Agum II. Kakrime

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Agum II ( m Ag-gu-um) or Agum II-Kakrime was the second Kassite king of Babylon . He was titled šar Kaššī and šar Ak-ka-di-i .

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No original inscriptions of Agum II Kakrime have survived, only later copies. There are several approaches to dating between 1530 BC. BC and 1450 BC BC, although it remains unclear whether there was another ruler named Agum III. gave.

Ashurbanipal text

The achievements of Agum-kakrime are described in a compilation for the library of Aššur-bani-apli . He then brought the statues of Marduk and Sarpanitum from the land of Ḫani back to Babylon.
8 " I asked the king Šamaš through a lamb of the shiver of sacrifice and
9 a distant land, mat Ḫa-ni-i,
10 I sent [messengers] and the god Marduk
11 and the goddess Sarpanitum led them here and
12 Marduk and Sarpanitum,
13 those who love my government,
14 to Esagila
15 and Babylon
16 I brought back. "
He restored the Esagila, which he presented with gold, silver, copper and precious stones. In addition, a priest, a blacksmith and one other person received tax exemptions.

Agum calls himself the son of UR-ši-gu-ru-maš, descendant of A-bir- [Ataš], son of Kaš-til-ia-šu, son of Agum the Great (ša A-gu-um ra-bi -i), pure seed of Šuqamuna , instituted by Anu and Enlil , Ea and Marduk , Sin and Šamaš , the strong man of the warlike Ištar . Marduk, at that time, did not yet have the meaning it should have had in New Babylonian times. Benno Landsberger considers the inscription to be a later forgery, a view that Gelb and Borger also followed ("apocryphal"). On the other hand, Na'Aman argues that even a forgery would stick to the traditional facts, so the information can be used.

It is usually assumed that these idols were kidnapped during the Hittite attack on Babylon under Muršilis I. According to an oracle text from the library of Assurbanipal, the rule of Agum is 24 years after the sack of Babylon. Ḫani is interpreted differently. Na'Aman interprets it as Ḫana , but then it remains unclear why the statues remained in Ḫana or how they got there. Brinkman, on the other hand, suggests a reading as Hati, Hatti , which would also agree with the description as "distant land", the return would then be a state act. If the time of the oracle text is reliable, Agum's accession to the throne is around 1545, otherwise it can only be set in the time after the fall of Babylon, for which there is also no fixed date.

Other sources

An Agum also waged a campaign against the sea ​​country . The corresponding chronicle, however, does not assign him a royal title, so that the equation with Agum II is not completely certain. There are two school exercises from Qal'at al-Bahrain on Dilmun that date back to the reign of Agum. This is probably Agum III.

9. Kassite rulers

Weidner (1926) identified Agum kakrime as the 9th ruler of the synchronistic king list (reading m ag-gu- [u] m), but withdrew this interpretation. Astour reads the corresponding passage as Kak-ri-i [mm] e, which is an epithet of Agum II. Astour accepts Agum-kakrime . As Boese emphasizes, this interpretation is "very seductive", but ultimately not verifiable. Na'Aman considers Agum to be the 8th treasury ruler.

The king in question ruled for 22 years.

Names

IM Diakonoff interpreted the nickname Agum as Akkadian kak rīme , sword of compassion (Astour 1986, 330), Astour as "weapon of thunder" or thunderbolt .

literature

  • JA Brinkman: Materials and Studies for Kassite History. vol. I, Chicago 1976.
  • H. Gasche: La fin de la première dynastie de Babylone: ​​une chute difficile. Akkadica 124, 2003, pp. 205-220.
  • A. Götze: The Kassites and near Eastern chronology. In: Journal of cuneiform studies. 18, 1964, pp. 97-101.
  • Benno Landsberger: The good word. MAOG 4 (1928-1929), p. 312.
  • Benno Landsberger : Assyrian King List and Dark Ages. In: Journal Cuneiform Studies. 8 (1954) 65 n.160, 67, 116.
  • EF Weidner: The great king list from Assur. In: Archive for Orient Research. 3, 1926, 66-77. (Transcription)
  • EF Weidner: The older Kassite kings. In: Archive for Orient Research. 19 (1959-1960).

Notes and evidence

  1. ↑ Albrecht Goetze, The Kassites and near Eastern Chronology. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 18/4, 1964, 97
  2. ↑ Albrecht Goetze, The Kassites and near Eastern Chronology. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 18/4, 1964, 98
  3. ↑ Bernd Jankowski, Gernot Wilhem: TUAT , New Series, Vol. 1. Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2004, ISBN 3-579-05289-6 , p. 361.
  4. ↑ Benno Landsberger, Assyrian King List and "Dark Ages". Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8/2, 1954, 65
  5. ↑ Peter Stein: The Central and New Babylonian King Inscriptions up to the end of the Assyrian rule. Mainz 2000, p. 151.
  6. ↑ Nadav Na'Aman, Statements of Time-Spans by Babylonian and Assyrian Kings and Mesopotamian Chronology. Iraq 46/2, 1984, 122
  7. ↑ I 3353+, Riekele Borger, god Marduk and God-King Sulgi as a prophet. Two prophetic texts. Bibliotheca Orientalis 28, 1971, 3–24 (5, 16, 21)
  8. ↑ a b Nadav Na'Aman, Statements of Time-Spans by Babylonian and Assyrian Kings and Mesopotamian Chronolog. Iraq 46/2, 1984, 122
  9. ^ JA Brinkman, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 BC: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archeology 76/3, 1972, 274
  10. ↑ Nadav Na'Aman, Statements of Time-Spans by Babylonian and Assyrian Kings and Mesopotamian Chronolog. Iraq 46/2, 1984, 123
  11. ↑ Niek Veldhuis, Kassite Exercises: Literary and Lexical Extracts. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 52, 2000, 70
  12. ↑ Johannes Boese: "Ḫarbašipak", "Tiptakzi" and the chronology of the older Kassite period. In: Journal of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology. 98, 2008, pp. 201–210, note 26.
personal data
SURNAME Agum II. Kakrime
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Agum
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Kassite king of Babylon
DATE OF BIRTH 16th century BC BC or 15th century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 15th century BC BC or 14th century BC Chr.