Accessory bone

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A neck rib (left). Computed tomography, 3D reconstruction.

The human skeleton consists of 206 to 214 individual bones in an adult. A small fraction of the population has a number of extra bones called accessory bones . The accessory bones include:

Examples of accessory bones

Os odontoideum

Bony core in the dens axis , which ontogenetically represents the vertebral body of the first cervical vertebra ( atlas ), is not fused with the rest of the vertebral body of the 2nd cervical vertebra ( axis ) . This can be mistaken for a fracture.

Cervical rib ( costa cervicalis )

About 0.5 percent of the population has a dorsally attached stubby rib on the 7th cervical vertebra , which is connected to the sternum either by cartilage or connective tissue . A neck rib is more common in women than in men. In some cases, this cervical rib can lead to cervical rib syndrome.

Lumbar rib ( Costa lumbalis , English lumbar rip )

An additional rib can be observed on the 1st lumbar vertebra in 7.75–8.46% of the population, less often on the 2nd lumbar vertebra. The variants range from small stumps to fully developed ribs. Lumbar ribs are symptom-free and have no clinical significance. In the differential diagnosis, however, they must be differentiated from fractures and pseudarthroses . Loin ribs are very common in some strains of mice . Certain chemicals or drugs such as methyl glycol , dinoseb , sodium salicylate and valproic acid can induce lumbar ribs in mouse fetuses.

Inca leg

The Inca leg is a switching bone on the human skull. It is located in the area of ​​the lambda suture ( sutura lamdoidea ), the connection between the parietal bone ( parietal bone ) and occiput ( occipital bone ).

Accessory hand bones
Accessory hand bones
  • Os styloideum
  • Os hypolunatum
  • Triangular bone
  • Epilunate bone
  • Os radiale externum
  • Os centrale
Accessory foot bones
Accessory foot bones.
The position of accessory tarsal bones in humans. On the left the right foot in plantar (from the sole of the foot, “from below”) and on the right the same foot in dorsal (from the back of the foot, “from above”). 1 = Os cuneometatarsale I plantare , 2 = Os uncinatum , 3 = Os sesamoideum tibialis posterioris , 4 = Os sesamoideum peroneum , 5 = Os cuboideum secundarium , 6 = Os trochleare calcanei , 7 = Os in sinu tarsi , 8 = Os sustentaculum tali , 9 = Os talocalcaneare posterius , 10 = Os aponeurosis plantaris , 11 = Os subcalcaneum , 12 = Os sesamoideum tibialis anterioris , 13 = Os cuneometatarsale I tibiale , 14 = Os intermetatarsale I , 15 = Os cuneometatarsale II dorsale , 16 = Os paracuneiforme , 17 = Os cuneonavicular I dorsale , 18 = Os intercuneiforme , 19 = Os intermetatarsale IV , 20 = Os talonavicular dorsale , 21 = Os vesalianum pedis , 22 = Os tibiale externum , 23 = Os talotibiale dorsale , 24 = Os supratalare , 25 = Os calcaneum secundarium , 26 = os subtibiale , 27 = os subfibulare , 28 = os retinaculi , 29 = os calcaneum accessorium , 30 = os trigonum , 31 = os supracalcaneum , 32 = os tendinis calcanei
Accessory foot bones

A number of accessory tarsal bones can be observed, particularly on the tarsal bones . Some of them are widespread and in many cases they are asymptomatic. Usually it is a matter of chance findings during an X-ray examination. The Os tibiale externum , for example, is present in about one fifth of all adults. The os trigonum occurs in 3–15% of adults.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ SE Authorsen: Spine, Thorax. In: J. Krämer (Ed.): Orthopedics and orthopedic surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-13-126191-9 .
  2. ^ Y. Kurihara et al.: The ribs: anatomic and radiologic considerations. In: Radiographics. 19, 1999, pp. 105-119. PMID 9925395 (Review)
  3. ↑ MS Fisher: Eve's rib (letter). In: Radiology. 140, 1981, p. 841.
  4. ^ SE Authorsen: Spine, Thorax. In: J. Krämer (Ed.): Orthopedics and orthopedic surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-13-126191-9 . limited preview in Google Book search
  5. ↑ S. Branch et al.: Supernumerary lumbar rib: manifestation of basic alteration in embryonic development of ribs. In: J Appl Toxicol . 16, 1996, pp. 115-119. PMID 8935784
  6. ↑ O. Foulon et al: Induction of supernumerary ribs with sodium salicylate. In: Reprod Toxicol 13, 1999, pp. 369-374. PMID 10560585
  7. ↑ JM Rogers et al: Chemically induced supernumerary lumbar ribs in CD-1 mice: size distribution and dose response. In: Birth Defects Res Part B-Dev Reprod Toxicol 71, 2004, pp. 17-25. PMID 14991907 .
  8. ↑ References: Commons: Template: Accessory bones of the wrist - references
  9. ↑ a b Evidence: Commons: Template: Accessory and sesamoid bones of the foot - references
  10. ^ CJ Wirth: Orthopedics and orthopedic surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-13-126241-9 . limited preview in Google Book search

literature

  • E. Bücheler, M. Thelen: Introduction to Radiology: Diagnostics and Interventions. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-13-316011-7 , pp. 52-53. limited preview in Google Book search
  • J. Brossmann, C. Czerny, J. Freyschmidt: Freyschmidts Koehler / Zimmer Limits of the normal and the beginnings of the pathological. 14th edition. Thieme Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-13-362214-5 .
  • Özkan Köse: The Accessory Ossicles of the Foot and Ankle; a Diagnostic Pitfall in Emergency Department in Context of Foot and Ankle Trauma. (Review) In: Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine. 11, 2012, pp. 106–114, doi: 10.5152 / jaem.2012.002 (full text free online)

Web links

Commons : Accessory Bones of Humans  - Collection of images, videos and audio files