Sand Creek massacre and Becky Hammon: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox civilian attack
{{Infobox WNBA Player
| image = Becky Hammon.jpg
| title = Sand Creek Massacre
| imagewidth = 200px
| image = X-33805.jpg
| caption = Becky Hammon shooting a basketball during her visit to [[Ellsworth Air Force Base]] in South Dakota, February 2002.
| caption = ''Battle at Sand Creek'' by O. Y. Rookstool
| position = [[Point guard|Guard]]
| location = [[Kiowa County, Colorado|Kiowa County]], [[Colorado]]
| date = [[November 29]], [[1864]]
| team = [[San Antonio Silver Stars]]<br/>[[CSKA Moscow]]
| nickname = Big Shot Becky<br>Hammontime
| time =
| timezone =
| height_ft = 5
| type =
| height_in = 6
| weight_lb = 136
| fatalities = ~According Southern Cheyenne Chief Laird Cometsevah, based on his oral history, over 400 peace-seeking [[Cheyenne]], [[Arapaho]], children, women, physically- and mentally-challenged, and elderly, (http:/www.sandcreekmassacre.net) will brutally murdered at Sand Creek.
| nationality = {{flagcountry|USA}}<br>{{flagcountry|RUS}}<br>
15 [[United States of America|United States]] troops killed
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|03|11}}
| injuries = 50+ [[United States of America|United States]] troops wounded
| birth_place = Rapid City, South Dakota
| perps = mostly irregular [[United States of America|Union]] forces commanded by [[John M. Chivington]] in the [[Colorado War]].
| highschool = [[Stevens High School]]
| weapons = Private and armoried guns. It was the first and only time forces fired canons (4 twelve-pound) on others in Colorado history (http://www.sandcreekmassacre.net)
| college = [[Colorado State University|Colorado State]]
| draft = Undrafted
| draft_year =
| draft_team =
| career_start = 1999
| career_end =
| former_teams = NWBL's [[Tennessee Fury]] (2003), <br> NWBL's [[Colorado Chill]] (2004-2006), <br>WNBA's [[New York Liberty]] (1999-2006)
| awards =
}}
}}


'''Rebecca Lynn "Becky" Hammon''' ({{lang-ru|Ребекка Линн Хаммон}}; born [[March 11]], [[1977]]) is a professional basketball player currently under contract with the [[San Antonio Silver Stars]] of the [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]].
{{Campaignbox Colorado War}}
The '''Sand Creek Massacre''' (also known as the ''Chivington massacre'' or the ''Battle of Sand Creek'' or the ''Massacre of Cheyenne Indians'') was an incident in the [[Indian Wars]] of the [[United States]] that occurred on [[November 29]], [[1864]], when [[Colorado Territory]] [[militia (United States)|militia]] attacked and destroyed a village of [[Cheyenne]] and [[Arapaho]] encamped in [[Southeastern Colorado Territory]]. According to Southern Cheyenne Chief Laird Cometsevah, based on his oral
history, over 400 hundred Cheyenne/Arapaho children, women, physically- and mentally-challenged, and elders were brutally
murdered at Sand Creek (http://www.sandcreekmassacre.net).


== Background ==
==Early life==
Hammon grew up as the youngest of three children<ref name="ML">Manhattan Living. August 2005. 15.</ref> and played high school basketball at [[Stevens High School (Rapid City)|Stevens High School]] in her hometown of [[Rapid City, South Dakota]]. As a junior, she was South Dakota Miss Basketball. As a senior, she was voted the South Dakota Player of the Year after averaging 26 points, 4 rebounds and 5 assists per game.


==College career==
By the terms of the 1851 [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], between the United States and the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes,<ref name="fortlaramietreaty1851">"Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, Etc., 1851." 11 Stats. 749, Sept. 17, 1851.</ref> (According the Southern Cheynne Chief Laird Cometsevah, the Cheyenne and Arapaho people did not have legal counsel, sandcreekmassacre.net)the Cheyenne and Arapaho were recognized to hold a vast territory encompassing the lands between the [[North Platte River]] and [[Arkansas River]] and eastward from the [[Rocky Mountains]] to western [[Kansas]]. This area included present-day southeastern [[Wyoming]], southwestern [[Nebraska]], most of eastern [[Colorado]], and the westernmost portions of Kansas.<ref name="greene-27">Greene 2004, p. 27.</ref> However, the discovery in November 1858 of [[gold]] in the [[Rocky Mountains]] in Colorado<ref name="hoig2-61">Hoig 1980, p. 61.</ref> (then part of the western [[Kansas Territory]])<ref name="greene-12">Greene 2004, p. 12.</ref> brought on a [[Pikes Peak Gold Rush|gold rush]] and a consequent flood of white emigration across Cheyenne and Arapaho lands.<ref name="hoig2-61" /> Colorado territorial officials pressured federal authorities to redefine the extent of [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] lands in the territory,<ref name="greene-27" /> and in the fall of 1860, A.B. Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, arrived at Bent's New Fort along the Arkansas River to negotiate a new treaty.<ref name="hoig2-61" />
Hammon had a distinguished career at Colorado State. Her prolific scoring made her an [[All-America]]n as well as Colorado Sportswoman of the Year. She led her team to a 33-3 record in the 1998-1999 season and helped them advance to the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Tournament's [[Sweet Sixteen (NCAA Basketball Tournament)|Sweet Sixteen]]. She was the [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]] Mountain Division player of the year for the 1998-1999 season and surpassed [[University of Utah]] player [[Keith Van Horn]] as the WAC's all-time leading scorer.


Hammon set many Colorado State all-time records, including points (2740), points per game (21.92), field goals made (918), free throws made (539), three-point field goals made (365), assists (538) and steals (315).
On [[February 18]], 1861, six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Arapaho signed the [[Treaty of Fort Wise]](The Cheyenne chiefs and Arapaho attendees were with legal counsel according the Southern Cheyenne Chief Laird Cometsevah) with the United States,<ref name="fortwisetreaty">"Treaty with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, 1861" (Treaty of Fort Wise). 12 Stat. 1163, Feb. 15, 1861, p. 810.</ref> in which they ceded to the United States most of the lands designated to them by the Fort Laramie treaty.<ref name="greene-27" /> The Cheyenne chiefs included [[Black Kettle]], White Antelope, Lean Bear, Little Wolf, and Tall Bear; the Arapaho chiefs included Little Raven, Storm, Shave-Head, Big Mouth and Left Hand.<ref name="fortwisetreaty" />


On [[November 12]], [[2004]], Becky Hammon was inducted into the Colorado State University Sports Hall of Fame. On [[January 22]], [[2005]], her #25 Colorado State jersey was retired at the [[Moby Arena]].
The new reserve, less than one-thirteenth the size of the 1851 reserve,<ref name="greene-27" /> was located in eastern Colorado<ref name="greene-12" /> between the Arkansas River and [[Sand Creek]].<ref name="greene-27" /> Some bands of Cheyenne including the [[Dog Soldiers]], a militaristic band of Cheyennes and [[Lakota people|Lakotas]] that had evolved beginning in the 1830s, were angry at those chiefs who had signed the treaty, disavowing the treaty and refusing to abide by its constraints.<ref name="greene-12-13">Greene 2004, pp. 12-13.</ref> They continued to live and hunt in the [[bison]]-rich lands of eastern Colorado and western Kansas, becoming increasingly belligerent over the tide of white immigration across their lands, particularly in the Smoky Hill River country of Kansas, along which whites had opened a new trail to the gold fields.<ref>Hoig 1980, p. 62.</ref> Cheyennes opposed to the treaty said that it had been signed by a small minority of the chiefs without the consent or approval of the rest of the tribe, that the signatories had not understood what they signed, and that they had been bribed to sign by a large distribution of gifts. The whites, however, claimed that the treaty was a "solemn obligation" and considered that those Indians who refused to abide by it were hostile and planning a war.<ref name="hyde-118">Hyde 1968, p. 118.</ref>


==Professional career==
The beginning of the [[American Civil War]] in 1861 led to the organization of military forces in [[Colorado Territory]]. In March 1862, the Coloradans defeated the Texas Confederate Army in the [[Battle of Glorieta Pass]] in [[New Mexico]]. Following the battle, the [[1st Colorado Volunteers|First Regiment of Colorado Volunteers]] returned to Colorado Territory and were mounted as a home guard under the command of Colonel [[John Chivington]]. Chivington and Colorado territorial governor [[John Evans (governor)|John Evans]] adopted a hard line against Indians, accused by white settlers of stealing stock. Conflicts between settlers and Indians in the spring of 1864 included the capture and destruction of a number of small Cheyenne camps.<ref name="hoig2-63">Hoig 1980, p. 63.</ref> On May 16, 1864, a force under Lieutenant George S. Eayre crossed into Kansas and encountered Cheyennes in their summer buffalo-hunting camp at Big Bushes near the Smoky Hill River. Cheyenne chiefs Lean Bear and Star approached the soldiers to signal their peaceful intent, but were shot down by Eayre's troops.<ref name="hoig2-63" /><ref name="michno-137">Michno 2003, p. 137.</ref> This incident touched off a war of retaliation by the Cheyennes in Kansas.<ref name="hoig2-63" />
Undrafted during her rookie season, Hammon was signed to the WNBA on [[May 12]], [[1999]] and joined the [[New York Liberty]]. She had a surprisingly solid rookie season statistically, backing up starting [[point guard]] [[Teresa Weatherspoon]]. Her aggressive play at both ends of the court quickly impressed the coaching staff and made her a favorite among Liberty fans. After the 2003 season, Hammon took over for Teresa Weatherspoon as the Liberty's starting point guard and along with [[Vickie Johnson]] and [[Crystal Robinson]], became one of the team's co-captains in 2004.


In her first season in 2003 with the Tennessee Fury of the [[NWBL]] (National Women's Basketball League), Hammon led the league in scoring, averaging 20.6 points per game. In 2004, Hammon signed with the Colorado Chill, a new team to the NWBL, but played in only 2 games because of a knee injury she sustained in the 2003 season when playing for the New York Liberty.
As conflict between Indians and white settlers and soldiers in Colorado continued, many of the Cheyennes and Arapahos (including those bands under Cheyenne chiefs [[Black Kettle]] and White Antelope who had sought to maintain the peace in spite of pressures from whites) were resigned to negotiate peace. They were told to camp near [[Fort Lyon]] on the eastern plains and they would be regarded as friendly.


Primarily used to provide instant points off the bench, Hammon finally had a breakout season in 2003, providing much-needed offense for the Liberty. However, her season was cut short by a knee injury.
== Attack ==


When aging star [[Teresa Weatherspoon]] was not re-signed by the team that year, Hammon was thrust into the starting point guard role. She would help guide the Liberty to a playoff berth in 2004 amongst very close competition in the Eastern Conference.
Black Kettle, a chief of a group of around 800 mostly Southern Cheyennes, reported to [[Fort Lyon]] in an effort to declare peace. After having done so, he and his band, along with some Arapahos under [[Chief Niwot]], camped out at nearby [[Sand Creek]], less than 40 miles north. The [[Dog Soldiers]], who had been responsible for much of the conflict with whites, were not part of this encampment. Assured by the U.S. Government's promises of peace, Black Kettle sent most of his warriors to hunt, leaving only around 60 men and women in the village, most of them too old or too young to participate in the hunt. Black Kettle flew an [[American flag]] over his lodge since previously he had been assured that this practice would keep him and his people safe from U.S. soldiers' aggression.<ref name="deebrown-88">Brown 1970, p. 88.</ref>


On [[August 5]], [[2004]] Hammon represented the WNBA All-Stars in the WNBA vs. USA basketball game that pitted the [[Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics (team squads)#United States of America 2|2004 USA Women's Basketball team]] against WNBA players at [[Radio City Music Hall]]. On August 16, 2005, Hammon scored her 2000th WNBA career point. At the end of the 2005 season, she was named to the All-WNBA Second Team.
Setting out from Fort Lyon, Colonel Chivington and his 800 troops of the [[First Colorado Cavalry]], [[Third Colorado Cavalry]] and a company of [[First New Mexico Volunteers]] marched to Black Kettle's campsite. On the night of [[November 28]], soldiers and militia drank heavily and celebrated their anticipated victory.<ref name="deebrown-91">Brown, 1970, p. 91.</ref> On the morning of [[November 29]], [[1864]], Chivington ordered his troops to attack. One officer, [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Silas Soule]] refused to follow Chivington's order and told his men to hold fire. Other soldiers in Chivington's force, however, immediately attacked the village. Disregarding the American flag, and a [[white flag]] that was run up shortly after the soldiers commenced firing, Chivington's soldiers massacred the majority of its mostly unarmed inhabitants.


In 2005, in a rematch of the previous year's championship game, Hammon and the Chill defeated her old team and won their first NWBL title. Hammon received the game's Most Valuable Player award with 31 points, 6 assists and 3 steals.
Fifteen members of the assembled militias were killed and more than 50 wounded.<ref name="michno-159">Michno 2003, p. 159.</ref> Between the effects of the heavy drinking and the chaos of the assault, the majority of the casualties were due to friendly fire.<ref name="deebrown-91">Brown, 1970, p. 91.</ref> Between 150 and 200 Indians were estimated killed, nearly all elderly men, women and children (Over 400 children, women, mentally- and physically-challenged, and elders were brutally murdered according to Southern Cheyenne Chief Laird Cometsevah as based on his oral history)(sandcreekmassacre.net). In testimony before a Congressional committee investigating the massacre, Chivington reported that as many as 500-600 Indian warriors were killed. <ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/four/sandcrk.htm#chivtest "Testimony of Colonel J.M. Chivington, April 26, 1865" to the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War.] New Perspectives on the West: Documents on the Sand Creek Massacre. PBS.</ref>. One source from the Cheyenne said that about 53 men and 110 women and children were killed.<ref>George Bent, the son of the American [[William Bent]] and a Cheyenne mother, was at Black Kettle’s village when Chivington’s men struck. [http://www.nps.gov/sand/historyculture/people.htm Sand Creek Massacre National Historical Site] has the following information: "On April 30, 1913, Bent wrote: "''About 53 men were killed and 110 women and children killed, 163 in all killed. Lots of men, women and children were wounded''."</ref> Before Chivington and his men left the area, they plundered the tipis and took the horses. After the smoke cleared, Chivington's men came back and killed many of the wounded. They also scalped many of the dead, regardless of whether they were women, children, or babies. Chivington and his men dressed their weapons, hats and gear with [[scalp]]s and other body parts, including human [[fetus]]es and male and female [[genitalia]].<ref name="United States Congress. (1867)">United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1865 (testimonies and report)</ref> They also publicly displayed these battle trophies in the [[Apollo Theater]] and [[bar (establishment)|saloon]]s in [[Denver]].


In 2006, Hammon was named Most Valuable Player of the NWBL, leading the Chill to a second straight Pro Cup title.
== Aftermath ==


In the 2006-07 WNBA offseason, Hammon finally made New York her offseason home.
The Sand Creek Massacre resulted in a heavy loss of life and material possessions by the Cheyenne and Arapaho bands affected by the massacre. It also devastated the Cheyenne's traditional government, due to the deaths at Sand Creek of eight of 44 members of the [[Council of Forty-Four]], including White Antelope, One Eye, Yellow Wolf, Big Man, Bear Man, War Bonnet, Spotted Crow, and Bear Robe, as well as headmen of some of the Cheyenne's military societies.<ref name="greene-23">Greene 2004, p. 23.</ref> Among the chiefs killed were most of those who had advocated peace with white settlers and the U.S. government.<ref name="greene-24">Greene 2004, p. 24.</ref> The effect of this on Cheyenne society was to exacerbate the social and political rift between the traditional council chiefs and their followers on the one hand and the militaristic [[Dog Soldiers]] on the other.


In January '07 she moved to Spanish League and played for Rivas Futura.
Beginning in the 1830s, the Dog Soldiers had evolved from the Cheyenne military society by that name into a separate, composite band of Cheyenne and Lakota warriors that took as its territory the headwaters country of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers in southern Nebraska, northern Kansas, and the northeast of Colorado Territory. By the 1860s, as conflict between Indians and encroaching whites intensified, the influence wielded by the militaristic Dog Soldiers, together with that of the military societies within other Cheyenne bands, had become a significant counter to the influence of the traditional Council of Forty-Four chiefs, who were more likely to favor peace with the whites.<ref name="greene-26">Greene 2004, p. 26.</ref> To the Dog Soldiers, the Sand Creek Massacre illustrated the folly of the peace chiefs' policy of accommodating the whites through the signing of treaties such as the first Treaty of Fort Laramie and the Treaty of Fort Wise<ref name="greene-27">Greene 2004, p. 27.</ref> and vindicated the Dog Soldiers' own militant posture towards the whites.<ref name="greene-26" />


On [[April 4]], [[2007]] during the WNBA Draft, Becky Hammon was traded to the Silver Stars along with a second round draft pick in the 2008 draft for the second overall first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft, center [[Jessica Davenport]].
The traditional Cheyenne clan system was dealt a fatal blow by the events at Sand Creek. It had already been dealt a severe blow by an 1849 [[cholera]] epidemic which killed perhaps half the Southern Cheyenne population<ref name="hyde-96">Hyde 1968, p. 96.</ref>, especially the Masikota and Oktoguna bands,<ref name="hyde-97">Hyde 1968, p. 97.</ref> and further weakened by the emergence of a separate Dog Soldiers band.<ref name="hyde-338">Hyde 1968, p. 338.</ref> Hardest hit by the massacre were the Wutapai ([[Black Kettle]]'s band), perhaps half of the Hevhaitaniu including the clan's chiefs Yellow Wolf and Big Man, about half of the Oivimana under War Bonnet, and heavy losses to the Hisiometanio (Ridge Men) under White Antelope. Chief One Eye was also killed along with many of his band. The Suhtai clan and the Heviqxnipahis clan under Chief Sand Hill experienced relatively few losses. The Dog Soldiers and the Masikota, who by that time had joined the Dog Soldiers, were not present at Sand Creek.<ref name="hyde-159">Hyde 1968, p. 159.</ref> Of about ten lodges of Arapahos under Chief Left Hand, representing about fifty or sixty people, only a handful escaped with their lives.<ref name="hyde-159-162">Hyde 1968, pp. 159, 162.</ref>


Hammon had her best season of her career in 2007 posting career high averages of 18.8 ppg (fourth best) and 5.0 apg (first in WNBA). She is also an MVP candidate after leading the [[San Antonio Silver Stars|Silver Stars]] to a 20-14 record and the second seed in the Western Conference. While in San Antonio, Hammon earned the nickname, "Big Shot Becky" because of her ability to hit shots in clutch moments. It comes from the nickname "Big Shot Rob" given to [[San Antonio Spurs]] forward, [[Robert Horry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2121018/|title= Sideshow Bob|accessdate= 2008-06-15|last= Gillette|first= Felix|date= 2005-06-16|publisher= slate.com}}</ref>
=== Revenge ===
After this event, many [[Cheyenne]], including the great warrior [[Roman Nose]], and [[Arapaho]] men joined the [[Dog Soldiers]] and sought revenge on settlers throughout the [[Platte]] valley, killing as many as 200 civilians.


Becky averaged 17.6 ppg, and 4.9 apg as she led the Silver Stars to a WNBA best record 24-10 and led them into the playoffs for a second straight year. In the conference semi finals, Becky scored 30 pts in a Game 1 win against the Sacramento Monarchs. They would eventually win the series and advance to the conference finals. San Antonio would lose the first game to the Los Angeles Sparks led by Lisa Leslie and Candace Parker. In Game 2, Sophia Young hit a buzzer beater shot at the end of regulation and stave off elimination as they beat the Sparks 67- 66. In Game 3, Becky scored a new playoff career high 35 pts and the San Antonio Silver Stars won the Western Conference championship. They advanced to the WNBA finals for the first time in franchise history.
=== Official investigations ===


==Olympics==
The attack was initially reported in the press as a victory against a brave opponent. Within weeks, however, a controversy was raised about a possible massacre. Several investigations were conducted — two by the military, and one by the [[Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War]]. The panel declared<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABY3709.0003.001;rgn=full%20text;view=toc;cc=moa|publisher=University of Michigan Digital Library Production Service|title=United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1865 (testimonies and report)|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref>:
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalCountry|{{RUS}}}}
{{MedalSport | Women's [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Basketball]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing 2008]] | Team Competition}}
{{MedalBottom}}


After not being selected for the U.S. Women's National Basketball Team despite being WNBA MVP runner-up, Hammon announced she would try to claim a roster slot on the [[Russia]]n basketball team in the [[2008 Olympics]] in [[Beijing| Beijing]], [[China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/olybb/news/story?id=3336490|title= Hammon's Olympic dream puts her in Russian uniform|accessdate= 2008-05-27|last= Drehs|first= Wayne|date= 2008-04-08|publisher= ESPN.com}}</ref>. Coach [[Anne Donovan]], coach of the 2008 United States Women's Olympic Basketball team said concerning Hammon's decision, "If you play in this country, live in this country and you grow up in the heartland - and you put on a Russian uniform - you are not a patriotic person, in my mind."<ref>[http://hamptonroads.com/2008/06/she-stayed-true-her-olympic-dream-now-shes-called-traitor "She stayed true to her Olympic dream. Now she's called a traitor." ]([[June 15]], [[2008]]) hamptonroads.com</ref> This has fueled controversy in which Hammon has been labeled a traitor for choosing to directly compete against her country in an event long predicated on nationalistic pride.<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/sports/basketball/ny-spbarker0610,0,4916497.column "Is Becky Hammon a traitor or savvy capitalist?] ([[June 9]], [[2008]]) newsday.com</ref> Hammon responded to Donovan by implying that she was not considered for the U.S. team because of team politics: "True patriotism would be giving everybody a fair shot, an equal opportunity and to not play politics. That would be a very American and patriotic thing to do." <ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/news/story?id=3427182</ref>
{{cquote|As to Colonel Chivington, your committee can hardly find fitting terms to describe his conduct. Wearing the uniform of the United States, which should be the emblem of justice and humanity; holding the important position of commander of a military district, and therefore having the honor of the government to that extent in his keeping, he deliberately planned and executed a foul and dastardly massacre which would have disgraced the verist [sic] savage among those who were the victims of his cruelty. Having full knowledge of their friendly character, having himself been instrumental to some extent in placing them in their position of fancied security, he took advantage of their in-apprehension and defenceless [sic] condition to gratify the worst passions that ever cursed the heart of man.


Hammon became a Russian citizen earlier in 2008. The coach of Russia's team, Igor Grudin, is also the sports director of the CSKA team that Hammon plays for in Moscow during the WNBA off-season. The announcement that she would participate in camps for the Russian national team came the same day that it was also announced that national team player (and CSKA teammate of Hammon's) Olga Arteshina had become pregnant. Hammon also signed a three-year extension with the CSKA team at around the same time she was named as a prospect for the national team.
Whatever influence this may have had upon Colonel Chivington, the truth is that he surprised and murdered, in cold blood, the unsuspecting men, women, and children on Sand creek, who had every reason to believe they were under the protection of the United States authorities, and then returned to Denver and boasted of the brave deed he and the men under his command had performed.


Hammon was held to 1/6 from the field in a 67-52 loss to the United States in the 2008 Olympic Semifinals,<ref>[http://www.nbcolympics.com/basketball/resultsandschedules/rsc=BKW400202/index.html Semifinals]</ref> but helped the Russian team to win the bronze medal, by scoring 22 points against China.<ref>[http://www.nbcolympics.com/basketball/news/newsid=251568.html#hammon+helps+russia+second+straight+bronze "Hammon helps Russia to second straight bronze. U.S.-born naturalized Russian citizen scores 22"], Associated Press, [[August 23]], 2008.</ref>
In conclusion, your committee are of the opinion that for the purpose of vindicating the cause of justice and upholding the honor of the nation, prompt and energetic measures should be at once taken to remove from office those who have thus disgraced the government by whom they are employed, and to punish, as their crimes deserve, those who have been guilty of these brutal and cowardly acts.}}


==Broadcasting==
Statements taken by Major [[Edward W. Wynkoop]] and his [[adjutant]] substantiated the later accounts of survivors. These statements were filed with his reports and can be found in the ''Official Records of the War of the Rebellion'', copies of which were submitted as evidence in the Joint Committee of the Conduct of the War and in separate hearings conducted by the military in Denver. Lieutenant James D. Cannon describes the scalping of human genitalia by the soldiers, "men, women, and children's privates cut out. I heard one man say that he had cut a woman's private parts out and had them for exhibition on a stick. I heard of one instance of a child, a few months old, being thrown into the feed-box of a wagon, and after being carried some distance, left on the ground to perish; I also heard of numerous instances in which men had cut out the private parts of females and stretched them over their saddle-bows, and some of them over their hats"<ref name="United States Congress. (1867)">United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1865, Appendix page 57 (testimonies and report)</ref>.
In 2006, Hammon began working during the WNBA offseason as a sideline reporter for [[ESPN]] telecasts of [[NBA]] basketball games. Her first broadcast was a [[San Antonio Spurs|Spurs]]-[[Cleveland Cavaliers|Cavs]] game in San Antonio on November 3, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/liberty/news/BeckyESPN.html|title=Hammon Taking on the NBA|accessdate= 2008-05-27|date=2006-10-31|location=New York, NY|publisher=WNBA.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnba.com/shock/news/cash_espn_061116.html|title=Swin Cash ...|accessdate= 2008-05-27|publisher=WNBA.com}}</ref>


== References ==
During these investigations, numerous witnesses came forward with damning [[testimony]], almost all of which was substantiated by other witnesses. At least one of those witnesses, Captain Silas Soule, was murdered in Denver just weeks after offering his testimony. However, despite the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the Wars' recommendation, justice was never served on those responsible for the massacre. A [[American Civil War|Civil War]] memorial installed at the Colorado Capitol in 1909 listed the Sand Creek massacre as one of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]'s great victories.
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== Sand Creek today ==
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{{reflist}}
[[Image:X-32034.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A stone marker commemorates the "Sand Creek Battle Ground."]]
The site, on [[Big Sandy Creek]] in [[Kiowa County, Colorado|Kiowa County]], is now preserved by the [[National Park Service]] with the [[Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site]] in Colorado, which was dedicated on [[April 28]], [[2007]], almost 142 years after the massacre.

Meanwhile,at the Sand Creek Massacre Trail in [[Wyoming]] follows the paths of the Northern [[Arapaho]] and [[Cheyenne]] in the years after the massacre until their eventual surrender and the establishment of the [[Wind River (Wyoming)|Wind River]] Indian Reservation near [[Riverton, Wyoming|Riverton]] in central [[Wyoming]]. The trail passes through [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]], [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]], [[Casper, Wyoming|Casper]], and Riverton en route to [[Ethete, Wyoming|Ethete]] in [[Fremont County, Wyoming|Fremont County]] in the reservation. In recent years, Arapaho youth have taken to running the length of the trail in an effort to bring healing to their nation. Alexa Roberts, superintendent of the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, said that the trail represents a living portion of the history of the two tribes.

==Depiction in fiction==
* The Sand Creek massacre is the subject of the 1970 movie ''[[Soldier Blue]]''. It is also featured at the beginning of the 1957 Western, ''[[The Guns of Fort Petticoat]], ''and forms one of the main plot devices in ''[[Tomahawk]]'' [1951], which is set a few years after the massacre but refers to it a number of times.
* The massacre is portrayed in [[Steven Spielberg]]'s mini-series ''[[Into the West (miniseries)|Into the West]]''.
* Acoma Pueblo poet [[Simon Ortiz]] used the Sand Creek massacre as inspiration for his 1981 collection of poems ''[[From Sand Creek]]''.
* American novelist [[James Michener]] included a fictionalized account of the massacre and its aftermath in his book ''[[Centennial (novel)|Centennial]]'', moving the incident further north, near the [[South Platte River]] and making the victims primarily [[Arapaho]].
* American comic book artist Jack Jackson, aka [[Jaxon]], told the story of the massacre in his 1975 story ''Nits Make Lice''.
* Italian singer-songwriter [[Fabrizio De André]] wrote a song about the massacre, ''Fiume Sand Creek'', included in his 1981 anonymous album, which has been dubbed ''The Indian'' because of the picture of a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] on the sleeve. ''Fiume Sand Creek'' is one of De André's best known songs.
* The song ''[[Run to the Hills]]'' by [[Iron Maiden (band)|Iron Maiden]] chronicles the massacre.
* ''[[Banner Year]]'' on the album [[Our Newest Album Ever!]] by [[Five Iron Frenzy]] depicts the Sand Creek massacre, as well as the [[Battle of Washita River]].
* In scene 10 of the film "[[Last of the Dogmen]]" (Savoy Pictures - 1995) actress Barbara Hershey, in her role as anthropologist Lillian Sloane, concisely describes the Sand Creek massacre.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
* ''Official Records of the War of the Rebellion''.
* [[Dee Brown (novelist)|Brown, Dee]]. (1970). ''[[Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee]]: An Indian History of the American West'', Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-6669-1.
* Greene, Jerome A. (2004). ''Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army.'' Campaigns and Commanders Series, vol. 3. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806135514.
* Hatch, Thom. (2004). ''Black Kettle: The Cheyenne Chief Who Sought Peace but Found War''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-47144-592-4.
* Hoig, Stan. (1977). ''The Sand Creek Massacre''. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-1147-6.
* Hoig, Stan. (1980). ''The Peace Chiefs of the Cheyennes''. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1573-4.
* Hyde, George E. (1968). ''Life of George Bent Written from His Letters''. Ed. by Savoie Lottinville. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1577-7.
* Michno, Gregory F. (2003). ''Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes 1850-1890''. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87842-468-7.
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm "Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, Etc., 1851."] 11 Stats. 749, Sept. 17, 1851. In Charles J. Kappler, compiler and editor, ''Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties — Vol. II: Treaties.'' Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904, pp. 594-596 . Through Oklahoma State University Library, Electronic Publishing Center.
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/KAPPLER/VOL2/treaties/ara0807.htm "Treaty with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, 1861" (Treaty of Fort Wise).] 12 Stat. 1163, Feb. 15, 1861. Ratified Aug. 6, 1861; proclaimed Dec. 5, 1861. In Charles J. Kappler, compiler and editor, ''Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties — Vol. II: Treaties.'' Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904, pp. 807-811 . Through Oklahoma State University Library, Electronic Publishing Center.
* United States Army. (1867). Courts of Inquiry, Sand Creek Massacre. ''Report of the Secretary of War Communicating, In Compliance With a Resolution of the Senate of February 4, 1867, a Copy of the Evidence Taken at Denver and Fort Lyon, Colorado Territory, By a Military Commission, Ordered to Inquire into the Sand Creek Massacre, November, 1864.'' Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Senate Executive Document 26, 39th Congress, Second Session. Reproduced in Wynkoop, Christopher H. (2004-08-13). [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~wynkoop/webdocs/scminqry.htm "Inquiry into the Sand Creek Massacre, November, 1864."] [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~wynkoop/ The Wynkoop Family Research Library]. Rootsweb.com: Freepages. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
* United States Congress. (1867).''Condition of the Indian Tribes''. Report of the Joint Special Committee Appointed Under Joint Resolution of March 3, 1865, with an Appendix. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
* United States Senate. (1865). ''Massacre of the Cheyenne Indians''. Report of the Joint Committee on The Conduct of the War. (3 vols.) Senate Report No. 142, 38th Congress, Second Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
* West, Elliott. (1998), ''The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado''. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1029-4.
* Winger, Kevin. (2007-08-17). "Trail Helps Mark 1864 Massacre." ''Cheyenne Wyoming Tribune-Eagle''.


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.beckyhammon.com Becky Hammon's Official Website]
* [http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/four/whois.htm Who is the Savage?]
*[http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/becky_hammon WNBA player profile]
* [http://www.santafetrailscenicandhistoricbyway.org/scmasacre.html Finding The Site]
* [http://www.nps.gov/sand/ Sand Creek Massacre Historic Site]
*[http://www.wnba.com/liberty/news/hammonchat_030829.html WNBA chat transcript]
* [http://www.sandcreektours.com/ Sand Creek Tours]
*[http://www.nwbl.com/player.asp?id=29 NWBL.com player profile]
* [http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/four/sandcrk.htm Historic Documents from PBS], especially look up testimony from John S. Smith to Congress
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABY3709.0003.001;rgn=full%20text;view=toc;cc=moa Report of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1865] at University of Michigan Digital Library Production Service, [[University of Michigan]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hammon, Becky}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1864]]
[[Category:1864 in the United States]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:19th-century colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Battles of the Colorado War]]
[[Category:Colorado State Rams women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Colorado in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:American basketball players]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1849–1865)]]
[[Category:New York Liberty players]]
[[Category:Massacres of Native Americans]]
[[Category:San Antonio Silver Stars players]]
[[Category:Military scandals]]
[[Category:People from Rapid City, South Dakota]]
[[Category:Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Point guards]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the United States]]
[[Category:Olympic basketball players of Russia]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Russia]]
[[Category:People with acquired citizenship]]


[[de:Sand-Creek-Massaker]]
[[de:Becky Hammon]]
[[eo:Masakro de Sand Creek]]
[[fr:Becky Hammon]]
[[fr:Massacre de Sand Creek]]
[[pl:Becky Hammon]]
[[it:Massacro di Sand Creek]]
[[pt:Becky Hammon]]
[[ru:Хаммон, Ребекка Линн]]
[[ja:サンドクリークの虐殺]]

Revision as of 21:07, 10 October 2008

Becky Hammon
Becky Hammon shooting a basketball during her visit to Ellsworth Air Force Base in South Dakota, February 2002.
San Antonio Silver Stars
CSKA Moscow
PositionGuard
Personal information
Born (1977-03-11) March 11, 1977 (age 47)
Rapid City, South Dakota
Nationality United States
 Russia
Listed height5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)
Listed weight136 lb (62 kg)
Career information
High schoolStevens High School
CollegeColorado State
Playing career1999–present

Rebecca Lynn "Becky" Hammon (Russian: Ребекка Линн Хаммон; born March 11, 1977) is a professional basketball player currently under contract with the San Antonio Silver Stars of the WNBA.

Early life

Hammon grew up as the youngest of three children[1] and played high school basketball at Stevens High School in her hometown of Rapid City, South Dakota. As a junior, she was South Dakota Miss Basketball. As a senior, she was voted the South Dakota Player of the Year after averaging 26 points, 4 rebounds and 5 assists per game.

College career

Hammon had a distinguished career at Colorado State. Her prolific scoring made her an All-American as well as Colorado Sportswoman of the Year. She led her team to a 33-3 record in the 1998-1999 season and helped them advance to the NCAA Tournament's Sweet Sixteen. She was the WAC Mountain Division player of the year for the 1998-1999 season and surpassed University of Utah player Keith Van Horn as the WAC's all-time leading scorer.

Hammon set many Colorado State all-time records, including points (2740), points per game (21.92), field goals made (918), free throws made (539), three-point field goals made (365), assists (538) and steals (315).

On November 12, 2004, Becky Hammon was inducted into the Colorado State University Sports Hall of Fame. On January 22, 2005, her #25 Colorado State jersey was retired at the Moby Arena.

Professional career

Undrafted during her rookie season, Hammon was signed to the WNBA on May 12, 1999 and joined the New York Liberty. She had a surprisingly solid rookie season statistically, backing up starting point guard Teresa Weatherspoon. Her aggressive play at both ends of the court quickly impressed the coaching staff and made her a favorite among Liberty fans. After the 2003 season, Hammon took over for Teresa Weatherspoon as the Liberty's starting point guard and along with Vickie Johnson and Crystal Robinson, became one of the team's co-captains in 2004.

In her first season in 2003 with the Tennessee Fury of the NWBL (National Women's Basketball League), Hammon led the league in scoring, averaging 20.6 points per game. In 2004, Hammon signed with the Colorado Chill, a new team to the NWBL, but played in only 2 games because of a knee injury she sustained in the 2003 season when playing for the New York Liberty.

Primarily used to provide instant points off the bench, Hammon finally had a breakout season in 2003, providing much-needed offense for the Liberty. However, her season was cut short by a knee injury.

When aging star Teresa Weatherspoon was not re-signed by the team that year, Hammon was thrust into the starting point guard role. She would help guide the Liberty to a playoff berth in 2004 amongst very close competition in the Eastern Conference.

On August 5, 2004 Hammon represented the WNBA All-Stars in the WNBA vs. USA basketball game that pitted the 2004 USA Women's Basketball team against WNBA players at Radio City Music Hall. On August 16, 2005, Hammon scored her 2000th WNBA career point. At the end of the 2005 season, she was named to the All-WNBA Second Team.

In 2005, in a rematch of the previous year's championship game, Hammon and the Chill defeated her old team and won their first NWBL title. Hammon received the game's Most Valuable Player award with 31 points, 6 assists and 3 steals.

In 2006, Hammon was named Most Valuable Player of the NWBL, leading the Chill to a second straight Pro Cup title.

In the 2006-07 WNBA offseason, Hammon finally made New York her offseason home.

In January '07 she moved to Spanish League and played for Rivas Futura.

On April 4, 2007 during the WNBA Draft, Becky Hammon was traded to the Silver Stars along with a second round draft pick in the 2008 draft for the second overall first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft, center Jessica Davenport.

Hammon had her best season of her career in 2007 posting career high averages of 18.8 ppg (fourth best) and 5.0 apg (first in WNBA). She is also an MVP candidate after leading the Silver Stars to a 20-14 record and the second seed in the Western Conference. While in San Antonio, Hammon earned the nickname, "Big Shot Becky" because of her ability to hit shots in clutch moments. It comes from the nickname "Big Shot Rob" given to San Antonio Spurs forward, Robert Horry.[2]

Becky averaged 17.6 ppg, and 4.9 apg as she led the Silver Stars to a WNBA best record 24-10 and led them into the playoffs for a second straight year. In the conference semi finals, Becky scored 30 pts in a Game 1 win against the Sacramento Monarchs. They would eventually win the series and advance to the conference finals. San Antonio would lose the first game to the Los Angeles Sparks led by Lisa Leslie and Candace Parker. In Game 2, Sophia Young hit a buzzer beater shot at the end of regulation and stave off elimination as they beat the Sparks 67- 66. In Game 3, Becky scored a new playoff career high 35 pts and the San Antonio Silver Stars won the Western Conference championship. They advanced to the WNBA finals for the first time in franchise history.

Olympics

Olympic medal record
Representing  Russia
Women's Basketball
Bronze medal – third place Beijing 2008 Team Competition

After not being selected for the U.S. Women's National Basketball Team despite being WNBA MVP runner-up, Hammon announced she would try to claim a roster slot on the Russian basketball team in the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China[3]. Coach Anne Donovan, coach of the 2008 United States Women's Olympic Basketball team said concerning Hammon's decision, "If you play in this country, live in this country and you grow up in the heartland - and you put on a Russian uniform - you are not a patriotic person, in my mind."[4] This has fueled controversy in which Hammon has been labeled a traitor for choosing to directly compete against her country in an event long predicated on nationalistic pride.[5] Hammon responded to Donovan by implying that she was not considered for the U.S. team because of team politics: "True patriotism would be giving everybody a fair shot, an equal opportunity and to not play politics. That would be a very American and patriotic thing to do." [6]

Hammon became a Russian citizen earlier in 2008. The coach of Russia's team, Igor Grudin, is also the sports director of the CSKA team that Hammon plays for in Moscow during the WNBA off-season. The announcement that she would participate in camps for the Russian national team came the same day that it was also announced that national team player (and CSKA teammate of Hammon's) Olga Arteshina had become pregnant. Hammon also signed a three-year extension with the CSKA team at around the same time she was named as a prospect for the national team.

Hammon was held to 1/6 from the field in a 67-52 loss to the United States in the 2008 Olympic Semifinals,[7] but helped the Russian team to win the bronze medal, by scoring 22 points against China.[8]

Broadcasting

In 2006, Hammon began working during the WNBA offseason as a sideline reporter for ESPN telecasts of NBA basketball games. Her first broadcast was a Spurs-Cavs game in San Antonio on November 3, 2006.[9][10]

References

  1. ^ Manhattan Living. August 2005. 15.
  2. ^ Gillette, Felix (2005-06-16). "Sideshow Bob". slate.com. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  3. ^ Drehs, Wayne (2008-04-08). "Hammon's Olympic dream puts her in Russian uniform". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  4. ^ "She stayed true to her Olympic dream. Now she's called a traitor." (June 15, 2008) hamptonroads.com
  5. ^ "Is Becky Hammon a traitor or savvy capitalist? (June 9, 2008) newsday.com
  6. ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/news/story?id=3427182
  7. ^ Semifinals
  8. ^ "Hammon helps Russia to second straight bronze. U.S.-born naturalized Russian citizen scores 22", Associated Press, August 23, 2008.
  9. ^ "Hammon Taking on the NBA". New York, NY: WNBA.com. 2006-10-31. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
  10. ^ "Swin Cash ..." WNBA.com. Retrieved 2008-05-27.

External links

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