed. Stan Skinner |isbn=0-87349-605-1}}</ref> |
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==Aviation bombs== |
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Some countries (the former USSR and Russian Federation, for instance) use the "caliber" term to classify aviation bombs. The Russian/Soviet bomb caliber is expressed in mass/weight units, but may not be equal to the mass/weight of the munition. |
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==Other uses== |
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*In [[architecture]], the caliber of a column is its diameter. |
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*In [[electricity]], the caliber of an instrument of measure is the maximum value it can measure. |
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*In [[nautical]] parlance, the caliber of a chain is the diameter of the metal rod used to make each chain link. |
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*[[Agriculture|Agricultural]] produce is also often ranked by caliber (diameter), for instance [[olive]]s, [[pea]]s or [[egg (food)|eggs]]. |
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*In [[typography]], the caliber of a font designates the size of the eye of a character, neglecting any risers or descenders. |
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*In [[horology]], the term is used to distinguish the size and type of [[movement (clockwork)|movement]] used within a timepiece. |
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*In [[medicine]], the caliber of a tube in the body, for example the colon, is its diameter. |
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*Colloquially, the term "high caliber" is used to refer to people or employees of great competence or ability. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Gauge (shotgun)|Gauge]] |
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*[[List of cartridges by caliber]] |
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*[[List of handgun cartridges]] |
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*[[List of rifle cartridges]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Ammunition]] |
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[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] |
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[[Category:Ordnance components]] |
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[[Category:Firearms]] |
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[[Category:Units of length]] |
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[[bs:Kalibar]] |
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[[bg:Калибър]] |
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[[cs:Ráže]] |
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[[da:Kaliber]] |
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[[de:Kaliber]] |
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[[es:Calibre (armas de fuego)]] |
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[[eo:Kalibro]] |
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[[fa:کالیبر]] |
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[[fr:Calibre]] |
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[[gl:Calibre]] |
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[[ko:구경 (화기)]] |
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[[hr:Kalibar]] |
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[[it:Calibro (arma)]] |
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[[he:קליבר]] |
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[[lv:Kalibrs]] |
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[[lt:Kalibras]] |
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[[nl:Kaliber]] |
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[[ja:口径]] |
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[[no:Kaliber]] |
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[[nn:Kaliber]] |
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[[pl:Kaliber broni]] |
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[[pt:Calibre]] |
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[[ru:Калибр]] |
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[[sl:Kaliber]] |
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[[sh:Kalibar]] |
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[[fi:Kaliiperi]] |
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[[sv:Kaliber]] |
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[[uk:Калібр]] |
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[[zh:口徑]] |
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Revision as of 18:33, 10 October 2008
 | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. |
The term caliber or calibre designates the interior diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod. It comes from the French calibre, itself from qālib (قالب), Arabic word for mold, itself from kalamoys, Greek word for wooden form to make shoes.
The term most often appears with respect to firearms, as a measure of the inside diameter of the barrel in inches or hundredths of an inch, or in millimetres.
Firearms
In firearms, the caliber is the diameter of the inside of the barrel. In a rifled barrel the distance is measured between opposing lands or grooves; groove measurements are common in cartridge designations originating in the United States, while land measurements are more common elsewhere. This is very important when handloading, as the bullet should closely match the groove diameter of the barrel to ensure a good seal.
When the barrel diameter is given in inches, the abbreviation "cal" is used in place of "inches". For example, a (smallbore) rifle with a diameter of 0.22 inch is a .22 cal, however the decimal point is generally dropped when spoken, making it "twenty-two caliber".
Calibers of weapons can be referred to in metric in millimeters, as in a "caliber of eighty-eight millimetres" (88 mm) or "a hundred and five-millimetre caliber gun" (often abbreviated as "105 mm gun").
While modern cartridges and cartridge firearms are generally referred to by the cartridge name, they are still lumped together based on bore diameter; for example, a firearm might be described as a .30 caliber rifle, which could be any of a wide range of cartridges using a roughly .30 inch projectile, or a .22 rimfire, referring to any rimfire cartridge using a .22 caliber projectile.
Cartridge naming conventions
Makers of early cartridge arms had to invent methods of naming[1] the cartridges, since there was at the time no established convention. One of the early established cartridge arms was the Spencer repeating rifle, which saw service in the American Civil War. It was named based on the chamber dimensions, rather than the bore diameter, with the earliest cartridge called the "No. 56 cartridge", indicating a chamber diameter of .56 inches; the bore diameter varied considerably, from .52 to .54 inches. Later various derivatives were created using the same basic cartridge, but with smaller diameter bullets; these were named by the cartridge diameter at the base and mouth. The original No. 56 became the .56-56, and the smaller versions .56-52, .56-50, and .56-46. The .56-52, the most common of the new calibers, used a .50 caliber bullet.
Other early black powder era cartridges used a similar looking naming scheme, but measured entirely different characteristics. This scheme was far more popular, and was used into the advent of early smokeless powder cartridges. The cartridge would be described by the bullet diameter, in hundredths of an inch, and the powder charge in grains. Some of these cartridges remain popular today, such as the .45-70, .44-40, and .30-30 Winchester.
With the growing number of cartridges chambered for new smokeless powders, the cartridges started to be named based on bullet diameter combined with some other identifier. The .30-03 and .30-06 were named for the date of introduction, 1903 and 1906 respectively. The .45 ACP, or .45 Automatic Colt Pistol, described the developer and intended use. Other times some liberty is taken with the bullet diameter to differentiate different cartridges; for example the .221 Fireball, .222 Remington and .223 Remington all use the same bullet diameter, but the cartridges are different lengths. Some cartridges use a relative length in the name, such as .22 Short and .22 Long, or a relative power, such as .44 Special and .44 Magnum. Variations on these methods persist today, with new cartridges such as the .204 Ruger and .17 HMR (Hornady Magnum Rimfire).
Metric calibres for small arms are usually expressed with an "x" between the width and the length, for example, 7.62x51 NATO. This indicates that the cartridge uses a 7.62 mm diameter bullet, loaded in a case 51 mm long. Similarly, the 6.5x55 Swedish cartridge has a bullet of 6.5 mm, and a case length of 55 mm. The means of measuring a rifled bore varies, and may refer to the diameter of the lands or the grooves of the rifling; this is why the .303 British, measured across the lands, actually uses a .311 inch bullet (7.70 mm vs. 7.90 mm), while the .308 Winchester, while dimensionally similar to (but should not be considered interchangeable with) the 7.62x51 mm NATO cartridge, is measured across the grooves, and uses a .308" diameter (7.62 mm) bullet. An exception to this rule are the proprietary cartridges used by US maker Lazzaroni, which are named based on the groove diameter in millimeters, such as 7.82 Warbird.[1][2]
Modern small arms range in bore size from approximately .17 (4.5 mm) up to .50 caliber (12.7 mm). Arms used to hunt large dangerous game, such as those used in express rifles, may be as large as .80 caliber. In the middle of the 19th century, muskets and muzzle-loading rifles were .58 caliber or larger; the Brown Bess flintlock, for example, had a bore diameter of about .75 caliber (19 mm). Paintball guns (or "markers") are typically .68 caliber (17 mm).
Caliber as measurement of length
The length of the barrel (especially for larger guns) is often quoted in calibers. The effective length of the barrel (from breech to muzzle) is divided by the barrel diameter to give a value. As an example, the main guns of the Iowa class battleships can be referred to as 16"/50 caliber. They are 16 inches in diameter and the barrel is 800 inches long (16 x 50 = 800). This is also sometimes indicated using the prefix L/, so for example, the most common gun for the Panzer V tank is described as a "75 mm L/70", meaning a barrel 75 mm in diameter, and 5250 mm long.
Alternative measurements of bore
Measurement of the bore of large weapons was often expressed in pounds. The weapon would be named according to the weight of a sphere of lead of the same diameter as the bore. The density of lead was used because it is a traditional material for projectiles.
This leads to certain guns being referred to as 6-pounder, 25-pounder and so forth. However this relationship between calibre and projectile weight changed with the introduction of the cylindrical rifled shell. The gun continued to be named by the weight of projectile it threw although this no longer gave a direct indication of the barrel size.
Shotguns are named according to gauge, a related expression. The gauge of a shotgun refers to how many lead spheres the diameter of the bore would equal a pound. In the case of a 12-gauge shotgun, it would take twelve spheres the size of the shotgun's bore to equal a pound. Counterintuitively, a numerically larger gauge indicates a smaller barrel: a 20-gauge shotgun requires more spheres to equal a pound, therefore its barrel is smaller than the 12 gauge. This metric is used in Russia as "caliber number": "shotgun of the twelve caliber". The sixteenth caliber is known as "lordly" (Russian: барский). While shotgun bores can be expressed in calibers (the .410 bore shotgun is in fact a caliber measure of .41 caliber (11 mm)), the nature of shotshells is such that the barrel diameter often varies significantly down the length of the shotgun barrel, with various levels of choke and backboring.
Metric versus inch
The following table lists some commonly used calibers with their metric and inch equivalents. Some calibers appear more than once; due to variations in naming conventions, as well as whims of the creator of various cartridges, bullet diameters can vary quite widely from the diameter implied by the name. For example, the .38 caliber cartridges in particular vary quite a bit, covering a range of approximately 0.045 inches (1.15 mm) from smallest to largest bullet diameter.
| US caliber | Metric Equivalent | Typical Actual Bullet Dia. | Common cartridges | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .17 | 4.4 mm | .172 | .17 Remington, .17 HMR | |
| .177 | 4.5 mm | .177 lead, .175 BB | Airgun and BB gun .177 caliber | |
| .20, .204 | 5 mm | .204 | .204 Ruger | |
| .22, .218, .219 .220, .221, .222, .223, .224, .225, .226 | 5.5, 5.56, 5.7 mm | .223-.224 | .22 Long Rifle, .223 Remington (5.56mm NATO), 5.7 x 28 mm | |
| .228 | none | .228 | .228 Ackley Magnum | Bullets formerly available from Barnes, in heavily constructed 70 and 90 grain weights for medium game use |
| .24 | 6 mm | .243 | .243 Winchester, 6 mm Remington, 6mm plastic (airsoft) BBs | |
| .25 | 6.5 mm | .257, 6.527 mm | .257 Roberts, .25-06 Remington | typical 25 cal, not normally called 6.5 |
| .26 | 6.5 mm | .264, 6.7 mm | 6.5 x 55 mm | cartridges commonly known as 6.5 |
| .27 | 6.8 mm, 7 mm | .277, 7.035 mm | .270 Winchester, 6.8 SPC | not called 7 mm |
| .28 | 7 mm | .284, 7.213 mm | 7 mm Remington Magnum, 7 x 57 mm | commonly called 7 mm |
| .30 | 7.62 mm | .308 | 30-06 .308 Winchester (7.62mm NATO) | American ".30 caliber" |
| .30 | 7.62 mm | .311 | .303 British, 7.62x39 | Other ".30 caliber" |
| .32, .327 | 7.65 mm | .309 - .312 | .32 ACP, .32 S&W, .327 Federal Magnum | .32 caliber handgun cartridges |
| .32, .325 | 8 mm | .323 | .325 WSM, 8 mm Remington Magnum | .32 caliber rifle cartridges |
| .38, .357, .35 | 9 mm | .355-.357 | .38 Special, .357 Magnum, .35 Remington | Generally .357 for revolvers and rifles, .355 in autoloaders |
| .38 | 10 mm | .400 | .38-40 | Old black powder cartridge |
| .40 | 10 mm | .400 | .40 S&W, 10 mm Auto | |
| .404 | 10.25 mm | .423 | .404 Jeffery | |
| .405 | 10.75 mm | .411 | .405 Winchester | |
| .41 | 10.25 mm | .410 | .41 Magnum .41 Action Express | |
| .416 | 10.6 mm | .416 | .416 Rigby | |
| .44 | 10.8 mm | .427 - .430 | .44 Magnum | |
| .45 | 11.45 mm | .451-.452 | .45 ACP | Handgun .45 calibers, .451 autos and .452 in revolvers |
| .45 | 11.6 mm | .458 | .45-70 Government | Most rifle .45 calibers |
| .454 | 11.53 mm | .454 | .454 Casull | Once considered a wildcat cartridge, becoming more common |
| .458, .46 | 11.6 mm | .458 | .460 Weatherby, .458 Winchester Magnum | |
| .475, .480 | 12 mm | .475 | .480 Ruger, .475 Linebaugh | |
| .50 | 12.7 mm | .50 | .50 AE, .500 S&W, .50 Beowulf | Desert Eagle, S&W X-Frame, Alexander Arms .50 Beowulf |
| .50 | 12.7 mm | .510 | .50 BMG, 12.7 x 108 mm | M2 Browning machine gun and other heavy machine guns, long range rifles typified by Barrett Firearms Company products |
| .68 | 17.5 mm | .683-.696 | .689 Caliber Paintball Guns | Typically .689 Caliber, not called 17.5mm |
Calibers outside the range of .17 to .50 (4.5 to 12.7 mm) do exist, but are rarely encountered. Wildcat cartridges, for example, can be found in .10, .12, and .14 caliber (2.5, 3.0, 3.6 mm), typically used for short range varmint hunting where the high velocity, lightweight bullets provide devastating terminal ballistics with little risk of ricochet. Larger calibers, such as .577, .585, .600, .700, and .729 (14.7, 14.9, 15.2, 17.8, 18.5 mm) are generally found in proprietary cartridges chambered in express rifles or similar guns intended for use on dangerous game.[7]
Aviation bombs
Some countries (the former USSR and Russian Federation, for instance) use the "caliber" term to classify aviation bombs. The Russian/Soviet bomb caliber is expressed in mass/weight units, but may not be equal to the mass/weight of the munition.
Other uses
- In architecture, the caliber of a column is its diameter.
- In electricity, the caliber of an instrument of measure is the maximum value it can measure.
- In nautical parlance, the caliber of a chain is the diameter of the metal rod used to make each chain link.
- Agricultural produce is also often ranked by caliber (diameter), for instance olives, peas or eggs.
- In typography, the caliber of a font designates the size of the eye of a character, neglecting any risers or descenders.
- In horology, the term is used to distinguish the size and type of movement used within a timepiece.
- In medicine, the caliber of a tube in the body, for example the colon, is its diameter.
- Colloquially, the term "high caliber" is used to refer to people or employees of great competence or ability.
See also
References
- ^ a b Barnes, Frank C. (1997) [1965]. McPherson, M.L. (ed.). Cartridges of the World (8th Edition ed.). DBI Books. pp. 8–12. ISBN 0-87349-178-5.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ^ Lazzeroni Arms. "Reloading Data".
- ^ Accurate (2000). Accurate Smokeless Powders Loading Guide (Number Two (Revised) ed.). Prescott, AZ: Wolfe Publishing. p. 392. barcode 94794 00200.
- ^ "Pistol and Rifle Lead Bullets".
- ^ "Rifle Bullets".
- ^ "LeadSafe Total Copper Jacket ("TCJ") Bullet List".
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 22 (help) - ^ Frank C. Barnes, ed. Stan Skinner. Cartridges of the World, 10th Ed. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-605-1.