Alexander Nikolajewitsch Engelhardt

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Alexander Nikolajewitsch Engelhardt

Alexander Nikolayevich Engelhardt ( Russian Александр Николаевич Энгельгардт * July 21 jul. / 2. August  1832 greg. Gut Klimowo at Smolensk , † January 21 . Jul / 2. February  1893 . Greg in the village Batischtschewo near Smolensk) was one of the Founder of agrochemicals in Russia .

Life

He was a member of the Baltic noble family Engelhardt , more specifically, a descendant of the Livonian-German knight Robert Engelhardt, who in 1558 under Ivan the Terrible in Russian fell captive, later the Orthodox accepted the faith and remained in Russia. The family split into three branches, the Petersburg, Smolensk and Yaroslavler branches.

From 1853 he attended the Michail Artillery Academy of Saint Petersburg and became a lieutenant in the Imperial Russian Guard Artillery. In the Crimean War (1853–56) he had proven himself to be an excellent officer. From 1855 he was head of the cannon foundry and chemical laboratories at the new arsenal in Saint Petersburg. He also taught chemistry at the Alexander Lyceum there . In 1865 he became professor of agricultural chemistry in the Forest Corps Institute in Saint Petersburg. He was in 1870 by the University of Kharkiv of Dr. hc awarded.

He was a publicist for the Narodniki . He joined the organization Zemlya i Volja ( Land and Freedom ). In 1871 the tsar banished him to Batishchevo for spreading democratic ideas .

Here he had 618 desiatins (per 1.1 ha) of land, including 88 desjatin farmland. In order to operate successfully on it, he had to use all known scientific methods. Within 15 years he managed to double the yield.

At the request of the satirist Mikhail Evgrafowitsch Saltykow-Shchedrin to describe the current situation in the Russian village, he published Aus dem Dorf. 12 letters 1872–1887 , which were published several times and to which Lenin also referred in his first major work The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1896–99, during his exile).

He came to the conviction that after the elimination of serfdom the farms and manors would have to change fundamentally. Intelligent operations managers and the creation of Artel stores are important. In order to keep losses low, he advocated the processing of agricultural products at the village level instead of in distant factories.

Most of his popular articles on agriculture, such as chemical fertilizers, were published in the journal Otetschestvennye Sapiski . He also translated Hofmann's Agricultural Chemistry .

He maintained a close relationship with Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadski and Vasily Vasilyevich Docuchayev . Many of his ideas were further developed in the early 20th century. His students included AS Yermolov (Deputy Minister of Agriculture) and PA Kostychev (second director of the Department of Agriculture).

Publications

  • Russian agriculture issues
  • The chemical principles of agriculture
  • The history of my estate management

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alexander Alexandrowitsch Nikonow, Eberhard Schulze: Three centuries of agricultural science in Russia: From 1700 to the present ( Memento from April 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) PDF, 2.4 MB
  2. ^ Marxists.org: What the "Friends of the People" Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats
  3. ↑ Lenin: a revolutionary life; By Christopher Read; P. 39

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Engelhardt, Alexander Nikolajewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Энгельгардт, Александр Николаевич (Russian spelling)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian agrochemist
DATE OF BIRTH August 2, 1832
PLACE OF BIRTH Gut Klimowo near Smolensk
DATE OF DEATH February 2, 1893
Place of death Batishchev village near Smolensk