Talk:International Space Station and Icelandic króna: Difference between pages

Page contents not supported in other languages.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
 
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox Currency
{{skiptotoctalk}}
|currency_name_in_local = íslensk króna <small>{{is icon}}</small>
{{talkheader}}
|image_1 = Iceland Krona Coins.jpg
{{ArticleHistory
|image_title_1 = 1, 10, 50 and 100 krónur
| action1 = GAN
|iso_code = ISK
| action1date = 21 July 2006
|using_countries = {{flag|Iceland}}
| action1link = Talk:International_Space_Station#GA_nomination
|inflation_rate = 14%
| action1result = Failed
|inflation_source_date = [http://www.sedlabanki.is/ Central Bank of Iceland], July 22. 2008

|subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100
| action2 = PR
|subunit_name_1 = eyrir (obsolete)
| action2date = 12 September 2006
|symbol = kr, Íkr
| action2link = Wikipedia:Peer review/International Space Station/archive1
|plural = krónur
| action2result = Reviewed
|plural_subunit_1 = aurar

|used_coins = 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 krónur
| action3 = GAN
|frequently_used_banknotes = 500, 1000, 5000 krónur
| action3date = 11 October 2006
|rarely_used_banknotes = 2000 krónur
| action3link = Talk:International_Space_Station#Failed_GA
|issuing_authority = [[Central Bank of Iceland]]
| action3result = Failed
|issuing_authority_website = www.sedlabanki.is

| action4 = GAN
| action4date = 21 January 2007
| action4link = Talk:International_Space_Station#Good_Article
| action4result = Listed
| action4oldid = 102210806

| action5 = PR
| action5date = 16 November 2007
| action5link = Wikipedia:Scientific peer review/International Space Station
| action5result = Reviewed

| action6 = GAR
| action6date = 00:34, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
| action6link = Talk:International_Space_Station#GA1
| action6result = delisted
| action6oldid = 222347045

| topic = Natsci
| currentstatus = DGA
}}
{{WP1.0|class=B|category=category|VA=yes|WPCD=yes}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WP Space exploration|class=B|importance=Top|vital=yes|nested=yes}}
{{WikiProject International relations|class=B|nested=yes}}
{{WikiProject Europe|ESA=yes|ESA-importance=top|class=B|importance=high|nested=yes}}
{{HSF Project|class=B|nested=yes}}
}}
}}
{{NASA}}
{{FAOL|Bulgarian|bg:Международна космическа станция|lang2=French|link2=fr:Station spatiale internationale|lang3=Portuguese|link3=pt:Estação Espacial Internacional|lang4=Russian|link4=ru:Международная космическая станция}}}}


The '''króna''' (plural '''krónur''') ([[currency sign|sign]]: '''kr'''; [[ISO 4217|code]]: '''ISK''') is the [[currency]] of [[Iceland]]. The name, meaning "crown", is related to that of other [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] currencies (such as the [[Swedish krona]] and [[Norwegian krone]]). It is subdivided into 100 ''aurar'' (singular ''eyrir'' <ref>[http://iceland.spurl.net/tunga/VO/leit.php?id=4736 Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>). The [[ISO 4217]] currency code is ISK.
{{:Talk:International Space Station/Archivebox}}


==First króna, 1874–1981==
== Criticism ==
The [[Danish krone]] was introduced to Iceland in 1874, replacing the earlier Danish currency, the [[Danish rigsdaler|rigsdaler]]. In 1885, Iceland began issuing its own banknotes.


The Icelandic króna separated from the [[Danish krone]] after the dissolution of the [[Scandinavian Monetary Union]] at the start of [[World War I]] and Icelandic autonomy from [[Denmark]] in 1918. The first coins were issued in 1922.
The criticism section lacks sources. Should we remove something? After all, is the ISS particoulary criticised so that we need a paragraph about it? Other space programs (STS, Hubble and so on...) have been much more the target of criticism: the Station didn't even suffer from major/critical hardware failures and we have no indication that the cost of ISS has ever been underestimated, as confirmed by the costs paragraph of our article. Can we please try to figure out the size of disappointment surrounding this project? [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=iss+money+waste&btnG=Search ISS money waste] returns five times less results than [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=shuttle+money+waste&btnG=Search Shuttle money waste]. // [[User:Duccio|Duccio]] ([[Special:Emailuser/Duccio|write me]]) 10:14, 5 September 2006 (UTC)


===Coins===
Someone deleted this statement from the criticism section on the argument that the citation was secondary and no primary was available: "However, critics say that NASA broadly claims credit for 'spin-offs' that were actually developed independently by private industry". The reference was to a an article by Robert Park,
Iceland's first coins were 10 and 25 aurar pieces introduced in 1922. These were followed in 1925 by denominations 1 and 2 krónur and in 1926 by denominations of 1 eyrir, and 2 and 5 aurar. In 1946, the coins' designs were altered to remove the royal monogram (CXR), following Icelandic independence from Denmark in 1944, when Denmark (but not Iceland) was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]].
http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/4/park.htm . The claim that this sentence is not adequately sourced is untenable. The sentence summarizes what ''critics say''. Robert Park is one of the most prominent critics of the space station in America, and he is also applauded by many other critics and skeptics in the scientific community. If the editor who deleted this wanted material evidence that the criticism is ''true'', that might require a better reference. But then the right statement would be, "However, NASA broadly claims...".


Starting in 1967, new coins were introduced due to a considerable fall in the value of the króna. 10 króna coins were introduced in that year, followed by 50 aurar and 5 króna pieces in 1969 and 50 krónur in 1970.
In fact, I do think that the criticism is simply true: NASA expansively claims credit for spin-offs that were invented elsewhere. Since I do not have conclusive references on this point, I want to leave it at this.
[[User:Greg Kuperberg|Greg Kuperberg]] 21:41, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
:I've added a sentence after this statement referencing NASA's page for [http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/ISSspin.html ISS spinoffs]. I think there's probably a better way to state this in terms of balacing out the criticism. The criticism statement is very broad and implies that NASA takes credit for inventing things it did not. Viewing the many spinoff pages that NASA has, I don't think this is a fair assessment. NASA clearly states (espcially in its Spinoff publication) exactly how they contributed to a project, whether it be providing help to a company to improve something the company invented, provide the technology to kick start an invention by a company, or actually invent something themselves.
:While this statement is a referenced criticism from a noted critic, it does not provide any evidence to support the broad claim. While I have not edited it to state that the criticism does not have any examples to support itself, I can see adding that in later. [[User:Cjosefy|Cjosefy]] 22:35, 14 September 2006 (UTC)


===Banknotes===
On one point you are right, at least in regards to NASA's careful list of spinoffs on its web site. The point is not so much what NASA itself claims as spinoffs, as the general perception that there have been tremendous spinoffs from programs such as the space station. For example, I have heard people say that NASA transformed computers, or that they invented Velcro and Tang and Teflon and thousands of other things, etc. NASA can benefit from these arguments, and slyly encourage them with its own arguments that sound similar but are much narrower, instead of vehemently refuting them. Your link to the NASA spinoffs page is very interesting, because the spinoffs there don't amount to a whole lot. They claim credit for a slightly better microwave oven, slightly better golf clubs, slightly better 360º cameras, and a few other things like that. Is that the best that they could brag about? The argument was "billions of dollars' worth of tangible benefits"; this sort of NASA page is clearly meant to encourage the argument without logically supporting it.
The first notes issued in 1885 by the ''Lansssjod Islands'' were in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 krónur. In 1904, the Bank of Iceland (''Íslands Banki'') took over note production and introduced 100 króna notes. In 1921, the ''Rikissjod Islands'' began issuing paper money, with notes for 1, 5, 10 and 50 krónur.


In 1929, another bank, the ''[[Landsbanki Íslands]]'' took over issuance of denominations of 5 krónur and above, with the Rikissjod Islands continuing to issue 1 króna notes until 1947. The Landsbanki Íslands introduced 500 króna notes in 1935, followed by 25 and 1000 króna notes in 1957.
Anyway, I did change "claims credit" to "is credited". I also thought that it was only fair to add a statement that NASA's spinoff list is not remotely enough for the spinoff argument. [[User:Greg Kuperberg|Greg Kuperberg]] 00:43, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
:The list of ISS specific spinoffs is certainly not impressive. However, re-reading the paragraph, the criticisms seem to be aimed at the manned spaceflight program as a whole. When referencing NASA's claims it is framed not by what came from the ISS, but what has come from all of human spaceflight. With that in mind, I would probably change the NASA website reference to point to the main spinoff page which has much more information and far more impressive and substantial spinoffs. As it stands now, I think claiming the spinoffs from the ENTIRE NASA manned spaceflight program are not impresive, and then linking to just the ISS spinoffs is not terribly fair. I did not realize this yesterday.
::Also, to be fair, the comment about "billions of dollar's worth of tangible benefits" is unsourced at worst, and at best may occur in the opinion article cited (and even there without any source to where this claim cam from). Since NASA has an entire spinoff website, it might be more effective to get some actual words from NASA that state what they claim the spinoff benefit has been. If we get that, the criticism from Park is more meaningful because it is framed in terms of what we show as NASA's own words. [[User:Cjosefy|Cjosefy]] 11:59, 15 September 2006 (UTC)


In 1961, the ''[[Seðlabanki Íslands]]'' became the central bank of Iceland and started issuing paper money, in denominations of 10, 25, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 krónur.
Probably what Park has in mind in particular is what NASA's allies in Congress (which is to say, most of it) say about spinoffs rather than NASA would put on their own web site. Of course on a static, official web page, they're going to be very technical and careful. But meanwhile the politicians who provide the money can justify it with all kinds of unsupported claims and outright nonsense. Look here [http://frwebgate2.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=32974870722+0+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve] for example. Weldon and Culberson not only casually claim billions of dollars of spinoffs, they specifically credit the space shuttle and the space station with curing diseases. Thanks to NASA, we have artificial limbs, and new antibiotics, and all kinds of other wonderful new things to help suffering, hospitalized Americans. Park would say that NASA is fully complicit in this kind of talk, even if their own statements are more careful. After all, these Congressmen provide the money.


==Second króna, 1981– ==
I think that there is a certain veritas in having an unsourced statement that there have been billions of dollars of tangible benefits. I'm not saying that Wikipedia itself should stay unsourced. Rather, there is clearly a widespread public belief, which is not properly sourced, that there is a mountain of great spinoffs. The belief is not quite consistent as to whether it's NASA as a whole that deserves credit, or all of human spaceflight at NASA, or the shuttle or space station specifically. So I think that this section should be rephrased to say something about intuitive perceptions about spinoffs, rather than only living in a world of sourced arguments.
In 1981, the Icelandic króna was revalued, with 100 aurar krónur (ISJ) being worth 1 new króna (ISK).
[[User:Greg Kuperberg|Greg Kuperberg]] 14:51, 15 September 2006 (UTC)


Technically, the króna is still composed of 100 aurar, although, in practice, coins less than one króna have not circulated for many years. In September 2002, [[Davíð Oddsson]], the Icelandic [[Prime Minister of Iceland|Prime Minister]] at the time, signed two regulations decreeing that all monetary amounts on invoices and financial claims should be stated and paid in whole krónur only and that coins with a value of less than one króna should be withdrawn from circulation.
:I agree that public perception probably overstates NASA's impact. To think that NASA invents all these things is wrong, but it is true that NASA technology has played a part in a great deal of commercial products. Artificial limbs have been helped by NASA technoloy. Computers have been helped by NASA technology.
:I think a fair criticism would be that NASA and its supporters tend to overstate the direct benifits and spinoffs from the technology in order to gain funding, BUT there is no denying that NASA technology has played significant roles in numerous products. We shouldn't focus on the "billions of dollars" stuff because I believe if you actual find all products that have encorporated some sort of NASA technology you would probably come up with "billions of dollars" worth of stuff. [[User:Cjosefy|Cjosefy]] 15:34, 15 September 2006 (UTC)


The overall level of technological sophistication is noteworthy in Iceland. Iceland has, for example, among the highest per capita computer usage in the world (far higher than the UK or USA). The saturation of technology in Iceland has had ramifications in their monetary system; a very large percentage of all transactions in Iceland take place through electronic forms of payment, such as debit and credit cards. It is also worth noting that the largest denomination banknote, the 5000 króna note, represents a value somewhat around $35 US (Oct, 2008). This, coupled with the generally extremely high prices in Iceland (a mid-range dinner for two in Iceland, without drinks or dessert, can easily exceed 5000 krónur), means that banknotes are not issued in sizes conducive for larger transactions. This effect may accelerate the Icelandic move towards a semi-cashless economy.
There is no question that some of the things that NASA has done in the past 50 years, if you take all sides of NASA, has had some important spinoffs. I happen to know an example: the JPL bounds for error-correcting codes. (But JPL is not human spaceflight.) I do not know if the incremental value of the spinoffs really add up to billions of dollars, but for all I know it does. It would kind-of bizarre if a high-technology agency did hundreds of different things over the course of decades and somehow never had any spinoffs.


===Coins===
But the argument on this particular page is more targeted than that. This is after all the ISS page, not the NASA page. In the absence of sources, the argument so far is: NASA has had great spinoffs, therefore let's fund the space station. Even if it were established that past NASA human spaceflight was particularly fruitful in spinoffs, it could have been for historical reasons that do not apply to the space station. Beyond that, there is a great deal of unquantified free association not only in public opinion, not only on the floor of Congress, but even in what you say. For example, you mention computer technology. Why is there no question that NASA has had a significant impact on computer technology? Because they bought and used computers? I buy and use computers too, but no one credits me with spinoffs just for that reason. Since you say that the spinoffs can't be denied, what really persuaded you?
In 1981, coins were introduced in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 aurar, 1 and 5 krónur. These were followed by 10 króna pieces in 1984, 50 krónur in 1987 and 100 krónur in 1995. As of [[October 1]] [[2003]], Icelandic banks no longer accept the 5, 10 and 50 aurar coins.


===Banknotes===
Again, I think that a place for this Wikipedia page to start is the popular perceptions and especially ''political'' perceptions of spinoffs, in the absence of a clear argument about actual spinoffs. As for actual spinoffs of the space station specifically, your link to the official NASA page is very useful, because the spinoffs listed there are so modest that they clearly ''don't'' justify the space station.
Icelandic banknotes are printed with the dates from which the legal basis of the currency derives. In 1981, notes were issued in denominations of 10, 50, 100 and 500 krónur on the law of [[29 March]] [[1961]]. 1000 krónur notes were introduced in 1984, followed by 5000 krónur notes in 1986 with the same law.
[[User:Greg Kuperberg|Greg Kuperberg]] 22:30, 15 September 2006 (UTC)


100, 500, and 1000 krónur were reissued in 1994 on the law of [[5 May]] [[1986]]. In the following year, a new denomination 2000 krónur was issued for the very first time. The 2000 króna note is subtly different from the other notes. For example, the underprint pattern extends all the way upward and downward, while the other denominations had white margins on every side. The [[Arabic numerals|Arabic numeral]] ''2000'' is printed in multi color on 3 of the 4 instances. And the numeral ''2000'' on the lower left corner of reverse is vertical. The "shadow" of the numeral is printed with SÍ in [[microprint]].
:About ISS criticism, let me say one thing: "criticism" is too generic. The ISS is seen in a much different way depending on where you are. Here in Europe, for example, the station is percieved in a better light. I think we should speak of "criticism in the usa", "criticism in russia", etc. // [[User:Duccio|Duccio]] ([[Special:Emailuser/Duccio|write me]]) 00:27, 16 September 2006 (UTC)


The [[22 May]] [[2001]] series saw more changes than mere date update. The underprint and microprint change of the 2000 króna note were incorporated. 1000 and 5000 krónur also received metallic foils next to the portrait.
::In the absence of sourcing I find myself extremely skeptical of the spinoffs claim. The reason is that the space station doesn't seem like it does anything new - it's a replacement for Skylab, Mir, and every other orbiting vehicle going back to the days of flying monkeys. I'll believe things like Mars rovers and Titan probes can generate spinoffs simply because they go where no machine has gone before and such, and similarly big space telescopes and other sensors can generate spinoffs because they do things no machine has done before. But the only innovation I ever hear about with this project is innovative fund-raising. [[User:70.15.116.59|70.15.116.59]] 03:24, 23 October 2007 (UTC)


Notes of 100 krónur or less no longer circulate, as they have been withdrawn by the central bank. As of 2006, the vast majority of banknotes in circulation are of the 500, 1000, and 5000 denominations (these generally being the only notes dispensed in ATMs, for example). 2000 króna notes exist but are unusual and are at times referred to as "tourist money" by the local population. Their use never became widespread.
== Speed of the space station ==


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
In the wiki the speed of the ISS is cited as "Average speed: 27,685.7 km/h". Can it be assumed that this is the orbit speed of the ISS?
!colspan="9"| Law of [[29 March]] [[1961]] Series [http://www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=272]

:To a fair approximation yes, because the station's orbit is nearly circular, so its speed is constant to an accuracy of the order of 1%. More precisely, it should go about 0.5% faster when 1% lower, 0.5% slower when 1% higher, etc. (Here I mean not really "higher" and "lower", but distance measured from the center of the Earth.) The orbit is maintained low to make it easily accessible to the shuttle, etc, but high enough to avoid excessive losses due to atmospheric drag. I think the range of total variation allowed must probably be around 60 km or less (which would be ~1%), though I have not checked the historical records. There would also be an effect, even smaller, due to the fact that the Earth is not precisely spherical.

:From this point of view the precision of the average is not very meaningful, and should perhaps be rounded to three digits or so, maybe 27,700 km/h or something like that. I see that this change has already been made in the introductory paragraph, though not in the "Station Statistics" panel on the right. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 00:17, 23 December 2007 (UTC)
:Are any experiments with time sequencing being carried out on the space station related to the theorized time slowing process that should occur due to the increased orbital velocity of the orbital station? WFPM[[User:WFPM|WFPM]] ([[User talk:WFPM|talk]]) 00:07, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
::This effect (I assume you are referring to the [[special relativity|special relativistic]] time contraction) has been observed for other satellites, definitely for the [[Global Positioning System#Relativity|GPS]] constellation (which have good clocks on board and good orbit data), but I am not sure about the ISS. I think it has even been observed for atomic clocks on jet airliners, and the effect would be around 1000 times larger for a low-earth satellite, as it is proportional to the square of the speed. Sorry I can't give a reference. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 22:45, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

===You would think that in this fastest velocity location of human occupancy, the difference in the rate of time passage would be an interesting statistic. Or does every body know what it is but me? WFPM[[User:WFPM|WFPM]] ([[User talk:WFPM|talk]]) 23:56, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

===I once used the 1 second time ticks from the NBS (short wave radio) to time photography exposure times and I'm aware that we live our life spans one second at a time. And I wonder how often the crew on the ISS save a life second. And remember, it's an accumulative process. WFPM[[User:WFPM|WFPM]] ([[User talk:WFPM|talk]]) 04:10, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:It is accummulative, but still quite small. The effect is proportional to the square of 0.5*''(v/c)'', where the speed of the station ''v'' is around 8 km/sec, and the speed of light ''c'' is 300000 km/s. This amounts to less than 0.007 sec, if accumulated over a year. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 19:28, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
::There's another effect due to gravity though- down here on Earth our clock runs more slowly due to the gravity field we're in. So when they climb up to the ISS altitude, their clock starts to run a bit faster. I think that's bigger and dominates IRC, but they're of the same order.- ([[User:Wolfkeeper|User]]) '''Wolfkeeper''' ([[User_talk:Wolfkeeper|Talk]]) 20:13, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:::Yes, I neglected the gravitational effect, considering only speed. I believe the GR ([[General Relativity]]) effect at the surface of the Earth is about twice the SR ([[Special Relativity]]) effect noted above (and goes in the opposite direction, as you say), but the ISS is almost as deep (~95%) in the Earth's potential well as we are on the surface, so the ''difference'' between the ISS clocks and ours here, due to GR, is much smaller. I think. I'm not so competent about GR, though. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 21:46, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

== Space tools ==

Can we have an article on space tools? Is [[Space tools]] a good title? --[[User:Gbleem|Gbleem]] 01:14, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
[http://www.bookrags.com/research/tools-types-of-spsc-03/ Space tools book excerpt.]
[[Image:STS-114 gap filler cutter.jpg|thumb|right|This "Modified IFM Hacksaw" was not needed.]]
:I think that would be cool, as long as you had some content for it. -[[User:Theanphibian|Theanphibian]] <sup>([[User talk:Theanphibian|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theanphibian|contribs]])</sup> 22:51, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

== Life Span of the ISS ==

How long after completion is the ISS expected to remain a viable station? Is there any talk as to what will happen to the station if/when the time has come to abandon it?
:The current schedule is 12 years to build it (1998-2010), 6 more years to operate it (to 2016). When abandoned, it will have to be carefully deorbited. [[User:Rmhermen|Rmhermen]] 16:32, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

::Could someone please explain to me why the station won't operate more than six years after it's finished being built? And that after all the money they spent putting the damn thing in orbit, they're just going to crash it into the ocean? Why doesn't it make more sense to use it for something, anything, in space since it's already there? I think that space exploration is important, but it seems hard to justify the expense if the station isn't even going to last as long as my first car, which was already ancient when I bought it and that I did not really know how to maintain. 05:02, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

::It should be safe to operate for at least six years. In reality, they most likely will keep using it, as long as deemed safe. However. remember that some core elements such as zarya and zvevda will then have been in use for over 18 years. That is a long time for any hardware, let alone for stuff that is operating in extreme heat/cold/radiation/micro-meteorite environments. To be in use long after that, several modules (Zarya, Zvezda, Unity, Destiny) will most likely have to be replaced, and since the US is going to Mars, only Russia, Europe, Japan and China will be able to do that. It would be a very complicated refit of the station. I think that the maximum use time of any module will be around 25 years. The solar panels and truss, with some extra panels might probably be usable a lot longer. All in all, it will come down to either building a complete new station, or continuously swapping out older components. Expect the involvement parties to start talks about this when it's finished in 2010. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 11:35, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

:::Thanks for your thoughts. I guess we have a ways to go in terms of improving the durability of "space architecture," but yeah, I can see why that would be a concern, especially since it's hard to go outside. . . . 10:15, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

::::When you say de-orbited, do you mean like [[Mir]] it will burn up in the atmosphere once the final crew has left, or will it be kept on Earth (i.e. parts in (a) museum). --[[User:Jatkins|J. Atkins]] ([[User talk:Jatkins|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jatkins|contribs]]) 18:11, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
::::Also, I'm sure I heard somewhere that NASA plan to fly the Shuttle successor, the [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] [[spacecraft]] to the station, after the shuttle's retired. --[[User:Jatkins|J. Atkins]] ([[User talk:Jatkins|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jatkins|contribs]]) 18:14, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

I mean that they will let it crash on earth. It is impossible to ever bring something as large back to earth in any other way. Orion will service the space station between 2014 and 2016. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 18:56, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

:Thanks. I guess the [[lunar outpost]] NASA plans to build will remove the need for a station in [[low-earth orbit]]? --[[User:Jatkins|J. Atkins]] ([[User talk:Jatkins|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jatkins|contribs]]) 07:31, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

:: I bet some NASA administrator-types would say, "We don't know what we don't know." That's because ISS is still teaching us what it takes to live in low-Earth orbit. We're figuring out the importance of micro-meteoroid protection, for example. Yet LEO might be one of the safest places in space -- protected by the Earth's magnetosphere from (most) radiation and solar wind. Higher orbits, and the surface of the Moon, don't get that protection. Maybe a LEO station will continue to be useful for a long time. But outposts at other locations in space -- the Moon's surface, or the Earth-Moon L-1 point, for example -- would have interesting uses too! ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 10:17, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

:::I think you are right. BTW. in the STS-118 post landing conference, Griffin eluded to his worry about the post-shuttle and post-ISS times, with US funding focused fully on returning to the moon and reaching Mars. He said they were learning so much from building and maintaining ISS and that he was worried about what was gonna happen with all that experience after 2010 and 2016 (and also the lack of experience with other space-partners). As far as I know this is the first time that he said he was worried with the US solely focusing on moon/mars. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 10:45, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Any chance that Google could to get its hands on the ISS after the six years and use it? Making it commercially viable, tourism, etc? I can't wait for the day commercial enterprises take to space and compete with states.

-G <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/134.117.158.83|134.117.158.83]] ([[User talk:134.117.158.83|talk]]) 14:54, 22 October 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

:Why would they de-orbit it? It sounds risky to people on the ground and would be a waste of a fine museum piece. Even if everything on the station was defunct I would still think it could serve as a potential refuge after some disaster in space, or as a scaffold for unrelated future construction. Maybe some day they could bring down souvenir modules with the space elevator - or in the shorter term, on return flights of empty shuttles. [[User:70.15.116.59|70.15.116.59]] 16:17, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
::Without boosts (such as from the docked shuttle) and other station keeping manuevers, the station will fall by itself. I don't know how long that would take but the station is not anywhere near high orbit like the parking orbits they put retired geosynchronous satellites into. [[User:Rmhermen|Rmhermen]] 16:42, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
:::The [[Zvezda]] service module, docked [[Progress spacecraft]] and [[ESA]]'s [[ATV]] all have the capability to reboost the ISS using their own engines, so the absence of the [[Space Shuttle]] doesn't mean that the station's orbit will degenerate that much just by itself.[[User:Colds7ream|Colds7ream]] 17:06, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
::::The low orbit is the cause of the orbital degeneration. It is inevitable and if the station is left to itself as the questioner seems to imply, it will deorbit eventually itself. I would like to know the timeframe for that myself. [[User:Rmhermen|Rmhermen]] 18:06, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
:::::I have found that ISS was sinking at 300 feet a day after getting no shuttle visits for two years after Columbia, but apparently 100 feet a day is more usual. So unattended deorbit would be only a few years, less than 10 anyway. [[User:Rmhermen|Rmhermen]] 18:18, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

::::::The basic rule for this (circular orbits, with unchanging exponential atmosphere) is that the time to disaster is about the time it would take for it to descend one [[scale height]] at the ''current rate of descent'' (which is actually not constant, since the rate increases as it gets lower), that is to such a height that the atmospheric density has increased by "one e-fold", or a factor of ''[[e(mathematical constant)|e]]'' = 2.7183.... The [[scale height]] (e-fold height) of the [[thermosphere| atmosphere]] is around 7 km below about 80 km, but increasing (depending on the level of solar activity, and therefore considerably variable in time) above that. The rate of descent at a given height depends on the local density of the atmosphere, and on the mass density of the satellite averaged over its cross section. Because of the effect of solar activity, it is poorly predictable over long periods at the altitudes of the ISS. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 01:27, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

== Error in Orbital Altitude ==
In the station statistics section the Orbital Altitude is stated as 101.3kPa - which is a pressure (probably the internal) not a height. Anybody got the Altitude ? [[User:Muzzah|Muzzah]] 14:49, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
:I think it should just be the average of perigee and apogee altitudes (which I just added to the article); that is the same as the altitude of a circular orbit with the same period. --[[User:Derlay|Derlay]] 23:41, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

::No, it varies around the orbit, being generally higher at apogee and lower at perigee. There is also some effect due to the slight oblateness of the Earth, as the Equator bulges out a bit. But the ''average'' altitude is close to the average of the apogee and perigee. See http://www.heavens-above.com/issheight.asp for the average height for the past year, which varies. The orbit is reasonably circular, but not exactly. Therefore the apogee and perigee have no fixed value except at a particular time. The drag is concentrated mostly at the low point (perigee) if the orbit is strongly enough out-of-round that the apogee and perigee differ by much (which generally they don't). From the graph at the link it looks like they might have ~330 km as a lower limit to shoot for. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 06:15, 23 December 2007 (UTC)


I think there is some problem with unit conversion km<->nm in the station altitude:
* Perigee: 331.0 km (183.2 nmi)
* Apogee: 339.0 km (184.6 nmi)
* Typical orbit altitude: 340.5 km (183.86 nmi)
Typical altitude is higher then apogee in km. Value in nmi is ok (between perigee and apogee).

I'm also wandering what is the km/nmi ratio here:
* Perigee: 331.0/183.2 = 1806 m/nmi
* Apogee: 339.0/184.6 = 1836 m/nmi
* Typical: 340.5/183.86 = 1851 m/nmi
[[Nautical_mile]] states 1852 m/nmi (or 1828.8 in US rocketry)
[[Special:Contributions/213.158.194.224|213.158.194.224]] ([[User talk:213.158.194.224|talk]]) 08:06, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

== Proposed First Paragraph ==
I think this is cleaner (last sentence):

The '''International Space Station''' ('''ISS''') is a research facility currently being [[ISS assembly sequence|assembled]] in [[space]]. The station is in a [[low Earth orbit]] ([[Box orbit]]) and [[ISS#Sightings|can be seen from earth]] with the [[Naked_eye#Naked_eye_in_astronomy|naked eye]]: its altitude varies from 319.6 km to 346.9 km above the surface of the [[Earth]] (approximately 199 miles to 215 miles). It travels at an [[Velocity|average speed]] of 27,744 km (17,240 miles) per hour, completing 15.7 orbits per day. The ISS is a joint project between the space agencies of the [[United States]] ([[NASA]]), [[Russia]] ([[Russian Federal Space Agency|RKA]]), [[Japan]] ([[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|JAXA]]), [[Canada]], ([[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]]) and [[Europe]] ([[European Space Agency|ESA]]).[4]

If no one objects I'll just change it in a bit. [[User:Topher0128|Topher0128]] 20:21, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

:Even with the footnote regarding ISS participation of members, it is not completely correct to state that ESA is the space agency of Europe. ESA is an inter-governmental agency. It is not the space agency of the EU. It is not the space agency of the continent. Even though it uglifies the sentence, it should probably read,<blockquote>The ISS is a joint project between the space agencies of the [[United States]] ([[NASA]]), [[Russia]] ([[Russian Federal Space Agency|RKA]]), [[Japan]] ([[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|JAXA]]), [[Canada]], ([[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]]), and the inter-governmental [[European Space Agency]].</blockquote> Comments? ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 01:28, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

:<u>''Box''</u> orbit? //&nbsp;[[User:Duccio|Duccio]] 18:13, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

::There is ambiguity in this article about the difference between statute miles and nautical miles. The box quotes figures in nautical miles, but the opening paragraph was listing statute miles for orbital speed. I have noted the typical height in statute miles and made the references explicitly state statute miles. I believe most Wikipedia readers would want the figure in statute miles. --[[User:Benbest|Ben Best]] ([[User talk:Benbest|talk]]) 23:05, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

== GA review concern ==
I am concerned this article fails to meet attribute 3a of the "good article" requirements. It does not address at least one major aspects of the topic, namely: station-keeping propulsion. I feel this is a serious ommission; serious enough that I wouldn't oppose a formal GA delisting review. Of course adding material covering this aspect would fix the concern, but the article is already marked as being "too long". What's the right way to approach this catch-22? ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 04:15, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

:I think we need a total restructuring of the article. I think these are some of the main things we should address and structure the article with. We need to move a lot of esp. costs and criticism to a sub article in my point of view. We need to address in an "accessible" way the following points, and move a lot of the details to subarticles.

* Lead (which is actually good these days)
* History
* Design (goals?)
** Components (what [life,science,boost] is where by who), docking systems, arm, truss)
** Propulsion (CMG, progress boosts, computers)
** Life Systems (Water, Waste, O2, CO2, supplies??)
** Electric System (SAW, batteries, SSPTS)
** Communication systems (bands, bandwidth, cams, email, ham)
* Science aboard ISS (type of experiments)
* Living aboard ISS (Exercising, daily schedule, Expeditions)
* Criticism
* Costs (expected cost, total cost, cost of maintaining)
* Legal structure (law in space)

:These are my ideas, but I might have forgotten some stuff. One thing we should avoid, is launchdates of components, and being overzealous in making sure we name EVERY single component in the main article. We should focus on clarity and summarizing and on completeness of topics over detail of a single topic. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 10:45, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Moved from comments:

*This article about an orbiting spacecraft has no description of its orbital station-keeping systems. No spacecraft article deserves GA status without a discussion of that! ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 04:04, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
:Added section on altitude control. [[User:199.125.109.129|199.125.109.129]] 15:29, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

== What is what? ==

jumping around I saw this article, but there is no diagram of what each bit is and does, which was the first thing I wondered seeing the nice picture. ESA had the pictures.. http://www.esa.int/esaHS/isselements.html <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/78.86.106.32|78.86.106.32]] ([[User talk:78.86.106.32|talk]]) 17:00, 20 September 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

== Crew Capacity? ==

It would be nice if there was some information about crew capacity. I know the original capacity was 2 and the current capacity is 3, but what about capacity upon completion? And at what point will the next crew size increase occur? Are they waiting on the addition of another module, or is the issue with the Soyuz (which only has a capacity of 3) still being used as an escape vehicle?
--[[User:Galactoise|Galactoise]] 05:05, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
:Yes, it would be great if we could find a way to make the article address this more directly. In today's Houston Chronicle Mark Carreau wrote, "Harmony includes living space for two more resident astronauts. The station's partnership plans to double the station's occupancy to six astronauts in 2009."[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/space/5233415.html] I think you are correct that six is the next "magic" number because that is the escape capacity of two [[Soyuz TMA]] spacecraft, but I have no source to cite for that. ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 14:15, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
::Yes 6 is the maximum capacity in the end. This flight carries some of the required equipment, but one of the ULF (supply flights of shuttle) needs to occur as well before 6 people capacity is established. This is one of the effects of Columbia btw. Before Columbia, Columbus and Kibo would have launched after the 6 person capability would have been established, I believe. Also, the original ISS design (with full russian section and, US habitation module as well as US escape module) would have allowed for at least 9 astronauts. Even earlier designs (Station Freedom) had talked about 25 people. For smaller periods of time it's possible to let some 15 or so people stay aboard (this is for Shuttle emergency cases). For 6 crews there will also have to be two soyuz craft off course. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 18:54, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
:::How does space tourism affect crew capacity? I'm confused by the mismatch between the stunning $130 billion price tag for the station and the measly $25 million per space tourist. If the station costs at least $6000 million a year for a crew capacity of 2-3 people, shouldn't the cost be much, much higher? [[User:70.15.116.59|70.15.116.59]] 03:12, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
::::How does this relate to the question poised above ? If you want to utter criticisme, instead of building an encyclopedia article, then please go visit one of the many space related fora that are available on the internet. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 13:01, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
:::::I think the question was related to reconciling the cost of operating the station versus the income from tourists who visit - which, so far as accuracy goes, is valid. I would note, though, that tourists never stay at the station for more than a few days, while the expedition crews are in-flight for six months or more. So, for the proportion of time that the tourists spend compared to the total crew time spent at the station, the ratio seems reasonable. The cost figures in the article look OK to me. [[User:Ultraexactzz|ZZ]] <sup> [[User_talk:Ultraexactzz|Claims]] </sup>~<small> [[Special:Contributions/Ultraexactzz|Evidence]] </small> 13:21, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
::::::The price tag for tourist correlates much more closely to the $25 million cost of the expendable Soyuz capsule that carries them into space, than to anything related to the station. [[User:Rmhermen|Rmhermen]] 19:17, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Currently, there are 2 Soyuz flights a year to the ISS. ISS crews have a crew duration of 6 months. Because NASA is providing the crew rotation for one person, Roskosmos has one spare seat on each Soyuz which they do not need to use for the permanent crew exchange. They could either fill it with a Russian cosmonaut who would basically only stay a couple of days on the ISS doing limited work, or they could sell the seat to ISS partners like ESA or JAXA or rent it to a tourist. They charge as much as they can charge for such flights - which currently is 25 million USD. In the future, once we have a 6 crew capacity and no Shuttle flights anymore, it will very likely be that there will not be any seats for tourists available anymore, except if NASA comes up with a new crew vehicle between 2010 and 2015 (first flight of Orion to ISS). [[User:Themanwithoutapast|Themanwithoutapast]] 20:16, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
:It would be great if the article covered more of the plans for future station utilization. Does NASA nominally get two of the six crew positions during the 2010-2015 interval? (BTW, the Director General of ESA says NASA currently intends to stop funding ISS in 2015. [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gEDs2HT4Mza-aoefdTjPWQzrSsvg]) ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 03:39, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
::The first 6-person flight in 2009 will, according to an unsourced Wikipedia article ([[Expedition 19]]), have two or three Americans aboard at different times. [[User:Rmhermen|Rmhermen]] 15:05, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

== Article names of the modules ==

I was looking into the main US built modules and their articles on wikipedia. There is somewhat of a naming irregularity it seems.

The problem is that NASA keeps changing the names and not making it clear if functions are part of the name. For instance. Is it Unity (or UNITY as it says on the module itself) or is it Unity Connecting Module, is it Destiny or Destiny Laboratory Module? One thing is sure, it's not [[Unity Module]] it seems. It's one of the reasons I renamed the [[Harmony Module]] article to [[Harmony (ISS module)]]. I personally am of the opinion that we should stay with the "pure" names Unity, Harmony, Destiny, Kibo, Columbus, Zarya, Zvezda, Pirs etc, and then add (ISS module) as a dab where needed. But what do we do with the "functional" designations? Do we present these in the lead of the various articles ? I'm somewhat at a loss what to do with all these article title.

{| class="wikitable"
! Article || Name || Technical name || Old name || Sometimes || SHORT
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Dimensions !!rowspan="2"| Main Colour !!colspan="3"| Description !!rowspan="2"| Date of issue
| [[Unity Module]] || Unity or UNITY || Unity Node || Node 1 || Unity connecting module ||
|-
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Obverse !! Reverse !! Watermark
| [[Destiny Laboratory Module]] || Destiny || U.S. Destiny Laboratory || || ||
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| [[Image:ISK 10 note.jpg|91px|10 krónur]]
| [[Quest Joint Airlock]] || Quest || Quest Joint Airlock || Joint Airlock Module || ||
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 10 note back.jpg|91px|10 krónur]] -->
| 10 krónur
| 130 × 70 mm
| Blue
| [[Arngrímur Jónsson|Arngrímur Jónsson the Learned]]
| Old Icelandic household scene based on [[Auguste Mayer]]'s drawing
|rowspan="6"| [[Jón Sigurðsson]]
|rowspan="4"| 1981
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 50 note.jpg|95px|50 krónur]] -->
| [[Harmony (ISS module)]] || Harmony || Harmony Node || Node 2 || Harmony utility module ||
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 50 note back.jpg|95px|50 krónur]] -->
| 50 krónur
| 135 × 70 mm
| Brown
| [[Guðbrandur Þorláksson]]
| Printers at work in the 16th century
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|[[Image:Isl Krone.JPG|91px]]
| [[Columbus (ISS module)]] || Columbus || Columbus European Laboratory Module || || European Columbus Module ||
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 100 krónur
| 140 × 70 mm
| Green
| [[Árni Magnússon]]
| Monastic scribe
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| [[Zarya]] || Zarya || Zarya Module || Functional Cargo Block-1 || Zarya Control Module || FGB(-1)
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 500 krónur
| 145 × 70 mm
| Red
| [[Jón Sigurðsson]]
| Jón at his writing desk
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| [[Zvezda (ISS)]] || Zvezda || Zvezda Service Module || || || SM
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 1000 krónur
| 150 × 70 mm
| Purple
| [[Brynjólfur Sveinsson]]
| Brynjólfskirkja church (1650-1802) at [[Skálholt]]
| 1984
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 5000 note.jpg|109px|5000 krónur]] -->
| [[Pirs docking compartment]] || Pirs || Russian Docking Compartment || || || DO-1 (russian: SO-1)
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 5000 krónur
| 155 × 70 mm
| Blue-green multicolour
| [[Ragnheiður Jónsdóttir]]
| Ragnheiður instructing two girls in embroidery
| 1986
|-
|-
!colspan="9"| Law of [[5 May]] [[1986]] Series
| [[Japanese Experiment Module]] || Kibō (japanese: 希望) || Japanese Experiment Module || || || JEM
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 100 note.jpg|98px|100 krónur]] -->
| [[ISS node 3]] || to be named || Node 3 || || ||
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 100 note back.jpg|98px|100 krónur]] -->
| 100 krónur
|colspan="5" rowspan="3"| As previous
|rowspan="3"| 1994
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| [[Image:ISK 500 note.jpg|102px|500 krónur]]
| [[Multipurpose Laboratory Module]] || to be named? || Multipurpose Laboratory Module || || || MLM
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 500 note back.JPG|102px|500 krónur]] -->
| 500 krónur
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 1000 note.jpg|105px|1000 krónur]] -->
| [[ Docking Cargo Module]] || to be named? || Docking Cargo Module || || || DCM
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 1000 krónur
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 2000 note.jpg|105px|2000 krónur]] -->
| [[Cupola (ISS)]] || Cupola || Cupola || || || Cupola
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 2000 note back.jpg|105px|2000 krónur]] -->
| 2000 krónur
| 150 × 70 mm
| Multicolour
| [[Jóhannes Kjarval]]
| Kjarval's painting ''Yearning for Flight'' and his drawing ''Woman and Flowers''
| [[Jón Sigurðsson]]
| 1995
|-
|-
!colspan="9"| Law of [[22 May]] [[2001]] Series
| [[Centrifuge Accommodations Module]] || won't launch || || Centrifuge Accommodations Module || || CAM
|-
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| [[Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator]] || Dextre || Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator || || Canada hand || SPDM
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
| 500 krónur
|colspan="5" rowspan="3"| As previous, but the underprint design extends upward and downward to fill the margin
| October 2005
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 1000 note back.jpg|105px|1000 krónur]] -->
| 1000 krónur
| November 2004
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"|
|align="center" bgcolor="#000000"| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ISK 5000 note back.jpg|109px|5000 krónur]] -->
| 5000 krónur
| November 2003
|-
|colspan="9"|{{Standard banknote table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}
|}
|}


==Currency issues==
So what do you guys think? Should we have just the "given names" of the modules, or should we use the Technical names? If we use technical names, are the "given names" part of those technical names, and how do we make sure all this information is included in a readable way in the article ? --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 15:12, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
Iceland is not a member of the [[European Union]] and does not use the [[euro]].
:Geez, this is interesting. Nice job for spotting this, DJ! NASA often refers to Unity as the "Unity node" (probably the most common way it is referred to, aside from simply "Unity"), and Destiny is called the "Destiny lab" most often, next to simply Destiny. But, for example, Zvezda is most often simply called the "SM", or "Service Module", and not as often by its name. I personally think the changes you have made are good, and the suggestions I'd make are: '''Unity''' - I think it either needs to be named simply Unity (ISS) or Unity Node. '''Zvezda''', I'd name Zvezda (ISS Module), as that's what it is. '''Zarya''': Zarya (ISS) would be appropriate as well. As for the technical names, I think yes, absolutely those should all be given exactly as NASA/RSA/ESA/JAXA lists them, in the lead sentence, in bold, similar to biographies where the person's birth name is different than the name they go by (See [[Bill Clinton]]). I don't have any strong feelings about the naming issues, as long as the redirects are all covered. Let me know if you want any help re-doing the lead sentences on the articles, DJ, I'd be more than happy to help. <small>[[user:ArielGold|<font color="8B00FF">'''Ariel'''</font>]][[Special:Contributions/ArielGold|<font color="F64A8A">♥</font>]][[User_talk:ArielGold|<font color="007FFF">'''Gold'''</font>]]</small> 15:39, 25 October 2007 (UTC)


As it stands, the Icelandic currency is a low-volume world currency, strongly managed by its central bank, with a high degree of volatility not only against the US and [[Canadian dollar]]s, but also against the currencies of the other Nordic countries ([[Swedish krona]], [[Norwegian krone]], [[Danish krone]] and the [[euro]]). For example, during the first half of 2006, the Icelandic króna has ranged between 50 to 80 per US$. Over the month of September and the first week of October of 2008, however, the Icelandic krona had fallen in value from 84 ISK to the dollar to over 127 to the dollar.
::Yes, the article naming issue is tough! I '''support''' the suggestion of migrating to "given name", plus an (ISS module) dab if required. There is also the question of how to refer to each module in article text. I prefer to once write e.g.: "the ''[[Unity Module | Unity]]'' connecting module," and then subsequently just write, "''Unity''." The ''Quest'' and ''Pirs'' airlocks are particularly problematic cases: I see no point in cluttering text with "Joint" this or "Docking" that, unless or until the joint or docking aspects of the modules are used. ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 17:26, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
:::At least, we should only have one dab phrase. Either (ISS) or (ISS module) but not both. At least one article should be moved. I would support a move to (ISS module); it's slightly more clear that the subject is a subsystem. [[User:Rmhermen|Rmhermen]] 17:38, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
::::Yeah, within the DAB guidelines is also a line that goes along the lines of: "never use an abbreviation as the sole dab". So no (ISS), but (ISS module) is ok. Similarly, no (TV), but (TV episode) is just fine.
::::The Quest one is particularly tricky, because in that case i think i might be wrong on the "given name". It might be "Quest Joint Airlock", but I could look into that at a later time if needed. All in all, I think staying with the "given names" is simply better. We use Space Shuttle over Space Transportation System as well, and we see that pattern in most of the other space related articles as well. I will be looking into finding some source to find the technical names of all the components at least. I have no idea for instance if the technical name for Unity is "Unity Connecting module" or "Node 1" or "Node 1 connecting module". If I can find some better sources, then I'll make the remainder of the changes. to get this a bit more inline with what sdsds was describing. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 19:28, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
:::::Added Cupola. <small>[[user:ArielGold|<font color="8B00FF">'''Ariel'''</font>]][[Special:Contributions/ArielGold|<font color="F64A8A">♥</font>]][[User_talk:ArielGold|<font color="007FFF">'''Gold'''</font>]]</small> 10:29, 26 October 2007 (UTC)


Tourists to Iceland will generally not need to carry much Icelandic currency, as in most cases electronic payment is accepted. Other world currencies are very rarely accepted in Iceland. Notable exception is [[Keflavík International Airport]], where the US dollar, [[euro]] and some other currencies are accepted by all merchants. Certain stores in downtown Reykjavík, such as [[Eymundsson]] and [[Mál og menning]] accept some foreign currencies, including the [[Danish krone]], the [[Swedish krona]], [[United States dollar]], [[pound sterling]], [[euro]] and the [[Japanese yen]].


==Iceland and the euro==
== P6 Solar Array issue as an incident ==
Because of the volatility between the [[euro]] and the króna, some Icelanders are considering the idea that Iceland might become a [[eurozone]] member without joining the European Union. Former [[Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iceland|Foreign Minister]] [[Valgerður Sverrisdóttir]] has said in an interview with Iceland Radio that she seriously wishes to look into whether Iceland can join the euro without being a member of the 27-nation EU, according to Norwegian news NRK. Valgerður Sverrisdóttir believes it is difficult to maintain an independent currency in a small economy on the open European market. The policy of the present Icelandic government, however, is as before: that neither EU membership nor euro adoption is on the agenda.
I believe that the incident ocurred during STS-120's mission, on P6 4B Solar Array should be included in the 'incident' list, because:
- it's not a minor incident
- it put in danger future missions because of power supply for upcoming modules
- it required a great effort to be solved
--[[User:190.136.114.203|190.136.114.203]] 23:00, 3 November 2007 (UTC)


The issue is highly controversial among Icelanders. An opinion poll on the matter of Iceland joining the European Union released on [[11 September]] [[2007]], by Capacent Gallup showed that 53% of respondents were in favour of adopting the [[euro]], 37% opposed and 10% undecided. <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSL1111656420070911 "Euro support in Iceland hits five-year high"], Reuters, Sep 11, 2007</ref> However, another poll produced for the Icelandic newspaper Fréttablaðið and released on [[30 September]] [[2007]] showed 56% opposed to euro adoption and 44% in favour.<ref>http://www.mbl.is/mm/frettir/innlent/frett.html?nid=1294123 (Icelandic)</ref>
I agree. The rotary joint issue should also be considered. I believe NASA mentioned that the launching of the first Kibo module may have to be delayed if the joint problem can not be resolved. Given the tight schedule to retire the shuttle in FY10, this could be a serious roadblock to completing the ISS.
--[[User:76.167.43.150|76.167.43.150]] 03:35, 7 November 2007 (UTC)


In January 2008, a poll by the Icelandic Chamber of Commence put support for Iceland to abandon the króna for an another currency at 63%. Additionally, a number of companies in Iceland such as[[ Ossur]], have started to pay their employees in euro and US dollars, mainly due the high inflation (currently at 14%) and high volatility. <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7651313.stm Iceland's financial freeze]</ref>
===2007 – Damaged starboard Solar Rotary Alpha Joint===
I have added a subsection on the starboard SARJ fault, which appeared to be a serious omission, but unfortunately I know almost nothing about it, so it needs a good scrubbing by someone who does. In particular I am confused about the relation of the P6 array problem mentioned above, as this is supposed to be on the starboard ("S") side. I just based it on a "Spaceflight Now" article up today, better sources with more complete information are needed. The bearing is located just between the S3 and S4 truss segments, just before the main array, I believe. It would be great if we had some kind of diagram of the bearing with its large dual redundant gears, trundle bears, races, etc. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 07:29, 26 March 2008 (UTC)


On 7 October 2008 the Icelandic Central Bank pegged the króna at 131 against the euro.<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/3154116/Financial-crisis-Iceland-nationalises-bank-and-seeks-Russian-loan.html</ref>. This peg was abandoned the next day<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ahAQVJ69AmOc&refer=home</ref> The krona later fell to 305/euro before being withdrawn from trade. <ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aiz5QIq94nrw&refer=europe</ref>
I just changed a statement that NASA believes the SARJ problem has been resolved, because there is no evidence that the metal shavings and debris in the SARJ are directly related, and also because the source given expressly states that the motor drives the '''Beta Gimbal Assembly''' (BGA) not the alpha joint. It is my understanding (and I could be mistaken, a good diagram of the joint area would be wonderful) that the solar arrays nominally rotate about an axis parallel to the truss axis, once per orbit to maintain orientation with respect to the Sun, as the main axis of the station remains fixed with respect to the Earth, with Node 2 facing forward at all times, and [[Zvezda]] astern. I believe the beta joints rotate the arrays around the long axis of the solar panels, to keep them from facing the Sun edgewise. It seems to me that these joints need only rotate slowly to follow the precession of the orbit plane, but I am not certain about that. (It also seems to me that there must be two beta joints on each side, for the two major array units on each side?) A definitive answer from someone more knowledgeable would help. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 06:30, 1 June 2008 (UTC)


{{Exchange Rate|ISK}}
===Minor Incidents===
I believe that two problems should be remove from the list (2001 – 6A Anomaly and 2007 – BGA 1a Primary Power Loss), both are irrelevant because none threaten the evacuation of the space station as all the others.


==See also==
Should we removed it ? Y-E-S. Onsly 03:53, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
* [[Scandinavian Monetary Union]]
* [[Economy of Iceland]]
* [[2008 Icelandic financial crisis]]


==References==
:The article is now at 85kB. That really isn't a problem, but the size of the article was the first thing I thought of; should we start thinking about moving this material to a new article & just summarize it here? Just a thought. [[User:E_dog95|<span style="font-variant: small-caps">''E_dog95'''</span>]]<sup>[[User_talk:E_dog95|<span style="font-variant: small-caps">'' Hi '''</span>]]</sup> 04:26, 1 April 2008 (UTC)


<references/>
::I don't believe we need a new article showing "all the problems that happened up there", we should just delete the two minor problems from the actual article and forget about it. Onsly 23:38, 1 April 2008 (UTC) <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Onsly|Onsly]] ([[User talk:Onsly|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Onsly|contribs]]) </small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
{{refbegin}}
:::OK. I read a few of the references regarding these incidents. As you said, they're not major incidents, but I'm neutral on whether they stay or go. I'd like to hear from some of the other regular contributors to the article before we axe anything. Cheers [[User:E_dog95|<span style="font-variant: small-caps">''E_dog95'''</span>]]<sup>[[User_talk:E_dog95|<span style="font-variant: small-caps">'' Hi '''</span>]]</sup> 12:11, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
* {{numis cite SCWC | date=1991}}
* {{numis cite SCWPM | date=1994}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
::::I think we should scrap that 2001 6a incident, but I think the BGA 1a is relevant in the context of the SARJ failure. Normally this BGA failure would have been a low priority issue, but due to the SARJ failure and the upcoming launches of the ESA/JAXA labs this one became an immediate priority for EVA work in January. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 13:28, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
{{Standard numismatics external links

|world_coin_gallery_1_url = Iceland
:::::The BGA thing isn't related to the SARJ failure, anyways I'm excluding both right now. There's no need for them. Onsly 16:33, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
|world_coin_gallery_1_name = Iceland

|banknote_world_1_url = iceland
== Did I miss something? ==
|banknote_world_1_name = Iceland

|dollarization_1_url =
Is it just me, or have we somehow lost the list of components of the space station? [[User:Colds7ream|Colds7ream]] 09:04, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
|dollarization_1_name =

|gfd_1_url = Iceland
:It's now in [[Assembly of the International Space Station]]. We need better ways to link from this article to that one! ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 04:53, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
|gfd_1_name = Iceland
:Or were you looking for the {{tl|ISS modules}} navbox? ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 05:08, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
|gfd_data_1_url = 6135

|gfd_data_1_name = Iceland Krona
::The first of the two - I was thinking something similar to the ''[[Mir]]'' article? [[User:Colds7ream|Colds7ream]] 07:54, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
|show_gfd_excel = Y
::Well, I've started to build us a Mir-style table with details of the pressurised modules - feedback would be appreciated. [[User:Colds7ream|Colds7ream]] ([[User talk:Colds7ream|talk]]) 16:34, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
}}

* [http://www.coinsv.narod.ru/c_pages/island.htm Vitaly Getmansky coins]
:::>feedback would be appreciated
:::I don't know much about this, but it looks good, thanks for your efforts.
:::Would it be an idea to mention who built or owns each module, either in a column (but then the table becomes too wide?) or in the text? --[[User:RenniePet|RenniePet]] ([[User talk:RenniePet|talk]]) 03:27, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

::::It is interesting to note that the builder and the "owner" are often different. The U.S. purchased Zarya from Russia. Harmony (Node 2) and Node 3 were built in Italy but traded to the U.S. in exchange for various services. Columbus was contributed by ESA, but some fraction of the rack space (half?) is for U.S. use. So adding that kind of information would require at least two extra columns in the table! (The table is looking good, BTW!) ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 03:59, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

:::::Thanks very much - glad you like it! :-) If we want builder & owner columns on the table too, we could make them quite small and use flags? Possibly making it too wide could put some distortion in, particularly on the image & 'purpose' columns? [[User:Colds7ream|Colds7ream]] ([[User talk:Colds7ream|talk]]) 12:13, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

:::::There we go, folks! What do we think of that? :-) [[User:Colds7ream|Colds7ream]] ([[User talk:Colds7ream|talk]]) 18:38, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

: This section is now one of the best in the article. Thanks for your good work on it! Reviewing the article as a whole, I'm bummed that the modular nature of the ISS design isn't mentioned explicitly in the introduction. Ideally it should be possible for a reader to read the intro, see something of interest, click on the appropriate entry in the table of contents, and continue reading. I don't think that flow would happen much right now though. Maybe we should craft a sentence about it that could go into the intro section? ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 06:31, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

== ISS Computer Systems ==

Is there really absolutely no information about what kind of computer infrastructure there is on the space station? Is it top secret? What hardware do they use, what software, who developed what? I'd be fascinated to know all of that. ([[User:Eeyore22|Eeyore22]] 00:40, 10 November 2007 (UTC))
:It is actually such a mix of a variety of Russian and US systems and parts, that unless we could get ahold of the actual inventory, I'm not sure we could adequately explain it. I know that many of the computers are running ''very'' old versions of Windows (like, Win 98, that type of old), because of issues with upgrading one system and ending up not being able to communicate with another system, they have some really, really old laptops in Zvezda, and some newer ones in Destiny, but I don't think that there is actually anywhere that does document it all. The best that can be done is what information was given during the computer issues, which wasn't really much, the four computers that are the backbone of the Russian portion are custom servers, from the info I understood. I can look into it some more, and of course I may be wrong, but I think it might be close to impossible to accurately document the hundreds of computers on board, and how they all interact. <small>[[user:ArielGold|<font color="8B00FF">'''Ariel'''</font>]][[Special:Contributions/ArielGold|<font color="F64A8A">♥</font>]][[User_talk:ArielGold|<font color="007FFF">'''Gold'''</font>]]</small> 00:47, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

::You know, i would had thought that such important computers would run some kind of custom OS rather then windows. >_> <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/192.169.41.47|192.169.41.47]] ([[User talk:192.169.41.47|talk]]) 05:26, 20 November 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
:::You have new [[oops|fatal errors]]. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Sagittarian Milky Way|Sagittarian Milky Way]] ([[User talk:Sagittarian Milky Way|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sagittarian Milky Way|contribs]]) 05:59, 20 November 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->
::::Heheheh, they actually do get the dreaded BSOD, and sometimes the crew calls it that, lol. Most of the computers that operate the environmental, life support, attitude control, the daily operation of the station, etc., yes, those are special computers with specialized software. But there are a great many laptops on board, that do require operating systems. The crew uses WorldMap, and other software designed specifically for NASA, but they also use things like Microsoft Outlook to send and receive email, which run under a Windows environment. You know, though, it really must be a kind of special nightmare to figure out which system runs what, and what version, and to ensure that they all are able to communicate with each other, lol. I've looked, but I'm not really able to find any NASA documents that go into the specifics of all of the computers on board. Last year's issue with the Russian main computers is about as detailed as I've seen, and those aren't the only computers they use, so, I'm not sure there would be anything that could really be written concisely and verified with sources. I'll keep looking, though. <small>[[user:ArielGold|<font color="8B00FF">'''Ariel'''</font>]][[Special:Contributions/ArielGold|<font color="F64A8A">♥</font>]][[User_talk:ArielGold|<font color="007FFF">'''Gold'''</font>]]</small> 07:40, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

== Budget ==

Do we have any budget info newer than 2005? I mean, this stuff is publicly available information.
[[Special:Contributions/24.176.136.25|24.176.136.25]] ([[User talk:24.176.136.25|talk]]) 17:19, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

== Future of the ISS ==

It would seem that some people have had various issues with this article, and I have my own now. In the lead it says:

:''The projected completion date is 2010, with the station remaining in operation until around 2016.''

Can someone tell me what in heck this means? It's completed in 2010, okay, that means they stop sending up more modules. Does that mean it's still habited? Does that mean they take it to a higher orbit (seems to be implied by the current statements on low orbit) - will they still run missions to it? They're supposed to be aggressively doing experiments at that time right?

And what about '''2016'''? Does it get dropped into the ocean at that time? Because that's the #1 thing that I want to know. The "Future" section mentions it in context of many future missions, but only in the capacity of experience. Will it be ''physically'' assisting in future missions, or will it be a crater by that time?

The later quote of "NASA must complete the ISS so it can be dropped into the ocean on schedule in finished form." seems to imply that it is on the schedule to abandon after "operation" is halted, but the article never directly addresses this. I would like for it to do so. -[[User:Theanphibian|Theanphibian]] <sup>([[User talk:Theanphibian|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Theanphibian|contribs]])</sup> 22:47, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

:I believe it simply means no US financial support is planned after FY 2016. Of course the thing does require considerable money simply to operate and supply. Since the US does not plan to continue operating the space shuttle after FY 2010, and has no planned capability to launch supplies or change crews for most of the interval from 2010 to 2016, after that date those responsibilities will presumably mostly fall upon others -- the Russians, the new European ATV being launched on [[Ariane 5]], or on various other possible vehicles that may appear by then. Some fraction of the roughly constant (orange region in the NASA budget graph) ISS costs must be for pure construction (and that may be freed for science or other useful purposes after 2010), but much must be for ground operations, US crew training, etc.

:Robert Park is noteworthy as a critic of ''any'' human space exploration, but the situation does indeed make his bitter prediction sound all too likely to come bitterly true. Abandoning the ISS in 2016 in order to mount a severely underfunded assault on the Moon and Mars all bears a horrible resemblance to the US throwing away the Apollo/Saturn lunar system it had developed by 1969 to build the space shuttle. One difference is that other nations are involved, and they should have some say in the outcome. But since NASA is designated in the IGA treaty as manager, the US may have the final word if there are political reasons the administration simply wants to dump the project in the Pacific. Does anyone know the real situation about this? I should think the partners would be interested, at least.

:So yes, it is planned that it will be operated, with US participation only until 2016. After that, who knows? This is of course justified to make room in the NASA budget for the Bush Administration's Vision for Space Exploration, shown as "Exploration Missions" on the budget graph.

:I must state that I personally am a strong believer in the intrinsic value of human expansion into space, so my own POV on that is not at all neutral. I also believe that the ISS could play a useful role in supporting such expansion. Yet this is an encyclopedia, not a soapbox, and the procedures to get an argument entered into it, properly and objectively, are well defined and well considered, as even a fanatic space believer like me must admit. I think that means recalling, retelling (and of course ''referencing''!) all the old physics-based arguments for why a space station can be a useful step, even if they have not been used by NASA in its official justifications. Arguments concerning the fundamental value of human space exploration and settlement must mostly either go entirely outside Wikipedia, or be retold and referenced in other Wiki articles, be referenced via them, and via them have their own verifiable roots. Thus I think your question is very well taken, and probably deserves a clearer answer than it currently receives in the article. But the path to a full and proper remedy appears arduous. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 05:42, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

== Statute versus nautical miles ==
I just made an edit above to [[Talk:International_Space_Station#Proposed_First_Paragraph|Proposed First Paragraph]], but I will repeat it in this section so that it does not get lost. There was ambiguity in this article about the difference between [[Mile#Nautical_miles|statute miles]] and [[nautical mile]]s. The box quotes figures in nautical miles, but the opening paragraph was listing statute miles for orbital speed. I have noted the typical height in statute miles and made the references explicitly state statute miles. I believe most Wikipedia readers would want the figure in statute miles. --[[User:Benbest|Ben Best]] ([[User talk:Benbest|talk]]) 23:12, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

:I agree, as long as metric units (km) are stated also, which I think should always appear in any scientific or technical context. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 03:08, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

== Orbit parameters precision ==

I think we have a minor problem with the orbit parameters of ISS in the infobox at the top right. It seems to me that as it stands now, we have orbit parameters specified with such high precision as to be rendered incorrect within a very short time, a few days or less. The altitude changes more or less continuously with a range of several km every orbit, both due to the apogee-to-perigee and Earth oblateness effect, and the mean altitude changes by 0.1 km or so in a day or two. The orbital period changes accordingly. The altitude control section tells us it varies from 278 to 460 km, so how can we quote these numbers to such precision? We could give a link to the latest available orbital elements (? revised about once per week I suppose), which should allow an experienced person to figure out the details in between, but it seems to me it would be more sensible to just quote ranges or typical values (with rough, 10 or 30 km accuracy), rather than show precision that is not real. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 02:41, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
:I agree, and that's occurred to me as well in the past. I think perhaps giving a range, as you suggest, with a source that will verify both the range, and the fluctuation, would be the best thing. Or, perhaps a mean altitude number, using http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=1130 as one source, and http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=16178 this page, which says the mean altitude as of 2005 was 355.7 km. <small>[[user:ArielGold|<font color="8B00FF">'''Ariel'''</font>]][[Special:Contributions/ArielGold|<font color="F64A8A">♥</font>]][[User_talk:ArielGold|<font 278color="007FFF">'''Gold'''</font>]]</small> 03:00, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

::The famous heavens-above site, http://www.heavens-above.com/issheight.asp, gives the average height for the most recent 365 days (apparently). How about taking the midpoint of that graph, to 10 km accuracy, as the recent typical height, and giving the range quoted in the Altitude control section (278-460 km) as max and min? It probably wouldn't hurt to give a link to the 2-line orbit elements somewhere, assuming that does not violate US export regulations or some such.

::Then in the infobox I would change apogee and perigee to the max and min altitudes, 278 & 460 km, and change the orbital speed and the period to the values corresponding to the recent typical altitude above.

::This all implies the need to revise the recent typical altitude now and then, and recompute the derived numbers accordingly. I see that some other numbers are being updated already. I could undertake this new chore for now, and leave the mathematical prescriptions here, so anyone else could continue it if I can't for any reason. Less maintenance intensive would be to just call the typical altitude, say, 350 km, which roughly splits the max and min, and let it go at that, giving all the other numbers so to correspond correctly, with appropriate precision. Let me know what you all think, it is likely to be a week or two before I get to it, or longer if it is controversial. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 04:37, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

:At present the [[apogee]] and [[perigee]] values in the infobox are quoted in the 300 km range. That puts the ISS in the earth's core, since apogee and perigee are distances to the centre of mass of the system. The numbers quoted are maximum and minimum altitudes. I stand to be corrected. [[User:Ronstew|Ronstew]] ([[User talk:Ronstew|talk]]) 08:16, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

::Perigees and apogees of artificial satellites are commonly referred as a distance above Earth's surface. — [[User:Chesnok|Chesnok]] ([[User talk:Chesnok|talk]]) 16:02, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

:::Of course, strictly speaking, it is not such a good terminology when the fact that the Earth is not really spherical is taken into account. Then, even in the absence of atmospheric drag, the altitude changes with time, and even for a perfectly circular orbit, with the anomaly (that is, phase in the orbital period) if the orbit is inclined, as it is for ISS. As an extreme case, I think a slightly eccentric polar orbit could have its maximum altitude at perigee (if over either pole), and minimum altitudes twice an orbit over the equator. To avoid such confusion I would would say "altitude at" (either perigee or apogee) rather than just perigee or apogee when hieght above the surface is intended. And in such cases I would only quote the numbers to the 20 or 30 km precision introduced by the Earth's oblate shape. This is a fussy issue for a nearly spherical planet, I've been meaning to touch up the article to clarify these matters.

:::On a different, but related point, would anyone object to changing the section title from "Altitude control" to "Orbit"? I think that this better reflects the situation that the main orbit parameters (semi-major axis, inclination, and eccentricity) of earth satellites are nearly constant and characterize the orbit, while altitude and height are only coarsely defined except at a given instant. And, a previous comment notwithstanding, "station keeping" is a precision (and in that sense, minor) issue for ISS, especially as smaller vehicles typically maneuver around ''it'', rather than vice versa. The need for orbit maintenance against drag losses is essential, but would still fit within a section headed "Orbit". [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 02:25, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

== Time Zone: GMT vs UTC ==

In the Time Zone section it is written that the ISS uses [[GMT]] (which was phased out in the early 70's) as apposed to [[UTC]]. I thought this was an error so looked into it further. Reference [http://science.nasa.gov/Realtime/Rocket_Sci/clocks/time-met.html 62] which in turn links to http://science.nasa.gov/Realtime/Rocket_Sci/clocks/time-gmt.html actually describes UTC. I had a look at the [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/timelines/index.html NASA ISS website] and all the timeline pdf's state time in GMT. Does anyone know of an "official" reference which states that the station uses UTC? --[[User:Daleh|Daleh]] <sup>[[User_talk:Daleh|T]]</sup> 21:53, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
:I know no such official source. However it is definitely UTC. Its just "user error" that GMT gets used so much troughout NASA. Also has a lot to do with "old habits die hard" and the fact that US military lingo defined "Zulu" time as "GMT" well into the 90s (then again, i was taught about GMT well into the 90s as well :D ). There must be a reference somewhere that the Station uses military atomic clocks to sync their time against. That should be proof enough that it UTC. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 22:25, 3 January 2008 (UTC)


== Energy ==

After reading this thoughtful article, and the fascinating discussions, I am struck by how wasteful space exploration is today. It's all throw-away work, much more science-fair dazzle than civilized progress. I'm left wondering whether the severest limitation on space exploration will prove to be our energy technology. I'm curious what portion of the hundreds of billions to get it up there (and judging from the graph, $2+ billion/year to keep it buoyed up) are purely energy (power on the ground, fuel, power in orbit). I have the impression the energy for higher-orbit protection from cosmic rays (when that's even feasible) will be much higher than that for LEO boosting. So as long as we're primarily a dinosaur-juice-burning race, we won't get very far off the ground for very long. And I don't mean to be flippant when I say I'd also like to hear more technical insight about the whole dropping into the ocean thing. It should come as no surprise; no comparison with the lifecycle of automobiles is deserved; and the event should be celebrated not scorned.

Maybe the real vision for space development around the globe is not so much "to boldly go" but "more power mister scott". [[User:Bob Stein - VisiBone|Bob Stein - VisiBone]] ([[User talk:Bob Stein - VisiBone|talk]]) 16:49, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

:That's as may be, but this talk page is specifically for discussion of the improvement of the [[International Space Station]] article itself. While some sources may echo your criticism (and, thus, could be cited in the criticism of the article, if any), this really isn't the forum for that sort of thing. Best, [[User:Ultraexactzz|UltraExactZZ]] <sup> [[User_talk:Ultraexactzz|Claims]] </sup>~<small> [[Special:Contributions/Ultraexactzz|Evidence]] </small> 16:54, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

::It might be that [[Space exploration#Criticisms]] would be a good place to put further effort into developing material that covers this from a [[WP:NPOV | neutral point of view]]. Best regards! ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 07:45, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

:::I agree, and am a little embarrassed about my rant above earlier on the issue of what happens after 2015. And even in the [[Space exploration#Criticisms]] context, it must preserve NPOV, verifiability, etc, and not just be someone's opinion. I am really passionate about this subject (ie, pro-human expansion into space), which puts me in a bit of a bind in this context, but I think preserving Wikipedia's principles is essential to any sane encyclopedia's credibility. I suppose those of us of like mind really need to go out and find published cogent reasoned arguments on the issue to reference(or even publish better ones ourselves if we aren't satisfied with what is out there), and then come back here. There really are excellent grounds, scientific, technical, and humanistic, for supporting the an inhabited space station, many of which have been documented in the literature for decades. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 03:26, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

== Griffin speech ==

In [http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208916main_Space_Transportation_Association_22_Jan_08.pdf Remarks to the Space Transportation Association 22 January 2008] NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin made several comments about ISS which might be worthy of inclusion in the article:
<blockquote>throughout four presidential administrations and twenty-plus Congressional votes
authorizing tens of billions of dollars for its development, the ISS has remained an
established feature of U.S. space policy.</blockquote>
<blockquote>We are, of course, concerned that Station operating
costs after 2016 will detract from our next major milestone, returning to the Moon
by 2020. But while the budget does not presently allocate funds for operating ISS
beyond 2016, we are taking no action to preclude it.</blockquote>
<blockquote>...think “Space Station”, in terms
of mass.
I hope we’re smart enough that we never again try to place such a large
system in orbit by doing it in twenty-ton chunks. I think we all understand that
fewer launches of larger payloads requiring less on-orbit integration are to be
preferred.</blockquote>
The last seems particularly appropriate for inclusion in the article! ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 18:55, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

It looks like space junk. Aliens would vaporise it to keep the space clean. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/204.191.107.197|204.191.107.197]] ([[User talk:204.191.107.197|talk]]) 17:19, 10 February 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

:I favor a shanty town, modified and growing organically, not designed years (& G$) in advance. Read A. C. Clarke's ''Islands in the Sky'' for the alternative view, but there was one giant wheel at 1-g, for tourists and passers-through, and the real working station at 0-g, which was a mess. My reasons are flexibility, and because that is the way we will learn how to live in space cost-effectively: what works and what does not. Elegance is not what we want at this stage of the game. It's a bit risky, but it is worth it not to price ourself into oblivion. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 19:15, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

== Attitude vs altitude ==

I've seen a few changes back and forth between attitude control and altitude control. Just to clarify, it is attitude control. No permanent module on board the ISS, such as the MLM, will have the capability to control the station's altitude. Altitude change requires significant thrust which can only be delivered by the craft visiting the station such as the shuttle and soyuz craft. It may not seem right at first glance, but attitude is an appropriate term for the orientation of the station to the Earth's horizon. It's not a typo. [[User:Aremisasling|aremisasling]] ([[User talk:Aremisasling|talk]]) 17:29, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
:This is one of the reasons I think the "Altitude control" section should be retitled "Orbit". The ISS has some little propulsion capability (it can move a few km to avoid debris I think), but not much, as it is basically ballistic (? <math>\Delta_V</math> capability would be an interesting thing to specify -- depends on mass of propellant that happens to be on board and mass at a given time). A bigger effect is variations in drag due to changes in the upper atmosphere density due to solar heating, due to variations in UV flux. Changes in solar panel orientation are also a factor in drag. The first three orbital parameters, semi-major axis a, inclination i, and eccentricity e, are nearly constant with e=0, i=53.6 deg, a~6680 km and variable with time due to drag & reboosts. The other three are variable in ways that are essentially not controlled or just meaningless (ie, argument of perigee for a nearly circular orbit). "Attitude" really is controllable, and its control is constant and essential, involving large and complex on-board systems. Cheers, [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 19:04, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

== Modules tables ==

It seems to me that there should be a column in the tables listing the modules to show the nation or space program of origin. Almost every "purpose" entry has this information, despite it not relating to the purpose of the module at all. If this would add too many columns, then I would suggest removing the "docking date" column, or rolling it into the "launch date" column. I think it's understood that a module will dock several days after it was launched, plus this column is obviously useless for all of the unlaunched modules. [[Special:Contributions/66.74.216.218|66.74.216.218]] ([[User talk:66.74.216.218|talk]]) 04:51, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
:To avoid having to remove columns, nationality should be denoted by small flag images. (with the EU flag for ESA) [[User:Sagittarian Milky Way|Sagittarian Milky Way]] ([[User talk:Sagittarian Milky Way|talk]]) 05:23, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

== Kennedy Space Centre ==
I changed it from "Centre" to "Center," as that's the way both NASA.gov and google earth spell it. [[Special:Contributions/72.195.189.98|72.195.189.98]] ([[User talk:72.195.189.98|talk]]) 11:04, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
:I've changed it to "KSC", to avoid any possible dispute. --<font color="#115566">'''GW_Simulations'''<sub>[[User:GW Simulations|<font color="#000000">User Page</font>]] | [[User talk:GW_Simulations|<font color="#000000">Talk</font>]]</sub></font> 11:40, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

== Volume ==

We have a listing of 454 m<sup>3</sup>, but how ''big'' (or small) is that, exactly? It would be helpful if readers had something which compares to the ISS for interior space. It is, after all, an orbiting lab, office, and house!

Plus, all units of measure in the article should be in SI and Imperial. [[User:68Kustom|68Kustom]] ([[User talk:68Kustom|talk]]) 09:15, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
:I think there is no unique way to go from volume in 3-dimensions to area, which is normally used for surface buildings. One could pick a typical ceiling height for a surface structure (3 meters, maybe?) and divide by that to get an area of 150 sq meters (about 4500 sq feet), comparable to a fairly large house. Because of the 5 m (15 ft) diameter of the shuttle payload bay, habitable modules are essentially limited to that cross section. A uniform tube of that size would have a length of about 20 m (65 ft). Better might be to take the cube root of the volume, here a bit less than 8 m (~25 feet), to get the general size of a compact structure of the same volume. Short of specifying the detailed dimensions of every habitable component, I don't see a simple way to do much better. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 14:29, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

:: Well, saying that the ISS has about as much room inside as a six-room house is, I think, more descriptive (and human) than mere data. If we're to keep up interest in the space program, especially in children, we gotta talk about how people ''live and work'' Up There! I recommend you add your results to the article. [[User:68Kustom|68Kustom]] ([[User talk:68Kustom|talk]]) 04:15, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

== Mass in pounds? ==
The table in the Pressurized(sic) Modules section gives the mass of each module in Kilograms and, bizarrely, in pounds. Surely some mistake? [[User:Markb|Markb]] ([[User talk:Markb|talk]]) 12:57, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

: Nope. The [[pound (mass)|pound]] is a unit both of mass and of force. [[User:Schoop|Schoop]] ([[User talk:Schoop|talk]]) 19:26, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
: Clearly science has moved on! When I was at school in the 70's we where taught that a pound was a [[weight]], where as a kilogram was a unit of [[mass]]. when did this change? [[User:Markb|Markb]] ([[User talk:Markb|talk]]) 06:25, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
:: According to the [[pound (mass)]] and [[pound-force]] articles, the pound has been a unit of mass since about 1300, while the pound-force dates back only to the 1700's. The relationship between the two is based on earth's gravity, and both are defined in terms of SI units. Ot, you could read the [[pound (mass)]] article yourself instead of taking my word for it. [[User:Schoop|Schoop]] ([[User talk:Schoop|talk]]) 12:00, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

== ISS Operation After Retirement of Space Shuttle? ==

In this article, it is said that ISS is planned to operate until 2016. In the article on [[Space Shuttle]], it is said that Space Shuttles are scheduled to be retired in 2010. What will happen to ISS after 2010 without space shuttles? [[User:CuriousOliver|CuriousOliver]] ([[User talk:CuriousOliver|talk]]) 13:49, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
:It will be serviced by Soyuz, Progress, ATV and later HTV. The shuttle was only ever really critical for the construction phase. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 14:47, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

==Life on ISS==
For our one day to be written "living on a space station article"..
the sleep station in Destiny: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Temporary_Sleep_Station.jpg --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 12:46, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
:Another image we can use there: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Daniel_Tani_in_ISS_sleeping_bag.jpg --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 14:36, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

== United Kingdom and the ISS ==

The flagbar in the infobox indicates that the United Kingdom is an ISS partner. Is this really the case? The ESA website says otherwise:[http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAH7O0VMOC_iss_0.html#subhead1]

:"''The Intergovernmental Agreement, establishing the International Space Station cooperative framework, has been signed by fourteen governments: the United States of America, Canada, Japan, the Russian Federation, and ten Member States of the European Space Agency (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland).''"

Can someone explain? -- [[User:Nidator|Nidator]] <sup>[[User_talk:Nidator|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/Nidator|C]]</sup> 16:40, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
:No idea. The flags is simply the banner used by NASA for every Expedition crew photo. It's a good question though. I guess someone at NASA messed up. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 18:02, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
::That could be, but it is also on the image of cover page of the Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement. I'm confused. -- [[User:Nidator|Nidator]] <sup>[[User_talk:Nidator|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/Nidator|C]]</sup> 15:24, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
:::Originally the UK wanted to be part of the ISS, but then they bailed out and have not contributed to it. The flags where not changed though. [[User:Themanwithoutapast|Themanwithoutapast]] ([[User talk:Themanwithoutapast|talk]]) 17:30, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

== Can someone confirm that the official language is English? ==

I have read the citation http://www.nasaexplores.com/show2_articlea.php?id=04-016 and it makes no mention that the official language is English, it talks about how astronauts have to learn each others languages so that they can communicate better. Am proposing that the language used by the astronauts is mostly English but most of the astronaut are multi-lingual and can communicate in different languages. [[User:Perun09|Perun09]] ([[User talk:Perun09|talk]]) 11:20, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
:I agree with you. As far as I know the communication is russian between ISS and Moskou, and english for all the other ground communications. The language onboard usually depends on how many russians are on board. If the majority is russian then the interperson communication is usually russian, but if there is only one russian then its usually english. With the increase in International partners onboard the station, its mostly English these days, but i do not think that there is ANY official language. Well perhaps because the modules are much like "embassy territories in space", the module you are in does have an "official language". So Russian in russian modules, English in american modules. But i doubt anyone cares. --[[User:TheDJ|TheDJ]] ([[User talk:TheDJ|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheDJ|contribs]]) 13:20, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
::I could also imagine that [[Non-convergent discourse]] occurs between the crew members (depending on their knowledge of the other language) --[[User:GluonBall|GluonBall]] ([[User talk:GluonBall|talk]]) 10:02, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

== Sighting ==

I have a photo of mission STS-116 where Discovery was docked with ISS that I took in December 2006. I think it may be used in the Sighting section. The said photo is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/fongky/322573770/

--[[User:Fongky|Fongky]] ([[User talk:Fongky|talk]]) 04:36, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

== Toilet malfunction ==

With [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Station&diff=215884747&oldid=215773385 this] edit [[User:Onsly]] removed from the article discussion of the current toilet malfunction. I agree that material doesn't need to be in this (already over-long) article, but it would be a great addition at [[Environmental_Control_and_Life_Support_System#International_Space_Station]]! ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 04:26, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

== Construction Costs ==

People are constantly changing the 100 billion EUR figure to USD. This is not correct. There is no USD figure. The only source mentioning a total overall estimated cost is ESA which of course quotes that estimate in EUR. The USD figure presented in the lead in is a conversion of this estimate into USD. [[User:Themanwithoutapast|Themanwithoutapast]] ([[User talk:Themanwithoutapast|talk]]) 07:16, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
:If that is the case the figure should be presented in € since the conversion is different depending on when it's made.[[User:U5K0|U5K0]] ([[User talk:U5K0|talk]]) 17:11, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

ESA's cost estimate gets removed frequently, lastly with the explanation this is a 2005 estimate and in EUR in thus not valid. In fact it is still the current ESA estimate as of 2008 and the only official source of a cost estimate for the whole project (not just ESA's contribution) and thus very significant, especially in light of frequent media articles quoting a 100 billion USD estimate which is mainly a misquote of the ESA estimate. [[Special:Contributions/83.215.3.71|83.215.3.71]] ([[User talk:83.215.3.71|talk]]) 11:24, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

The construction costs are not only available in Euros. Read the cost section carefully and you'll see that the construction costs are more complicated than just a single estimate made in 2005 by the ESA. The majority of the funding has been in US Dollars and given the huge change in exchange rates from 2005 the ESA estimate is flawed in 2008 and does not warrent high placement in this article. It is still included in the ESA section of costs where it belongs.
[[Special:Contributions/70.170.125.247|70.170.125.247]] ([[User talk:70.170.125.247|talk]]) 21:07, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

There is no official source of construction costs beside the ESA estimate. The cost section (I actually wrote most of it) is an attempt to reconstruct that estimate, but honestly is no replacement for the official estimate of ESA. Exchange rate changes can be disregarded if we just state the 100 billion EUR estimate without converting it to USD. Including the cost estimate in the ESA cost section is misleading, as the cost estimate is ESA's overall cost projections. [[User:Themanwithoutapast|Themanwithoutapast]] ([[User talk:Themanwithoutapast|talk]]) 07:40, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

:I want to quote the edit summary that an anonymous user has used three times in an effort to remove the cost entries altogether: <blockquote>The ESA cost estimate of €100 billion made in 2005 reflects an out-of-date and misleading estimate of costs associated with the Space Station. The primary source of funds has been US dollars.</blockquote> There are a few things that bother me with the rationale provided for this removal of material:

* "Out of date" - ''2005 is not very long ago''
* "Misleading" - ''It is accurate enough for what we're doing - This is something that is significant to the readers of the article
* "Primary source of funds has been US dollars" - ''Whose money it is has little impact...Yes, a breakdown of contributors is good, but to remove the section based on the fact that the US has been the major source of funding is not legitimate. [[User:E_dog95|<span style="font-variant: small-caps">''E_dog95'''</span>]]<sup>[[User_talk:E_dog95|<span style="font-variant: small-caps">'' Hi '''</span>]]</sup> 19:34, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

The facts are:

1.) The United States has been the largest contributor (80% of the total expenses as of 2005) of funding to the ISS and that those funds are allocated and spent as US Dollars.

2.) Quoting the total expenses in Euros versus US Dollars is very misleading because the total costs change significantly when the exchange rates between the Euro and the Dollar move further apart. If by 2005 NASA had already spent $100 billion dollars on the ISS (quoted from the costs section of the article) and the exchange rate was 1.25 Dollars to the Euro the cost be €80 billion plus the €20 billion the ESA estimates they and other parties contributed giving us the €100 billion figure quoted in the article. But in 2008, that same $100 billion spent by NASA with an exchange of 1.56 Dollars to the Euro, the cost would now be €64 billion plus that same €20 billion from the ESA and would make the total costs only €84 billion. That is nineteen-percent difference in total costs just because of the fluctuation in exchange rates.

3.) A nineteen-percent change in costs is significant and needs to be reflected in this article for 2008. Additionally, quoting the cost in Euros does not adequately respect the contributions of the taxpayers of the United States of America.

I believe that moving that part of the article which quotes the costs in Euros be placed in the section on ESA costs and to be correct and a logical edit to this article.

[[Special:Contributions/70.170.125.247|70.170.125.247]] ([[User talk:70.170.125.247|talk]]) 21:38, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

: Here at wikipedia, we normally not start edit wars (remove things a lot of times) before issues are resolved. The sections in question have been in the article for months if not years. So I suggest, you do not remove them again until this dispute is resolved. To address your point again, exchange rates do not matter, for ESA the estimate was 100 billion EUR over the lifetime of the project in 2005 Euros. It is the only official source of a total cost reflection and is not misleading. The cost section alone is an attempt to reconstruct this estimate, but is definetly only original research. Official cost estimates are better than original research in an article, so I again want to leave it in. I would say we have a decision by vote: I am for

*'''Keep''' reasons as stated above. [[User:Themanwithoutapast|Themanwithoutapast]] ([[User talk:Themanwithoutapast|talk]]) 21:53, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia allows for people all over the world to make changes to articles as they see various events and other factors influence the facts found in text of an article. Unfortunately, there are times when two editors see the facts differently. In this case, I see a significant error in statement of fact by the above editor who is unwilling to allow for any changes to be made in this article. How can it be that a 19% change in total costs not be a significant event to make a change in this article? Exchange rates do matter and matter a lot in business and government affairs. In this case the amounts spent by the largest contributor to the ISS is being ignored.

*'''Change''' reasons as stated above. [[Special:Contributions/70.170.125.247|70.170.125.247]] ([[User talk:70.170.125.247|talk]]) 22:29, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

*'''Keep''' The nature of Wikipedia encourages us to say what the references say. In this case it's from http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAQHA0VMOC_iss_0.html. I don't think the text on that webpage is misleading; average readers are aware of exchange rates. So in terms of [[Wikipedia:Ref#Why_sources_should_be_cited]], I would like to see the text quoting the €100 billion stay. [[User:E_dog95|<span style="font-variant: small-caps">''E_dog95'''</span>]]<sup>[[User_talk:E_dog95|<span style="font-variant: small-caps">'' Hi '''</span>]]</sup> 22:38, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

*'''Comment''' - The article should be very careful to alert readers that the cost estimate is probably inaccurate, and that there probably does not exist an accurate, published estimate of the cost. Just as one tiny example: construction of ISS was dependent upon the development of the Proton launch vehicle. How much of that development cost did ESA include in their estimate? How much ''should'' be included in the cost of ISS construction? Whose rules of accounting would we be using? ([[User:Sdsds|sdsds]] - ''[[User talk:Sdsds|talk]]'') 02:57, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

*'''Change''' The person who writes on exchange rates having an impact on total costs makes a valid point. [[Special:Contributions/65.173.88.159|65.173.88.159]] ([[User talk:65.173.88.159|talk]]) 06:08, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

*'''Comment''' - The estimate should be in US Dollars for the reasons stated above; if the bulk of the cost is allocated as US Dollars this becomes the predominant source of funding and should therefore be used as the currency to use when documenting the overall project cost. Further, the ESA estimate is dated at this point, and should not be the sole source from which to determine the cost of the ISS. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/70.109.49.80|70.109.49.80]] ([[User talk:70.109.49.80|talk]]) 01:20, 19 June 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->

:I count 2 wiki-users that have been registered as keeping the reference, one also citing a wikipedia policy, and 2 anonymous comments (could thus be from the same person) as well as an unsigned comment. Someone just removed the cost estimate once again. I disagree, but I give up. The boulevard media will without doubt cite the construction costs of the ISS with "100 billion USD" anyway, no matter how often people try to say, that's not the case. The ESA estimate would have provided an official statement to construction costs which is no unappropriately in the section of ESA's cost contribution, a section were noone would suspect a total cost estimate to be. [[User:Themanwithoutapast|Themanwithoutapast]] ([[User talk:Themanwithoutapast|talk]]) 07:51, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

==Criticism section==
The criticism section, especially the paragraphs on 'spin-offs' reads too much like two wiki editors debating. All criticisms and 'rebuttals' need to be attributed to notable 3rd parties and all unsourced opinions removed. [[User:Ashmoo|Ashmoo]] ([[User talk:Ashmoo|talk]]) 11:53, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

{{Talk:International Space Station/GA1}}


{{Iceland topics|state=autocollapse}}
== Griffin e-mail on ISS/shuttle scheduling problems ==
{{Krone}}
{{Currencies of Europe}}


[[Category:Economy of Iceland|Krona, Icelandic]]
The following article [http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=29133 http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=29133 ] from Sept 7, 2008 on spaceref.com, is fairly appalling to contemplate. I am not sure how this should be addressed in the ISS article, but it seems worthy of some note. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 16:48, 10 September 2008 (UTC)


[[bs:Islandska kruna]]
:Hearing no suggestions, I have summarized Griffin's 18 Aug e-mail in the the "Future of the ISS" section of the article. [[User:Wwheaton|Wwheaton]] ([[User talk:Wwheaton|talk]]) 07:30, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
[[bg:Исландска крона]]
[[ca:Corona islandesa]]
[[cs:Islandská koruna]]
[[da:Islandsk króna]]
[[de:Isländische Krone]]
[[et:Islandi kroon]]
[[el:Κορόνα Ισλανδίας]]
[[es:Corona islandesa]]
[[eo:Islanda krono]]
[[eu:Islandiar Koroa]]
[[fr:Couronne islandaise]]
[[ga:Króna]]
[[hr:Islandska kruna]]
[[bpy:আইসল্যান্ডিক ক্রোনা]]
[[id:Króna Islandia]]
[[is:Íslensk króna]]
[[it:Corona islandese]]
[[lt:Islandijos krona]]
[[hu:Izlandi korona]]
[[nl:IJslandse kroon]]
[[ja:アイスランド・クローナ]]
[[no:Islandsk krone]]
[[nn:Islandsk krone]]
[[pl:Korona islandzka]]
[[pt:Coroa islandesa]]
[[ro:Coroană islandeză]]
[[ru:Исландская крона]]
[[sr:Исландска круна]]
[[sh:Islandska kruna]]
[[fi:Islannin kruunu]]
[[sv:Isländsk krona]]
[[tg:Кронаи Исдандия]]
[[tr:İzlanda Kronası]]
[[zh-yue:冰島克朗]]
[[bat-smg:Ėslandėjės kruona]]
[[zh:冰岛克朗]]

Revision as of 21:51, 10 October 2008

Icelandic króna
íslensk króna Template:Is icon
File:Iceland Krona Coins.jpg
1, 10, 50 and 100 krónur
ISO 4217
CodeISK (numeric: 352)
Unit
Pluralkrónur
Symbolkr, Íkr‎
Denominations
Subunit
 1/100eyrir (obsolete)
Plural
 eyrir (obsolete)aurar
Banknotes
 Freq. used500, 1000, 5000 krónur
 Rarely used2000 krónur
Coins1, 5, 10, 50, 100 krónur
Demographics
User(s) Iceland
Issuance
Central bankCentral Bank of Iceland
 Websitewww.sedlabanki.is
Valuation
Inflation14%
 SourceCentral Bank of Iceland, July 22. 2008

The króna (plural krónur) (sign: kr; code: ISK) is the currency of Iceland. The name, meaning "crown", is related to that of other Nordic currencies (such as the Swedish krona and Norwegian krone). It is subdivided into 100 aurar (singular eyrir [1]). The ISO 4217 currency code is ISK.

First króna, 1874–1981

The Danish krone was introduced to Iceland in 1874, replacing the earlier Danish currency, the rigsdaler. In 1885, Iceland began issuing its own banknotes.

The Icelandic króna separated from the Danish krone after the dissolution of the Scandinavian Monetary Union at the start of World War I and Icelandic autonomy from Denmark in 1918. The first coins were issued in 1922.

Coins

Iceland's first coins were 10 and 25 aurar pieces introduced in 1922. These were followed in 1925 by denominations 1 and 2 krónur and in 1926 by denominations of 1 eyrir, and 2 and 5 aurar. In 1946, the coins' designs were altered to remove the royal monogram (CXR), following Icelandic independence from Denmark in 1944, when Denmark (but not Iceland) was occupied by Nazi Germany.

Starting in 1967, new coins were introduced due to a considerable fall in the value of the króna. 10 króna coins were introduced in that year, followed by 50 aurar and 5 króna pieces in 1969 and 50 krónur in 1970.

Banknotes

The first notes issued in 1885 by the Lansssjod Islands were in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 krónur. In 1904, the Bank of Iceland (Íslands Banki) took over note production and introduced 100 króna notes. In 1921, the Rikissjod Islands began issuing paper money, with notes for 1, 5, 10 and 50 krónur.

In 1929, another bank, the Landsbanki Íslands took over issuance of denominations of 5 krónur and above, with the Rikissjod Islands continuing to issue 1 króna notes until 1947. The Landsbanki Íslands introduced 500 króna notes in 1935, followed by 25 and 1000 króna notes in 1957.

In 1961, the Seðlabanki Íslands became the central bank of Iceland and started issuing paper money, in denominations of 10, 25, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 krónur.

Second króna, 1981–

In 1981, the Icelandic króna was revalued, with 100 aurar krónur (ISJ) being worth 1 new króna (ISK).

Technically, the króna is still composed of 100 aurar, although, in practice, coins less than one króna have not circulated for many years. In September 2002, Davíð Oddsson, the Icelandic Prime Minister at the time, signed two regulations decreeing that all monetary amounts on invoices and financial claims should be stated and paid in whole krónur only and that coins with a value of less than one króna should be withdrawn from circulation.

The overall level of technological sophistication is noteworthy in Iceland. Iceland has, for example, among the highest per capita computer usage in the world (far higher than the UK or USA). The saturation of technology in Iceland has had ramifications in their monetary system; a very large percentage of all transactions in Iceland take place through electronic forms of payment, such as debit and credit cards. It is also worth noting that the largest denomination banknote, the 5000 króna note, represents a value somewhat around $35 US (Oct, 2008). This, coupled with the generally extremely high prices in Iceland (a mid-range dinner for two in Iceland, without drinks or dessert, can easily exceed 5000 krónur), means that banknotes are not issued in sizes conducive for larger transactions. This effect may accelerate the Icelandic move towards a semi-cashless economy.

Coins

In 1981, coins were introduced in denominations of 5, 10 and 50 aurar, 1 and 5 krónur. These were followed by 10 króna pieces in 1984, 50 krónur in 1987 and 100 krónur in 1995. As of October 1 2003, Icelandic banks no longer accept the 5, 10 and 50 aurar coins.

Banknotes

Icelandic banknotes are printed with the dates from which the legal basis of the currency derives. In 1981, notes were issued in denominations of 10, 50, 100 and 500 krónur on the law of 29 March 1961. 1000 krónur notes were introduced in 1984, followed by 5000 krónur notes in 1986 with the same law.

100, 500, and 1000 krónur were reissued in 1994 on the law of 5 May 1986. In the following year, a new denomination 2000 krónur was issued for the very first time. The 2000 króna note is subtly different from the other notes. For example, the underprint pattern extends all the way upward and downward, while the other denominations had white margins on every side. The Arabic numeral 2000 is printed in multi color on 3 of the 4 instances. And the numeral 2000 on the lower left corner of reverse is vertical. The "shadow" of the numeral is printed with SÍ in microprint.

The 22 May 2001 series saw more changes than mere date update. The underprint and microprint change of the 2000 króna note were incorporated. 1000 and 5000 krónur also received metallic foils next to the portrait.

Notes of 100 krónur or less no longer circulate, as they have been withdrawn by the central bank. As of 2006, the vast majority of banknotes in circulation are of the 500, 1000, and 5000 denominations (these generally being the only notes dispensed in ATMs, for example). 2000 króna notes exist but are unusual and are at times referred to as "tourist money" by the local population. Their use never became widespread.

Law of 29 March 1961 Series [1]
Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of issue
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark
10 krónur 10 krónur 130 × 70 mm Blue Arngrímur Jónsson the Learned Old Icelandic household scene based on Auguste Mayer's drawing Jón Sigurðsson 1981
50 krónur 135 × 70 mm Brown Guðbrandur Þorláksson Printers at work in the 16th century
File:Isl Krone.JPG 100 krónur 140 × 70 mm Green Árni Magnússon Monastic scribe
500 krónur 145 × 70 mm Red Jón Sigurðsson Jón at his writing desk
1000 krónur 150 × 70 mm Purple Brynjólfur Sveinsson Brynjólfskirkja church (1650-1802) at Skálholt 1984
5000 krónur 155 × 70 mm Blue-green multicolour Ragnheiður Jónsdóttir Ragnheiður instructing two girls in embroidery 1986
Law of 5 May 1986 Series
100 krónur As previous 1994
500 krónur 500 krónur
1000 krónur
2000 krónur 150 × 70 mm Multicolour Jóhannes Kjarval Kjarval's painting Yearning for Flight and his drawing Woman and Flowers Jón Sigurðsson 1995
Law of 22 May 2001 Series
500 krónur As previous, but the underprint design extends upward and downward to fill the margin October 2005
1000 krónur November 2004
5000 krónur November 2003
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Currency issues

Iceland is not a member of the European Union and does not use the euro.

As it stands, the Icelandic currency is a low-volume world currency, strongly managed by its central bank, with a high degree of volatility not only against the US and Canadian dollars, but also against the currencies of the other Nordic countries (Swedish krona, Norwegian krone, Danish krone and the euro). For example, during the first half of 2006, the Icelandic króna has ranged between 50 to 80 per US$. Over the month of September and the first week of October of 2008, however, the Icelandic krona had fallen in value from 84 ISK to the dollar to over 127 to the dollar.

Tourists to Iceland will generally not need to carry much Icelandic currency, as in most cases electronic payment is accepted. Other world currencies are very rarely accepted in Iceland. Notable exception is Keflavík International Airport, where the US dollar, euro and some other currencies are accepted by all merchants. Certain stores in downtown Reykjavík, such as Eymundsson and Mál og menning accept some foreign currencies, including the Danish krone, the Swedish krona, United States dollar, pound sterling, euro and the Japanese yen.

Iceland and the euro

Because of the volatility between the euro and the króna, some Icelanders are considering the idea that Iceland might become a eurozone member without joining the European Union. Former Foreign Minister Valgerður Sverrisdóttir has said in an interview with Iceland Radio that she seriously wishes to look into whether Iceland can join the euro without being a member of the 27-nation EU, according to Norwegian news NRK. Valgerður Sverrisdóttir believes it is difficult to maintain an independent currency in a small economy on the open European market. The policy of the present Icelandic government, however, is as before: that neither EU membership nor euro adoption is on the agenda.

The issue is highly controversial among Icelanders. An opinion poll on the matter of Iceland joining the European Union released on 11 September 2007, by Capacent Gallup showed that 53% of respondents were in favour of adopting the euro, 37% opposed and 10% undecided. [2] However, another poll produced for the Icelandic newspaper Fréttablaðið and released on 30 September 2007 showed 56% opposed to euro adoption and 44% in favour.[3]

In January 2008, a poll by the Icelandic Chamber of Commence put support for Iceland to abandon the króna for an another currency at 63%. Additionally, a number of companies in Iceland such asOssur, have started to pay their employees in euro and US dollars, mainly due the high inflation (currently at 14%) and high volatility. [4]

On 7 October 2008 the Icelandic Central Bank pegged the króna at 131 against the euro.[5]. This peg was abandoned the next day[6] The krona later fell to 305/euro before being withdrawn from trade. [7]

Current ISK exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD

See also

References

  1. ^ Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls
  2. ^ "Euro support in Iceland hits five-year high", Reuters, Sep 11, 2007
  3. ^ http://www.mbl.is/mm/frettir/innlent/frett.html?nid=1294123 (Icelandic)
  4. ^ Iceland's financial freeze
  5. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/3154116/Financial-crisis-Iceland-nationalises-bank-and-seeks-Russian-loan.html
  6. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ahAQVJ69AmOc&refer=home
  7. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aiz5QIq94nrw&refer=europe
  • Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
  • Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.

External links

Template:Standard numismatics external links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:International_Space_Station&oldid=244453797"