Acute phase protein
In the context of tissue damage (injury, operation, infection), a non-specific immune reaction ( acute phase reaction , SIRS ) occurs. Endothelial cells , fibroblasts and inflammatory cells such. B. Macrophages in the damaged tissue release messenger substances ("mediators"), e.g. B. interleukin-1 , interleukin-6 , TNF-α , TGF-β , gamma interferon , EGF , LIF and the like. a. that reach the liver via the bloodstream . There, in the presence of cortisol , they stimulate the liver to increase the synthesis of around 30 different acute phase proteins . Their concentration increases one to two thousand times within 6–48 hours after the damaging event.
function
- Localization of inflammation
- Prevention of the spread
- Support of the immune system in cleaning up the focus of inflammation
Acute phase proteins
- Fibrinogen : increases the tendency to clot → local thrombus formation in the inflammation area → pathogens are no longer flushed out into the bloodstream.
- Alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha- antichymotrypsin : counteract the increased release of proteases → reduction of tissue damage.
- C-reactive protein : binds to phosphocholine of the pathogen → opsonization (= "make palatable" for phagocytes ) and activates the complement system through C1q binding
- Serum amyloid A (SAA): induces leukocyte adhesion and the formation of proinflammatory (pro-inflammatory) cytokines
- Orosomucoid (alpha1 acid glycoprotein): promotes fibroblast growth and interacts with collagen
- Haptoglobin : hemoglobin binding and transport to protect against renal excretion
- Ceruloplasmin : inhibits the formation of free oxygen radicals
- Complement -C3: opsonization and chemotaxis
- Complement -MBL: Mannose-binding lectin of the MBL pathway of complement activation
- Plasminogen
- Ferritin : deprivation of iron, which bacteria need for their growth
- Procalcitonin
- Thrombopoietin : promotes megakaryopoiesis and thus the formation of platelets
- Hepcidin : inhibits the iron transporter ferroportin on intestinal mucosal cells and thus reduces the absorption of iron from the intestine into the blood
Anti-acute phase proteins
Anti-acute phase proteins, also known as "negative acute phase proteins", show falling serum concentrations in acute inflammation. They include:
swell
Biochemistry & Pathobiochemistry, Löffler Petrides, 7th edition, Springer-Verlag, 2003