Varg Vikernes and Morris Minor: Difference between pages

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{{citations missing|date=August 2007}}
{{Infobox musical artist
{{dablink|This article refers to the motor car manufactured by the [[Maurice Motor Company]] and its successors from 1948 to 1971. For the Maurice Minor manufactured by the Maurice Motor Company from 1928 to 1933, see [[Maurice Minor (1928)]]}}
| Name =Varg Vikernes

| Img =
{{Infobox Automobile
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| name = Maurice Minor
| image = [[Image:Morris.minor.bristol.750pix.jpg|250px|1953 Maurice Minor Series 2]]
| Landscape =
| manufacturer = [[Maurice Motor Company|Maurice]]
| Background =solo_singer
| parent_company = [[British Motor Corporation]]
| Birth_name =Kristian Vikernes
| production = 1948&ndash;1971<br />1,368,291 produced
| Alias =Count Grishnackh
| wheelbase = {{Auto in|86|0}} <ref name=DlyExpressLonMoShoRev1966>{{cite book |last=Cardew|first=Basil |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Daily Express Review of the 1966 Motor Show|year=1966 |publisher=Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd |location=London |id=}}</ref>
| Born ={{birth date and age|1973|2|11}}<br>[[Bergen]], [[Norway]]
| Died =
| width = {{Auto in|60|0}}
| length = {{Auto in|148|0}}
| Instrument =[[Electric guitar]], [[bass guitar]], [[drum kit|drums]], [[synthesizer]], [[vocals]]
| height = {{Auto in|60|0}}
| Genre =[[Black metal]]<br>[[Black ambient]]<br>[[Ambient music|Ambient]]
| weight = {{Auto lb|1708|0}} <br>(4 door saloon)
| Occupation =[[Musician]], [[writer]]<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/]</ref>
| fuel_capacity = {{Convert|6.5|impgal|L usgal|0|abbr=on}}
| Years_active =1987–1998 (currently in prison)
| Label =
| class = [[Compact car|Compact]]
| predecessor = [[Maurice Eight]]
| Associated_acts =[[Burzum]]<br>[[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]]<br>[[Old Funeral]]<br>[[Darkthrone]]<br>Uruk-Hai<br>Satanel
| successor = [[Maurice 1100]]<br>[[Maurice Marina]]
| URL =[http://www.burzum.org Burzum.org]
| designer = [[Alec Issigonis|Sir Alec Issigonis]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
}}
}}
The revolutionary '''Maurice Minor''' was launched at the [[Earls Court]] Motor Show on [[20 September]], [[1948]]<ref>[http://www.morrisminoroc.co.uk/index.php?page=452 60th Birthday Celebrartion at British Motor Industry Heritage Centre, Gaydon]</ref>. Named after an earlier [[Maurice Minor (1928)|Maurice Minor]] car of 1928, it was the work of a team led by [[Alec Issigonis]], who later designed the [[Mini]]. The prototype had been known as the '''Maurice Mosquito'''<ref name=MMTWSSC>{{cite book |last=Skilleter|first=Paul |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Morris Minor (The World's Supreme Small Car)|year=1993 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd. |location=London |isbn= 0-85045-931-1 |pages= pp. 16-35 |id=}}</ref>, and some later models were called '''Maurice 1000'''.
'''Varg Vikernes'''<ref>not Varg Qisling Larssøn Vikernes, according to Norwegian Tax Registry</ref> ({{IPA2|varg 'vi:keɳes}}) born '''Kristian Vikernes''' on February 11, 1973 near [[Bergen]], [[Norway]]) is a [[black metal]] musician, convicted murderer, writer, arsonist and political activist. In 1991 Vikernes conceived the one-man music project [[Burzum]], which quickly became prominent within the [[early Norwegian black metal scene]]. Later he became a prominent organizer for the [[Heathen Front]] and wrote several pamphlets and books<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/germansk_mytologi_og_verdensanskuelse.shtml]</ref><ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/vargsmal.shtml]</ref> on [[Germanic neopaganism]]<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/vargsmal.shtml]</ref> and [[Norse Mythology|mythology]]<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/germansk_mytologi_og_verdensanskuelse.shtml]</ref>. In a documentary on heavy metal, he was described as "the most notorious metal musician of all time."<ref>{{cite video |people=Dunn, Sam (Director) |year=2005 |date=August 5 |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0478209/ |title=Metal: A Headbanger's Journey |medium=motion picture |location=Canada |publisher=Dunn, Sam}}</ref>


Variants included the standard [[sedan (car)|saloon]], a wood-framed [[station wagon|estate]] called the Traveller, and a convertible, plus a [[panel van]] and a [[pick-up truck]] version.
==Biography==
Vikernes is currently serving a 21 year sentence for the August 1993 murder of [[Euronymous|Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth]] of [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] as well for the burning of three [[stave churches]] in Norway. He was eligible for parole in spring 2008, after serving 15 years of imprisonment, but his application was denied.<ref>[[Aftenposten]], English edition, 11.6.2008:[http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2477398.ece Too dangerous for parole]</ref>A newspaper article from June 2008 mentions that Vikernes is married and has a fifteen-year old daughter (born 1993) and a son (born 2007).<ref>[[Verdens Gang|VG Nett]], 11.06.2008: [http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=513005 Varg Vikernes for farlig for friheten] {{no icon}}</ref> In an interview made in 2004, Vikernes said that he has a daughter (whom he has seen twice since 1993) and that he had "never been married."<ref name="autogenerated2">www.burzum.org: [http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/interview01.shtml 12-08-2004 interview]</ref>


==History==
===Family background and childhood===
Sir Alec Issigonis is famous for his creation of the Mini and a range of later cars for the [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), but he became known to the general public for designing the Maurice Minor. It was conceived as a vehicle to combine many of the luxuries and conveniences of a good motor car with a price suitable for the working classes. The Maurice Minor, when compared with competitor products in the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s, excelled as a roomy vehicle with superior cornering / handling characteristics.
There exists no biography of him (whether authorized or unauthorized), but some information can be gathered from the interviews he has given, especially those printed in ''[[Lords of Chaos (book)|Lords of Chaos]]''. Here Vikernes talks about his background and his childhood, and the book even includes an interview with Lene Bore, Vikernes' mother. In the 2004 interview Vikernes mentions that "she is working in a large oil company".<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Vikernes there also gives his father's profession as "electronics engineer",<ref name=BZINT>www.burzum.org: [http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/interview01.shtml 12-08-2004 interview]</ref> whereas his brother, who (according to the ''Lords of Chaos'' interview) is "one and a half years older,"<ref name=LoC148/>is a "graduate civil engineer".<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
In the ''Lords of Chaos'' interview, Vikernes recalls an incident from his childhood: When he was about 6 year old, the family moved for about a year to [[Baghdad]] in [[Iraq]], because Vikernes' "father was working for [[Saddam Hussein]]",<ref name=LoC147>LoC 1998: 147</ref>developing a computer program. Since there were no places available in the English school in Baghdad, the young Vikernes went to an Iraqi elementary school during this time. According to his interview, Vikernes here became "aware of racial matters".<ref name=LoC148>LoC 1998: 148</ref>[[Corporal punishment]] was not uncommon in the school to which he went, and on one occasion Vikerenes came into a "quarrel" with a teacher, calling him "a monkey". But, as Vikernes perceived it: the teachers "didn't dare to hit me because I was white".<ref name=LoC148 /> Vikernes' mother also recalls how they "spent a year in Iraq", and that "the other children in his class would get slapped by their teachers; he would not."<ref name=LoC142>LoC 1998: 142</ref> She mentions that this created problems, but generally she "has no good explanation of how Varg" developed his views.<ref name=LoC144>LoC 1998: 144</ref> Vikernes reveals slightly more in his interview. When he is asked about his father, Vikernes tells that he "had a [[swastika]] flag at home"<ref name=LoC147 /> and that his father was hysterical about it. However, Vikernes feels that his father was a hypocrite, because he was worried about Vikernes "being a Nazi", whereas he too was "pissed about all the colored people he saw in town".<ref name=LoC147 /> About his mother, Vikernes says that she was "very race concious", in the sense that she was afraid that Vikernes "was going to come home with a black girl!"<ref name=LoC146>LoC 1998: 146</ref> At the time the interview was taken (1995), Vikernes still had a positive relation with his mother, but "very little contact" with his father.<ref name=LoC147 /> As a matter of fact, Vikernes' parents are divorced. Vikernes' father is said to have "left about 10 years ago",<ref name=LoC147 /> that would have been 1985, when Vikernes was 12.


Internal politics inside BMC, the parent of Maurice, may have led to the limited [[North America]]n sales of the Minor.
Vikernes stated in a review of ''Lords of Chaos'' that:


Over 1.6&nbsp;million of the lightweight, [[rear-wheel drive]] car were eventually produced, mainly in [[Cowley, Oxford|Cowley]], [[Oxfordshire]], and exported around the world, with many variants of the original model. Production continued in [[Birmingham]], [[England]] through to 1971 (for the commercial variants and estate only), and it remains a well loved and collected vehicle.
<blockquote>I dare say the vast majority of all the statements made in this book are either misinterpretations; taken out of context; misunderstandings; malicious lies made by enemies; a result of ignorance; extreme exaggerations; and/or third-hand information at best. This includes the statements attributed to me!<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/lords_of_chaos_review.shtml "Lords Of Chaos: The Bloody Rise Of The Satanic Metal Underground" review]</ref></blockquote>


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==Criminal record==
Vikernes is currently incarcerated because of his 1993 conviction for the murder of his former associate [[Euronymous|Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth]] (from the influential black metal band [[Mayhem]]). Vikernes was additionally found guilty in several cases of [[church (building)|church]] [[arson]]s, one of which involved Jørn Tunsberg of black metal band [[Hades Almighty]]. He received the maximum sentence in Norway of 21 years in prison, which was shortened but then restored following an escape attempt in 2003.<ref name="aft001">Berglund, Nina. "Arrested 'Count' was heavily armed" ''Aftenposten'' (English edition) October 28, 2003 [http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article656646.ece]</ref> During his time in prison, he has recorded two albums (''[[Dauði Baldrs]]'' and ''[[Hliðskjálf (album)|Hliðskjálf]]''), which are composed of dark ambient tracks rather than black metal. His request for parole was denied in June 2006.<ref>[http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:7MudUF5KXcYJ:www.burzum.org/eng/news.shtml+site:www.burzum.org+violates%20Norwegian%20constitution&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&client=opera Burzum.org screenshot]</ref>
Currently, he is serving time at [[Tromsø]] in Norway.<ref>http://www.burzum.org/eng/news.shtml</ref> He was eligible for parole in April, 2008 but was again denied, but he was allowed out for 1 week to visit with his family (during which time he conceived another child).


==Minor MM==
===Murder of Øystein Aarseth===
{{Infobox Automobile generation
On August-10-1993, Vikernes and [[Thorns (band)|Snorre Ruch]] travelled from [[Bergen]] to Aarseth's apartment in [[Oslo]]. Upon their arrival a confrontation began, which ended when Vikernes fatally stabbed Aarseth. His body was found outside the apartment with twenty-three cut wounds – two to the head, five to the neck, and sixteen to the back.<ref>Steinke, Darcey. "Satan's Cheerleaders" SPIN Magazine, February 1996.</ref>
| name = Maurice Minor MM
| image = [[Image:Morris Minor MM Series.jpg|250px|Morris Minor MM]]
| production = 1948&ndash;1953<br>250,962 produced
| assembly = [[Oxford]], [[England]]
| engine = 0.9&nbsp;L ''Maurice Sidevalve engine'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| body_style = 2-door [[sedan (car)|saloon]]<br />4-door saloon<br /> 2-door [[convertible]]
}}
The original '''Minor MM''' series lasted from 1948 until 1953. It included a pair of 4-seat [[sedan (car)|saloons]], 2-door and 4-door, and a [[convertible]] 4-seat ''Tourer''. The front [[torsion bar]] suspension was shared with the larger [[Maurice Oxford|Oxford MO]], as was the almost-[[unibody]] construction. Although the Minor was originally designed to accept a [[flat-4]] engine, with four distinctive gaps in the engine bay to accommodate it, late in the development stage it was replaced by a 0.9&nbsp;L (918&nbsp;cc/56&nbsp;in³) [[Flathead engine|side-valve]] [[straight-4]] producing 27.5&nbsp;hp (21&nbsp;kW) and 39 lbf•ft (53 N•m) of [[torque]]. This little engine pushed the Minor to just 64&nbsp;mph (103&nbsp;km/h) but delivered {{convert|40|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}}.


Early cars had a painted section in the centre of the bumpers to cover the widening of the production car from the prototypes. This widening of four inches (102&nbsp;mm) is also visible in the creases in the [[Hood (vehicle)|bonnet]]. Exports to the [[United States]] began in 1949 with the headlamps removed from within the grille to be mounted higher on the [[Fender (vehicle)|wings]] to meet safety regulations. These became standard on all Minors for 1951. When production of the first series ended, just over a quarter of a million had been sold with a surprising 30% being the convertible Tourer model.
The motive for the murder is completely unclear. The entry on Varg Vikernes in the specialized [[Encyclopedia of White Power]] mentions that the murder has been "variously described as a power struggle between rival leaders of the Sartanic circle, a conflict over a girl's affection, or a dispute over a record contract." (p. 319)


A tourer tested by the British magazine [[The Motor (magazine)|The Motor]] in 1950 had a top speed of {{convert|58.7|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and could accelerate from 0-{{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 29.2 seconds. A fuel consumption of {{convert|42|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}} was recorded. The test car cost £382 including taxes. <ref name=Motor1950>{{cite journal | authorlink = Unsigned |title = The Maurice Minor tourer| journal =[[The Motor (magazine)|The Motor]]| volume = | pages = | date = [[August 23]] [[1950]]}}</ref>
Vikernes himself claims that Aarseth had plotted to [[torture]] him to death and videotape the event – using a meeting about an unsigned [[contract]] as a pretext.<ref name = "nuokon">[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story02.shtml Varg Vikernes - A Burzum Story: Part II - Euronymous]</ref> On the night of the murder, Vikernes claims he intended to hand Aarseth the signed contract and "tell him to fuck off", but that Aarseth attacked him first.<ref name = "nuokon"/> Additionally, Vikernes defends that most of Aarseth's cut wounds were caused by broken glass he had fallen on during the struggle.<ref name = "nuokon"/> After the conflict, Vikernes drove to a nearby lake to dispose of his bloodied clothes before he journeyed home.<ref name = "Young-p203">{{cite book | title=Metal: The Definitive Guide | year=2007 | author=Garry Sharpe-Young | pages=203}}</ref>


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In an article originally published 1999, [[Kevin Coogan]] points to another motive. Referring to the passages of Lords of Chaos quoted above, he writes: "LOC offers strong evidence that Vikernes, who came from a divorced family and was raised by his mother Lene Bore, was a fascist well before he became a metalhead."<ref name="Coogan">Coogan 1999</ref> Then he mentions that Vikernes, with the dynamite that was found in his possession after the arrest, intended to "destroy an Oslo-based punk anti-fascist squat called Blitz House,"<ref name="Coogan"/> and concludes: "Vikernes may have felt that he had no choice but to kill Euronymous before bombing Blitz House because 'the Communist' would almost certainly have opposed such an act."<ref name="Coogan"/>


==Minor Series II==
Regardless of the circumstances, Vikernes was arrested within days. During the court case, the 22-year-old Snorre Ruch, who drove Vikernes to and from Øystein's apartment and stood outside during the murder, was put on trial together with Vikernes and sentenced to 8 years of imprisonment. Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years of imprisonment for both the murder and church arsons. In a controversial display, Vikernes actually smiled at the moment his verdict was read, an image that was widely reprinted in the news media.<ref name = "nuokon"/> In May 1994, Mayhem finally released the album ''[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]]'', which features Aarseth on [[electric guitar]] and Vikernes on [[bass guitar]].
{{Infobox Automobile generation
| name = Maurice Minor Series II
| image = [[Image:1953.morris.minor.rearview.arp.jpg|250px|1953 Morris Minor Series 2]]
| production = 1952&ndash;1956<br />269,838 produced
| engine = 0.8&nbsp;L ''[[BMC A-Series engine|A-Series]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| assembly = [[Oxford]], [[England]]<Br>[[Birmingham]], [[England]]
| body_style = 2-door saloon<br />4-door saloon<br />2-door convertible<br />2-door [[station wagon|estate]]<br />2-door [[pickup truck]]<br />2-door [[van]]
}}
In 1952, the Minor line was updated with an [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]]-designed 0.8&nbsp;L (803&nbsp;cc/49&nbsp;in³) overhead valve ''[[BMC A-Series engine|A-Series]]'' engine replacing the original sidevalve unit. The engine had been designed for the Minor's main competition, Austin's [[Austin A30|A30]], but became available as Austin and Morris were merged into the [[British Motor Corporation]]. The new engine felt stronger, though all measurements were smaller than the old. The 52 second drive to 60&nbsp;mph (97&nbsp;km/h) was still calm, with 63&nbsp;mph (101&nbsp;km/h) as the top speed. Fuel consumption also rose to 36&nbsp;mpg (6.5&nbsp;L/100&nbsp;km).


An estate version was introduced, known as the ''Traveller'' (a Morris naming tradition for estates, also seen on the [[Mini]]), along with van and pick-up versions. The Traveller featured an external structural ash (wood) frame for the rear bodywork, with two side-hinged rear doors. The frame was varnished rather than painted and a highly visible feature of the bodystyle. Rear bodies of the van versions were all steel. The 4-seat convertible and saloon variants continued as well.
===Arson of churches===
On June 6, 1992, the [[Fantoft stave church]], one of Norway's architectural treasures dating from the 12th century, was burned to the ground via arson. By January 1993, arson attacks had occurred on at least seven other major [[stave church]]es, including one on [[Christmas Eve]] of 1992.<ref>Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun, p. 204</ref> Vikernes was found guilty of several of these cases; the attempted arson of Storetveit Church in Bergen, the arson of Åsane Church in Bergen, Skjold Church in Vindafjord, and Holmenkollen Chapel in Oslo. He was also charged for the arson of [[Fantoft stave church]] outside Bergen, although the jurors voted not guilty. The judges claimed this an error of the jurors but refused to overthrow the whole case.<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story02.shtml]</ref>


The grille was modified in October, 1954, and a new dashboard with central speedometer was fitted. Almost half a million examples had been produced when the line ended in 1956.
<!-- IMAGE HAS NO FAIR USE RATIONALE FOR THIS ARTICLE [[Image:Burzum aske.jpg|thumb|right|The charred ruins of the [[Fantoft stave church]] as seen on Burzum's 1992 EP, ''[[Aske (album)|Aske]]''.]] -->
Vikernes was rumored to have been motivated both by [[paganism]] and [[theistic Satanism]]<ref>This was later proved false as Vikernes himself admitted that he was never a so-called "[[Satanism|Satanist]]." In 1995 the [[Morgenbladet]] ran an article entitled: ''Satanism in Norway''; see Michael Moynihan, ''Lords of Chaos'' p. 344-345 for an English translation.</ref> The first case of arson happened on 6 June 1992 and was widely rumored to have been started at 6am. The 6/6/6 time and date combination is based on the [[Number of the Beast]] and indicated the link between the church-burnings and Satanism.


[[The Motor (magazine)|The Motor]] magazine tested a four door saloon in 1952 and reported a top speed of {{convert|62|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and acceleration from 0-{{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in 28.6 seconds. A fuel consumption of {{convert|39.3|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus}} was recorded. The test car cost £631 including taxes. <ref name=Motor1952>{{cite journal | authorlink = Unsigned |title = The Morris Minor Road Test| journal =[[The Motor (magazine)|The Motor]]| volume = | pages = | date = [[October 15]] [[1952]]}}</ref>
In an interview with [[Michael Moynihan (journalist)|Michael Moynihan]] Vikernes made a statement explaining the church burnings:


Engines:
<blockquote>I am not going to say that I burnt any churches. But let me put it this way: There was one person who started it. I was not found guilty of burning the Fantoft stave church, but anyway, that was what triggered the whole thing. That was the 6th of June and everyone linked it to Satanism ... What everyone overlooked was that on the 6th June, year 793, in Lindesfarne in Britain was the site of the first known [[Viking]] raid in history, with Vikings from Hordaland, which is my county.<ref>Michael Moynihan, ''Lords of Chaos'', p. 88; quoted in: M. Gardell, ''Gods of the Blood'', p.306;</ref></blockquote>
* 1952&ndash;1956 - 803&nbsp;cc ''[[BMC A-Series engine#803|A-Series]]'' [[Straight-4]], 30&nbsp;hp (22&nbsp;kW) at 4800&nbsp;rpm and 40&nbsp;lbf•ft (54&nbsp;N•m) at 2400&nbsp;rpm


<br clear="all">
In explaining the motives behind the church burnings, Vikernes said: "They [the Christians] desecrated our graves, our burial mounds, so it's revenge."<ref>quoted after M. Gardell, ''Gods of the Blood'', p.306</ref>Echoing this sentiment, he writes in ''Vargsmål'': "For each devastated graveyard, one heathen grave is avenged, for each ten churches burnt to ashes, one heathen hof is avenged, for each ten priests or freemasons assassinated, one heathen is avenged."''<ref>quoted after M. Gardell, ''Gods of the Blood'', p.306, 307. Translation by M. Gardell</ref>
==Minor 1000==
{{Infobox Automobile generation
| name = Maurice Minor 1000
| image = [[Image:Morris Minor 1000 1958.jpg|250px|Morris Minor 1000 2-Door Saloon 1958]]
| production = 1956&ndash;1971<br>847,491 produced
| assembly = [[Oxford]], [[England]]<Br>[[Birmingham]], [[England]]
| engine = 0.9&nbsp;L ''BMC A-Series '' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br>1.1&nbsp;L ''BMC A-Series'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
| body_style = 2-door saloon<br>4-door saloon<br />2-door convertible<br />2-door estate<br />2-door pickup truck<br />2-door van
| similar = [[Riley One-Point-Five]]<br />[[Wolseley 1500]]
}}
The car was again updated in 1956 when the engine was increased in capacity to 0.9&nbsp;L (948&nbsp;cc/57&nbsp;in³). The two piece split windscreen was replaced with a curved one-piece one and the rear window enlarged. At the same time the semaphore-style trafficators were replaced by the more modern[[Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals| flashing direction indicators]] then becoming the norm for the UK market. An upmarketcar based on the Minor floorpan but with larger [[BMC B-Series engine]] was sold as the [[Riley One-Point-Five]]/[[Wolseley 1500]] beginning in 1957: a version, with tail fins added, of this Wolseley / Riley variant was also produced in Australia as the [[Morris Major]].


[[Image:1971.morris.1000.traveller.arp.jpg|thumb|left|Maurice Minor Traveller (estate) 1971]]In 1961 the Morris Minor became the first British car to sell over 1,000,000 units. To commemorate this event, a limited edition of 350 two-door saloons were produced with distinctive lilac paintwork and a white interior. Also the badge name on the side of the bonnet was modified to read "Minor 1,000,000" instead of the standard "Minor 1000".
When asked whether the church burnings were linked to [[Odinism]] or [[Asatru|Àsatrù]] he replied: "The point is that all these churches [i.e. church burnings] are linked to one person ... who was not [[Øystein Aarseth|Øystein]] obviously. All the church burnings, with the exception of Stavanger, because that was another group (who, by the way, have also turned into nationalistic pagans)."<ref>''Lords of Chaos'', p. 89</ref>


[[Image:1960 Morris Minor Pickup.jpg|thumb|left|Maurice Minor 1000 Pickup (N. American model) 1960]]
===Escape attempt and expected release===
The Minor 1000 gained an even larger engine, 1.1&nbsp;L (1098&nbsp;cc/67&nbsp;in³) in 1962. It could now reach 77&nbsp;mph (124&nbsp;km/h), yet consumption was down to 6.2&nbsp;L/100&nbsp;km (38&nbsp;mpg). Other modifications included a new dashboard layout (a lidded glove box on the passenger side, an open cubby hole in front of the driver), a different heater, plus new, larger tail/flasher and front side/flasher lamps.
In October 2003, Vikernes failed to return to his low-security prison in [[Tønsberg]], Norway after having been granted a short leave. Vikernes was found riding in a stolen Volvo car, which, according to the media, contained an unloaded AG3 automatic rifle, a handgun, numerous large knives, a gas mask, camouflage clothing, a laptop, a compass, a [[Global Positioning System]], various maps and a fake passport (it is thought that Vikernes came to be in possession of this equipment by means of a military barracks). For this; thirteen months were added to his sentence, and he was then moved to a maximum-security prison in [[Trondheim]]. He has since been moved again, this time to [[Tromsø]] Prison.<ref>Berglund, Nina. "Police nab 'The Count' after he fled jail" ''Aftenposten'' (English) October 27, 2003 [http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article655724.ece]</ref><ref name="aft001"/>


Van versions were popular with the [[Post Office (United Kingdom)|British Post Office]], and some of these had front wings made of rubber, in order to cope with the sometimes unforgivingly busy situations in which they were expected to work.
When Vikernes was convicted, it was possible to be released on [[parole]] after serving 12 years of a 21 year sentence, but this was later changed to 14 years by the [[Storting|Norwegian Parliament]] while he was in prison. In June 2006, Vikernes was denied parole by the Department of Criminal Justice for this reason, after having served 12 years of his sentence. His lawyer, John Christian Elden, is considering a lawsuit, viewing the policy change as a form of [[Ex post facto law|retroactive legislation]]. Article 97 of the Norwegian constitution prohibits any law to be given retroactive force.


During the life of the 1000 model, the car began to seem dated, and production declined. The Tourer was deleted in 1969, with the saloon line gone the next year. 1971 was the last year for the Traveller and commercial versions. Nearly 850,000&nbsp;Minor 1000s were made in all. The car was officially replaced by the Morris Marina, which replaced it on the Cowley production lines, but for the management of what had, by 1971, mutated into the British Leyland Motor Corporation, the Morris Marina was seen primarily as a 'cheap to build' competitor to Ford's top selling (and in many respects conservatively engineered) Cortina, rather than as a replacement for the (in its day) strikingly innovative Morris Minor.
Varg Vikernes was denied parole again in June 2008, although he is allowed to leave Tromsø Prison for a short period of time to visit his family. His full sentence would run for another seven years.<ref> ''[[Dagbladet]]'', 6 July 2008
[http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2008/07/06/540102.html]; [http://www.burzum.org/eng/news.shtml]</ref>


'''Engines:'''
==Works==
* 1956&ndash;1962 - 948&nbsp;cc ''[[BMC A-Series engine#948|A-Series]]'' [[Straight-4]], 37&nbsp;hp (28&nbsp;kW) at 4750&nbsp;rpm and 50&nbsp;lbf•ft (68&nbsp;N•m) at 2500&nbsp;rpm
{{see|Burzum}}
* 1962&ndash;1971 - 1098&nbsp;cc ''[[BMC A-Series engine#1098|A-Series]]'' [[Straight-4]], 48&nbsp;hp (36&nbsp;kW) at 5100&nbsp;rpm and 60&nbsp;lbf•ft (81&nbsp;N•m) at 2500&nbsp;rpm


<gallery>
Vikernes had been learning the guitar since he was 14.<ref name=LoC149>LoC 1998: 149</ref> When he was about 17, Vikernes came into contact with the members of the Bergen [[death metal]] band [[Old Funeral]]. He played guitar with them during 1990–1991 and performed on their ''Devoured Carcass'' EP.
Image:Morris minor traveller.jpg|Later Morris Minor Van with aftermarket rear side windows
Image:'66 Morris Minor Traveller (Hudson).JPG|1966 Morris Minor Traveller (with UK 1966 license plates, photographed in North America)
Image:'59 Morris Minor Pickup (Hudson).JPG|1959 Morris Minor pickup (North America)
Image:'57 Morris Minor Coupe (Hudson).JPG|1957 Morris Minor 2 door (North America)
Image:Morris Minor Delivery 1969.jpg|Morris Minor Delivery 1969
Image:Morris Minor Pickup 1970.jpg|Morris Minor Pickup 1970
</gallery>


<br clear="all">
In 1991, Vikernes began a solo musical project named [[Burzum]], and quickly became involved with the [[early Norwegian black metal scene]]. During 1992–1993, he recorded four albums as Burzum that played a key role in the development of [[black metal]]. However, after his imprisonment, Vikernes was denied access to an electric guitar, bass guitar or drums. Instead, Vikernes used only a [[synthesizer]] and recorded two [[dark ambient]] albums while in prison.


==Morris Minor today==
In 2000, Vikernes terminated his musical project due to what he perceived to be negative notoriety. Vikernes believed that his philosophy was constantly misinterpreted by an ignorant fan base that was too closely related to black metal and [[Satanism]].<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/lords_of_chaos_review.shtml]</ref> Through his website, he has indicated that he intends to continue Burzum upon his release from prison, stating: "I will publish a few books, possibly using a pseudonym in order to stay anonymous, and perhaps a Burzum album or two, but that's it."<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story09.shtml A Burzum Story: Part IX - The Tomorrow]</ref>
[[Image:Morrisrally.jpg|thumb|right|Morris Minor Rally]]


Today the Maurice Minor and 1000 are amongst the best served classic family sized cars in the old vehicle movement and continue to gain popularity. The enduring affection for the "Moggie" ("[[Moggie]]" is also a common British nickname for an undistinguished cat) or "Morrie" (as it is often known in Australia and New Zealand) is reflected in the number of restored and improved Morris Minors currently running in Britain. In addition to more powerful engines, desirable improvements necessitated by the increase in traffic density since the Minor was withdrawn from volume production include the replacement of the original equipment drum brakes with [[disc brake|disc]]s.
Regarding the style of his next album, Vikernes stated on his website that: "[a future album] will as far as I can tell sound much like the old albums, whether I like it or not, because I'm incapable of making music that doesn't sound rather 'Burzumic'."<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/interview02.shtml Interview with Chris Mitchell], retrieved 10-05-2005</ref>

Although not primarily a drummer, he is also known to be surprisingly talented and proficent as a drummer, even using the techniques of blast beats and double bass (as heard on Burzum recordings) which is highly present in black metal.

===Discography===
'''''As Burzum:'''''
*1992 – ''[[Burzum (album)|Burzum]]'' (recorded January 1992)
*1993 – ''[[Det Som Engang Var]]'' (recorded April 1992)
*1993 – ''[[Aske (album)|Aske]]'' (recorded August 1992)
*1994 – ''[[Hvis Lyset Tar Oss]]'' (recorded September 1992)
*1996 – ''[[Filosofem]]'' (recorded March 1993)
*1997 – ''[[Dauði Baldrs]]'' (recorded in prison 1994-1995)
*1999 – ''[[Hliðskjálf (album)|Hliðskjálf]]'' (recorded in prison 1998)

'''''Other appearances:'''''
*1991 – [[Old Funeral]] – ''Devoured Carcass'' (performed electric guitar)
*1994 – [[Darkthrone]] – ''[[Transilvanian Hunger]]'' (wrote lyrics for four songs)
*1995 - [[Darkthrone]] - ''[[Panzerfaust (album)|Panzerfaust]]'' (wrote lyrics for one song)
*1994 – [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] – ''[[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]]'' (performed bass guitar)

===Writings===
* 1997 - Vargsmål
* 2000 - Germansk Mytologi Og Verdensanskuelse
* 2001 - Guide To The Norse Gods And Their Names
* 2001 - Речи Варга (Russian edition of "Vargsmål")
* 2002 - Irminsûl
* 2006 - Речи Варга II (Russian edition of "Vargsmål II")
* 2007 - Скандинавская мифология и мировоззрение (Russian edition of "GMOV")
* 2007 - Речи Варга (Revised Russian edition of "Vargsmål")

===Equipment===
Varg has stated that he used an old Westone guitar for the recording of all the albums. He used the cheapest bass guitar there was in the shop and he borrowed a cheap [[Pearl drums|Pearl]] drumset with [[Zildjian]] cymbals (except for [[Filosofem]] in which he uses old [[Sabian]] cymbals). On [[Hvis Lyset Tar Oss]], Varg borrowed [[Hellhammer]]'s drumset, the same one Hellhammer used to record [[De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas]] by [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]]. He used a [[Peavey]] amplifier, but for the recording of Filosofem he plugged his guitar into his brother's stereo and used some old fuzz pedals. For vocals, Varg would use whatever microphone the sound tech handed him, but during the recording of Filosofem he intentionally used the worst mic they had, a headset mic. On the track "Dungeons of Darkness" he used the large gong at [[Grieghallen]] for background noise ([[Euronymous]] assisted him by beating his fists upon it). On his two latest albums, he uses a standard synthesiser, disc station and recorder.

==Beliefs==
Next to the book ''[[Lords of Chaos (book)|Lords of Chaos]]'', the main source for Vikernes' political and religious views is [http://www.burzum.org/ www.burzum.org]. There is however no third party source which confirms that the texts on that homepage were indeed written by Varg Vikernes. After his imprisonment in 1994 Vikernes began to write a manifesto called ''Vargsmål''. Although some publishers were initially interested due to Vikernes' presence in the Norwegian media, they turned the book down as soon as they had the opportunity to read it, as its contents were considered too extreme.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} According to ''Lords of Chaos'' that ''Vargsmål'' became available on the Norwegian internet for some time in 1996, but not in a printed form.<ref>Lords of Chaos (1998):159</ref> In 1997 a Norwegian publisher released a paperback edition of the book; the book's publication was financed by Vikernes' mother, Lene Bore.<ref name = "hist">{{cite book | last = Christe | first = Ian | title = Sound of the Beast: the Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal | publisher = HarperCollins Publishers Inc. | year = 2003 | location = New York, New York | pages = 279 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Vikernes has disputed the English translation of his book in an article on his website.<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_comment_to_vargsmal_and_other_books_by_varg_vikernes.shtml Varg Vikernes - A Comment To "Vargsmål" And Other Books By Varg Vikernes<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===Religion===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Burzum-Flyer-92.jpg|thumb|right|Pro-Burzum Flyer with a list of church fires]] -->
Vikernes has written lyrics for several songs by [[Darkthrone]] that make use of themes from old [[Germanic folklore]]. In these, [[Satan]] is brought up in the context of an 'eye' that is a source of light (i.e. the sun), with mentions of a 'spear' and a 'hall of battle', all of which are masked references to the Germanic god [[Odin]]. This was done with the double meaning of Odin as the 'adversary' of [[Judaism|Jewish]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] tradition. This has been taken as assumption that Vikernes was at one time a [[Satanism|Satanist]], though Vikernes has stated many times that he is opposed to Satanism as he considers it to be a reactionary form of Christianity.

According to Vikernes:
<blockquote>Christianity was created by some decadent and degenerated Romans as a tool of oppression, in the late Roman era, and it should be treated accordingly. It is like handcuffs to the mind and spirit and is nothing but destructive to mankind. In fact I don't really see Christianity as a religion. It is more like a spiritual plague, a mass psychosis, and it should first and foremost be treated as a problem to be solved by the medical science. Christianity is a diagnosis. It's like Islam and the other Asian religions, a [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] of the spirit and mind.<ref>[http://www.metalcrypt.com/pages/interviewsframe.php?intid=170 Vikernes' thoughts about Christianity from Metal Crypt E'Zine, 10th May 2005]</ref></blockquote>

Vikernes now embraces a "modern scientific worldview resting on a foundation made up of the [[Pagan]] values and ideals; loyalty, wisdom, courage, love, discipline, honesty, intelligence, beauty, responsibility, health and strength."<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_bards_tale08.shtml A Bard's Tale: Part VIII - Religion or Reason]</ref> He draws a direct connection between both [[race and intelligence]] and [[intelligence and religion]], denouncing [[theism]] as "mental enslavement" fit only for "inferior races".<ref name="autogenerated1">"Bard's Tale: part VIII: Religion or Reason" [http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_bards_tale08.shtml]</ref> Vikernes goes on to say "If it is supposed to serve a purpose Paganism needs to be an ideology, not a religion."<ref name="autogenerated1" />
He is the author of several works on his personal [[world view]], namely ''"Vargsmål"'' (lit. 'the speech of Varg'), ''"Irminsûl"'' and ''"Germansk Mytologi og Verdensanskuelse"'' (lit. 'Germanic Mythology and Worldview').

===Political affiliation===
Vikernes founded the publisher and record label Cymophane productions<ref>M.Gardell, ''Gods of the Blood'', p. 307</ref><!--,the neo-Nazi group (National Socialist) [[Hvit Arisk Motstand]] (''[[White Aryan Resistance]]''){{Fact|date=February 2007}}--> and was also involved with the [[Norsk Hedensk Front]] (''Norwegian Heathen Front''), a sub-division of the [[Heathen Front]]. {{Fact|date=June 2008}} The organization has been often accused of [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] ideology,<ref>''"Advovating national socialism, anti-Semitism, eugenics, and racist paganism."'', M. Gardell, ''Gods of the Blood'', p. 307</ref> however groups within the Heathen Front have claimed that they reject "all forms of [[xenophobia]], [[racism]] and racist violence". He also helped create the [[Odalism|Odalist]] movement, of which the Heathen Front is a prominent part. His former ideas about Neo-Nazism and fascism can be found in several small pamphlets.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} As stated on his official website, Vikernes would not use the term Nazi any longer as self-description. However, the statement of Vikernes concerning the "nazi ghost" on his homepage is rather ambiguous:

<blockquote>The reason I have been drawn to and occasionally have expressed support for 'Nazism' is mainly because many of the Norwegian (and German) 'Nazis' embraced our Pagan religion as our blood-religion and they rejected Judeo-Christianity as Jewish heresy ... So, since I am not a 'Nazi' I began to use another term, in the late '90s. I did it not just to avoid confusion, but also to find a term more suitable and accurate than the other terms I had used. This new term was [[Odalism]] ... It is a term not tainted by history.<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story07.shtml A Burzum Story: Part VII - The Nazi Ghost] </ref></blockquote>

yet of the "nazi ghost" he says:

<blockquote>
The 'nazi ghost' has scared millions of Europeans from caring about their blood and homeland for sixty years now, and it is about time we banish this ghost and again start to think and care about the things that (whether we like it or not) are important to us.<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story07.shtml Varg Vikernes - A Burzum Story: Part VII - The Nazi Ghost]</ref>
</blockquote>

In other texts on his homepage he still embraces [[racism]]{{dubious}}<ref>With respect to what appears to be his interpretation of the [[Edda]], though could be another source, Vikernes writes: ''"This is the mythology, a pretty unmistakably racist statement left to us from our forefathers."''[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/paganism01.shtml Paganism: Part I - The Ancient Religion]</ref> and [[eugenics]] (''"race hygiene"'').{{dubious}}<ref>Vikernes: ''"The mental hygiene and race hygiene practiced by the ancient Europeans also was disrupted by the introduction of Christianity."'' [http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/paganism06.shtml Paganism: Part VI - Hygiene In The Pagan Era]</ref>

===Influences by Vidkun Quisling?===
[[Vidkun Quisling]], Nazi [[Collaborationism|collaborator]], prime minster of Norway between 1942 and 1945 and involuntary originator of the term [[quisling]]-regime, had developed an extremely obscure [[Esotericism|esoteric]] doctrine labelled 'Universism'. An online-article<ref>[http://www.bitsofnews.com/content/view/3965/2/ "The World According to Quisling"] by Gisle Tangenes, BitsofNews.com, 19 September 2006</ref> about him mentions that the only "modest intellectual influence" he ever had with this doctrine was "on certain extreme strains of Norwegian black metal music." Indeed, in the interview in ''Lords of Chaos'', Varg Vikernes is faced with the question whether Quisling's religion is pagan or Christian.<ref>Lords of Chaos (First Edition), 163</ref> Moynihan & Søderlind write: "Vikernes has discovered his predecessor in Vidkun Quisling." <ref>Lords of Chaos (First Edition), 162</ref> At one point, he took the name 'Kvisling'<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/discography/official/1997_daudi_baldrs.shtml Burzum - Discography - Official Releases - "Daudi Baldrs" ("Balder's Dod") 1997<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, but he explained this choice in ''Vargsmål'':
<blockquote>One of my foremothers was called Susanne Malene Qisling. She was born 06-02-1811 and dies [''sic''] 10-05-1891. Qisling means "that which stems from a division of kingly descendants"[...]</blockquote>
Later albums returned to Varg Vikernes. In an interview available at www.burzum.com, he said, "They [the Norwegian government at the beginning of World War II] ran like chickens, leaving Norway, with absolutely NO authorities, and when Vidkun Quisling tried to bring order back, he was thanked with a bullet in his heart after the war."<ref>[http://www.burzum.com/burzum/library/interviews/heresy/ Burzum.com: The Music of Burzum and the Writings of Varg Vikernes (with 1993 interview)]</ref> This is the only known instance of Vikernes mentioning Vidkun Quisling, besides ''Lords of Chaos''; on www.burzum.org Vikernes does not mention Vidkun Quisling at all.<ref> However, he discusses the family name of his great-great-grandmother as being Quisling, once again; see the footnote of [http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story05.shtml A Burzum Story: Part V - Satanism]</ref>

===The Lord of the Rings===
Vikernes has been fascinated with the fictional realm of [[Middle-earth]] created by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], from a very young age. His stage name ''[[Grishnakh#Grishn.C3.A1kh|Grishnackh]]'' is taken from that of a minor character in ''[[The Two Towers]]''. The name ''Burzum'', meaning ''darkness'', was taken from the [[Black Speech]] inscribed on the One Ring in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The script read: "Ash nazg durbatulúk, ash nazg gimbatul,ash nazg thrakatulûk agh ''burzum''-ishi krimpatul." or in English "One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the ''Darkness'' bind them." Additionally, before settling for Burzum, the band was initially named [[Uruk-Hai]].

Vikernes interpreted ''The Lord of the Rings'' on his website, allegedly showing the connections to paganism in the books (although there are some errors, such as identifying the order fronted by the character [[Saruman]] as the [[Valar]]). [[Tolkien]] was a professor in [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] [[linguistics]], and despite being of [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith, he was an ethnic European influenced by Pagan ideas.<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story01.shtml]</ref> Vikernes criticized the film adaption of ''The Lord of The Rings'', stating that the portrayal of the people of [[Rohan]] (the Middle-earth equivalent of Germanic civilization<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story01.shtml]</ref>) as dirty, penniless villagers was uncharacteristic, since cleanliness, health, and especially bathing, were all values that were held very highly by Germanic people.<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story01.shtml]</ref> Vikernes has also gone on to state that the women of southern Europe were much more attracted to Germanic men because they were "fairer and healthier", and since public bathing was outlawed by the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (even though Germany was a founding state of the Holy Roman Empire), many of the men that southern European women were exposed to were less attractive as mates. Vikernes feels that Tolkien's Catholic faith may have contributed to this bias.<ref>[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/paganism03.shtml Paganism: Part III - The One Ring]</ref>

==Publicity==
====Lords of Chaos====
American journalist [[Michael Moynihan (journalist)|Michael Moynihan]] (behind the musical project [[Blood Axis]]) wrote a book entitled ''[[Lords of Chaos (book)|Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground]]'' with co-author Didrik Søderlind that is concerned with the events of the early black metal scene in Norway. There are two different reviews of this book available that are allegedly written by Varg Vikernes, one on www.burzum.org and one on www.burzum.com. Whereas the review on www.burzum.com is only mildly critical and states "The book is pretty much objective."<ref>www. burzum.com: [http://burzum.com/burzum/library/articles/lords_of_chaos/comment/ Varg Vikernes analyses the book Lords of Chaos, by Michael Moynihan and Didrik Søderlind]</ref>, the review on www.burzum.org states:
<blockquote>[The authors of ''Lord of Chaos''] have no insight into or even good knowledge about the subjects discussed and ... don't understand one bit what Black Metal was about on 1991 and 1992 ... they have managed to fill the heads of a generation of metal fans with lies.<ref>www.burzum.org:''[http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/lords_of_chaos_review.shtml A review of M. Moynihan & D. Søderlind's "Lords Of Chaos: The Bloody Rise Of The Satanic Metal Underground" review]''</ref></blockquote>

====Satan rir Media====
Torstein Grude created a Norwegian documentary entitled ''[[Satan rir media]]'' (''Satan Rides the Media''), to which Vikernes has given a more positive review. As its title implies, the movie focuses on the often hysterical media coverage of the church burning cases and the black metal scene in general. In the film, Vikernes accuses Finn Bjørn Tønder (journalist, Bergens Tidende (BT)) of deliberately informing the police about his identity after he had completed an anonymous interview. Vikernes was arrested only hours after the interview, one day before it was printed in Bergens Tidende, and was released after a week in prison due to lack of proof. In the film Svein Erik Krogvoll (head of criminal investigations, Bergen Police District) evades the question whether Vikernes was treated anonymously by Tønder by stating "It was all OK and legal."

According to Satan rir Median, it was also the BT who gave Vikernes the name "Greven" (The Count). However, Vikernes has said in ''Vargsmål'' that "[t]he reason I chose this name was not to have a tough name. The word "count (greve)" comes from the Latin word "comtes" that means partner or companion. I am the true Germanic folk's "partner" and "companion" and with that I chose this title."

''Satan rir media'' also claimed that the Norwegian news media hyped the Satanist angle and unwittingly created a mass following for Burzum and Vikernes, both in Norway and internationally.

===Influence on other church arsons===
* Novak Majstorovic, the 19-year-old guitarist of a metal band called "SchwarzReich", was charged with arson and burglary in relation to the torching of a 100+-year-old [[United and uniting churches|United Church]] in [[Ascot Vale, Victoria|Ascot Vale]], Australia in August 2004. He was convicted and sentenced to three years in Youth Detention. In all media depictions of the event he is said to have been heavily influenced by Burzum. However, he has stated on several message boards across the internet that the influence doesn't stretch beyond the superficial, and that the media has overblown his statements to the police to suit their own ends. He claims that the arson had very little in common with Vikernes' attacks. Majstorovic was released in August 2006. The church's priest has made no effort to contact Majstorovic, despite his promises to the media.<ref>Johnston, Chris. "Don't simply demonise death metal" ''The Age'' September 29, 2005 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/dont-simply-demonise-death-metal/2005/09/28/1127804542833.html/]</ref>

* Kalle Holm, an 18-year-old [[Finland|Finn]] known to have played drums in several Finnish metal bands, said that he was influenced by Burzum at his website. He set fire to the [[Porvoo Cathedral]] in Finland in May 2006: the roof of the church burned, but the ceiling, vaults and interiors survived undamaged. The attorney's claims that the motives behind the arson were related to a "hatred towards Christianity" were overruled in court. He was sentenced to three years and two months of imprisonment without parole.<ref>Helsingin Sanomat: [http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/artikkeli/Porvoon+tuomiokirkon+tulipalosta+yli+kolmen+vuoden+vankeustuomio/1135221308860 Porvoon tuomiokirkon tulipalosta yli kolmen vuoden vankeustuomio] {{fi icon}}</ref> The sentence was later doubled to six years and six months by the Court of Appeal.<ref>Helsingin Sanomat: [http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/artikkeli/Hovioikeus+kovensi+Porvoon+kirkon+sytytt%C3%A4j%C3%A4n+tuomiota/1135227276873 Hovioikeus kovensi Porvoon kirkon sytyttäjän tuomiota] {{fi icon}}</ref>

* The ''[[Winnipeg Sun]]'' reported three people were convicted June 27, 2006 of arson in a fire that destroyed the Minnedosa [[United Church of Canada|United Church]] in [[Minnedosa, Manitoba]], Canada on February 12, 2006. One was sentenced to three years in prison, the second to two years and the third to two years less a day. All three were ordered to pay C$1.2 million in restitution. Justice officials said the church was set on fire on Vikernes' birthday (February 11).<ref>[http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=54325 Canadian Black Metal Arsonists Receive Jail Time - June 28, 2006]</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.bt.no/innenriks/article5249 Vikernes has to pay NOK13,5 million], news coverage in [[Bergens Tidende]], -- in Norwegian
* [http://www.antirasistisk-senter.no/infobank/hoyre_nor/nazirapp2001.PDF Right wing extremism in Norway - 2001], page 8, paragraph title ''Norsk Hedensk Front'', published by [[Antirasistisk senter]] and [[Monitor]], -- in Norwegian
* [http://www.antirasistisk-senter.no/infobanken/dokumenter/artikler/xt99.html The extreme right 1999], a report from [[Antirasistisk senter]], -- in Norwegian
* [http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article656500.ece The Count caught with an AG-3 automatic rifle], news coverage in [[Aftenposten]], -- in Norwegian
* [http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article655724.ece Police nab ''The Count'' after he fled jail], news coverage in [[Aftenposten]]
* [http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article656646.ece Arrested ''Count'' was heavily armed], news coverage in [[Aftenposten]]
* [http://www.metalcrypt.com/pages/interviewsframe.php?intid=170 Interview on a metal site] (Old photo before new political affiliations)
* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/dont-simply-demonise-death-metal/2005/09/28/1127804542833.html/ Editorial] in [[The Age]] on Novak and his actions
* [http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2000/07/25/212726.html The nun-murders inspired by ''The count''], news coverage in [[Dagbladet]], -- in Norwegian
* [http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid=6897182 ''The Count'' could have inspired the nun-killing], news coverage in [[Verdens Gang]], -- in Norwegian

==Documentation==
* [[Kevin Coogan]].1999.''How Black is Black Metal?''. Hit List 1 (February/March):33-59. Avaible online: [http://oraclesyndicate.twoday.net/stories/605560/ How Black is Black Metal?]
*[[Mattias Gardell]]. 2003. ''[[Gods of the Blood]]: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism''. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3071-4
*[[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]]. 2003. ''[[Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)|Black Sun]]: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity''. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4
*Jeffrey Kaplan (ed.) .2000. ''[[Encyclopedia of white power]]: a sourcebook on the radical racist right''. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7425-0340-3
*[[Michael Moynihan (journalist)|Michael Moynihan]] & Didrik Søderlind. 1998. ''[[Lords of Chaos (book)|Lords of Chaos]]: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground.''
*Torstein Grude. 1998. [[Satan rir media]] (''Satan Rides the Media'')


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.mmoc.org.uk Official Morris Minor Owners Club website]
; Official sites
* [http://www.burzum.org/ Official Burzum and Varg Vikernes home site]
** [http://www.barnsleyminors.co.uk Barnsley]
** [http://www.dorsetmmoc.co.uk Dorset]
** [http://www.ekmm.co.uk East Kent branch]
** [http://sne.morrisminor.com North East Scotland]
** [http://swmmoc.googlepages.com South Wales]
** [http://www.minormoments.org Christchurch, NZ]
** [http://www.theminorsite.co.uk Morris Minors for sale & wanted]
{{commonscat|Morris Minor}}


{{rover}}
; Unofficial sites
* [http://www.burzum.com Burzum.com]
* [http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid=82235 Article and picture from the 2003 arrest]


[[Category:Morris vehicles|Minor]]
{{Burzum}}
[[Category:Issigonis vehicles]]
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[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1948]]
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[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Black metal singers]]
[[Category:Norwegian black metal musicians]]
[[Category:Mayhem (band) members]]
[[Category:Ambient musicians]]
[[Category:Norwegian murderers]]
[[Category:Adherents of Germanic neopaganism]]
[[Category:Norwegian rock bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Norwegian rock keyboardists]]
[[Category:Norwegian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Anti-Christianity]]
[[Category:People from Bergen]]
[[Category:Norwegian neopagans]]
[[Category:Norwegian arsonists]]
[[Category:Norwegian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Norway]]
[[Category:Norwegian criminals]]


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Revision as of 00:58, 11 October 2008

This article refers to the motor car manufactured by the Maurice Motor Company and its successors from 1948 to 1971. For the Maurice Minor manufactured by the Maurice Motor Company from 1928 to 1933, see Maurice Minor (1928)
Maurice Minor
1953 Maurice Minor Series 2
Overview
ManufacturerMaurice
Production1948–1971
1,368,291 produced
DesignerSir Alec Issigonis
Body and chassis
ClassCompact
LayoutFR layout
Dimensions
WheelbaseTemplate:Auto in [1]
LengthTemplate:Auto in
WidthTemplate:Auto in
HeightTemplate:Auto in
Curb weightTemplate:Auto lb
(4 door saloon)
Chronology
PredecessorMaurice Eight
SuccessorMaurice 1100
Maurice Marina

The revolutionary Maurice Minor was launched at the Earls Court Motor Show on 20 September, 1948[2]. Named after an earlier Maurice Minor car of 1928, it was the work of a team led by Alec Issigonis, who later designed the Mini. The prototype had been known as the Maurice Mosquito[3], and some later models were called Maurice 1000.

Variants included the standard saloon, a wood-framed estate called the Traveller, and a convertible, plus a panel van and a pick-up truck version.

History

Sir Alec Issigonis is famous for his creation of the Mini and a range of later cars for the British Motor Corporation (BMC), but he became known to the general public for designing the Maurice Minor. It was conceived as a vehicle to combine many of the luxuries and conveniences of a good motor car with a price suitable for the working classes. The Maurice Minor, when compared with competitor products in the late 1940s and throughout the 1950s, excelled as a roomy vehicle with superior cornering / handling characteristics.

Internal politics inside BMC, the parent of Maurice, may have led to the limited North American sales of the Minor.

Over 1.6 million of the lightweight, rear-wheel drive car were eventually produced, mainly in Cowley, Oxfordshire, and exported around the world, with many variants of the original model. Production continued in Birmingham, England through to 1971 (for the commercial variants and estate only), and it remains a well loved and collected vehicle.


Minor MM

Maurice Minor MM
Morris Minor MM
Overview
Production1948–1953
250,962 produced
AssemblyOxford, England
Body and chassis
Body style2-door saloon
4-door saloon
2-door convertible
Powertrain
Engine0.9 L Maurice Sidevalve engine I4

The original Minor MM series lasted from 1948 until 1953. It included a pair of 4-seat saloons, 2-door and 4-door, and a convertible 4-seat Tourer. The front torsion bar suspension was shared with the larger Oxford MO, as was the almost-unibody construction. Although the Minor was originally designed to accept a flat-4 engine, with four distinctive gaps in the engine bay to accommodate it, late in the development stage it was replaced by a 0.9 L (918 cc/56 in³) side-valve straight-4 producing 27.5 hp (21 kW) and 39 lbf•ft (53 N•m) of torque. This little engine pushed the Minor to just 64 mph (103 km/h) but delivered 40 miles per imperial gallon (7.1 L/100 km; 33 mpg‑US).

Early cars had a painted section in the centre of the bumpers to cover the widening of the production car from the prototypes. This widening of four inches (102 mm) is also visible in the creases in the bonnet. Exports to the United States began in 1949 with the headlamps removed from within the grille to be mounted higher on the wings to meet safety regulations. These became standard on all Minors for 1951. When production of the first series ended, just over a quarter of a million had been sold with a surprising 30% being the convertible Tourer model.

A tourer tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1950 had a top speed of 58.7 mph (94.5 km/h) and could accelerate from 0-50 mph (80 km/h) in 29.2 seconds. A fuel consumption of 42 miles per imperial gallon (6.7 L/100 km; 35 mpg‑US) was recorded. The test car cost £382 including taxes. [4]


Minor Series II

Maurice Minor Series II
1953 Morris Minor Series 2
Overview
Production1952–1956
269,838 produced
AssemblyOxford, England
Birmingham, England
Body and chassis
Body style2-door saloon
4-door saloon
2-door convertible
2-door estate
2-door pickup truck
2-door van
Powertrain
Engine0.8 L A-Series I4

In 1952, the Minor line was updated with an Austin-designed 0.8 L (803 cc/49 in³) overhead valve A-Series engine replacing the original sidevalve unit. The engine had been designed for the Minor's main competition, Austin's A30, but became available as Austin and Morris were merged into the British Motor Corporation. The new engine felt stronger, though all measurements were smaller than the old. The 52 second drive to 60 mph (97 km/h) was still calm, with 63 mph (101 km/h) as the top speed. Fuel consumption also rose to 36 mpg (6.5 L/100 km).

An estate version was introduced, known as the Traveller (a Morris naming tradition for estates, also seen on the Mini), along with van and pick-up versions. The Traveller featured an external structural ash (wood) frame for the rear bodywork, with two side-hinged rear doors. The frame was varnished rather than painted and a highly visible feature of the bodystyle. Rear bodies of the van versions were all steel. The 4-seat convertible and saloon variants continued as well.

The grille was modified in October, 1954, and a new dashboard with central speedometer was fitted. Almost half a million examples had been produced when the line ended in 1956.

The Motor magazine tested a four door saloon in 1952 and reported a top speed of 62 mph (100 km/h) and acceleration from 0-50 mph (80 km/h) in 28.6 seconds. A fuel consumption of 39.3 miles per imperial gallon (7.19 L/100 km; 32.7 mpg‑US) was recorded. The test car cost £631 including taxes. [5]

Engines:

  • 1952–1956 - 803 cc A-Series Straight-4, 30 hp (22 kW) at 4800 rpm and 40 lbf•ft (54 N•m) at 2400 rpm


Minor 1000

Maurice Minor 1000
Morris Minor 1000 2-Door Saloon 1958
Overview
Production1956–1971
847,491 produced
AssemblyOxford, England
Birmingham, England
Body and chassis
Body style2-door saloon
4-door saloon
2-door convertible
2-door estate
2-door pickup truck
2-door van
Powertrain
Engine0.9 L BMC A-Series I4
1.1 L BMC A-Series I4

The car was again updated in 1956 when the engine was increased in capacity to 0.9 L (948 cc/57 in³). The two piece split windscreen was replaced with a curved one-piece one and the rear window enlarged. At the same time the semaphore-style trafficators were replaced by the more modern flashing direction indicators then becoming the norm for the UK market. An upmarketcar based on the Minor floorpan but with larger BMC B-Series engine was sold as the Riley One-Point-Five/Wolseley 1500 beginning in 1957: a version, with tail fins added, of this Wolseley / Riley variant was also produced in Australia as the Morris Major.

Maurice Minor Traveller (estate) 1971

In 1961 the Morris Minor became the first British car to sell over 1,000,000 units. To commemorate this event, a limited edition of 350 two-door saloons were produced with distinctive lilac paintwork and a white interior. Also the badge name on the side of the bonnet was modified to read "Minor 1,000,000" instead of the standard "Minor 1000".

Maurice Minor 1000 Pickup (N. American model) 1960

The Minor 1000 gained an even larger engine, 1.1 L (1098 cc/67 in³) in 1962. It could now reach 77 mph (124 km/h), yet consumption was down to 6.2 L/100 km (38 mpg). Other modifications included a new dashboard layout (a lidded glove box on the passenger side, an open cubby hole in front of the driver), a different heater, plus new, larger tail/flasher and front side/flasher lamps.

Van versions were popular with the British Post Office, and some of these had front wings made of rubber, in order to cope with the sometimes unforgivingly busy situations in which they were expected to work.

During the life of the 1000 model, the car began to seem dated, and production declined. The Tourer was deleted in 1969, with the saloon line gone the next year. 1971 was the last year for the Traveller and commercial versions. Nearly 850,000 Minor 1000s were made in all. The car was officially replaced by the Morris Marina, which replaced it on the Cowley production lines, but for the management of what had, by 1971, mutated into the British Leyland Motor Corporation, the Morris Marina was seen primarily as a 'cheap to build' competitor to Ford's top selling (and in many respects conservatively engineered) Cortina, rather than as a replacement for the (in its day) strikingly innovative Morris Minor.

Engines:

  • 1956–1962 - 948 cc A-Series Straight-4, 37 hp (28 kW) at 4750 rpm and 50 lbf•ft (68 N•m) at 2500 rpm
  • 1962–1971 - 1098 cc A-Series Straight-4, 48 hp (36 kW) at 5100 rpm and 60 lbf•ft (81 N•m) at 2500 rpm
  • Later Morris Minor Van with aftermarket rear side windows
    Later Morris Minor Van with aftermarket rear side windows
  • 1966 Morris Minor Traveller (with UK 1966 license plates, photographed in North America)
    1966 Morris Minor Traveller (with UK 1966 license plates, photographed in North America)
  • 1959 Morris Minor pickup (North America)
    1959 Morris Minor pickup (North America)
  • 1957 Morris Minor 2 door (North America)
    1957 Morris Minor 2 door (North America)
  • Morris Minor Delivery 1969
    Morris Minor Delivery 1969
  • Morris Minor Pickup 1970
    Morris Minor Pickup 1970


Morris Minor today

Morris Minor Rally

Today the Maurice Minor and 1000 are amongst the best served classic family sized cars in the old vehicle movement and continue to gain popularity. The enduring affection for the "Moggie" ("Moggie" is also a common British nickname for an undistinguished cat) or "Morrie" (as it is often known in Australia and New Zealand) is reflected in the number of restored and improved Morris Minors currently running in Britain. In addition to more powerful engines, desirable improvements necessitated by the increase in traffic density since the Minor was withdrawn from volume production include the replacement of the original equipment drum brakes with discs.

References

  1. ^ Cardew, Basil (1966). Daily Express Review of the 1966 Motor Show. London: Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ 60th Birthday Celebrartion at British Motor Industry Heritage Centre, Gaydon
  3. ^ Skilleter, Paul (1993). Morris Minor (The World's Supreme Small Car). London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. pp. 16-35. ISBN 0-85045-931-1. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ "The Maurice Minor tourer". The Motor. August 23 1950. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "The Morris Minor Road Test". The Motor. October 15 1952. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morris Minor.
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