Amateur radio certificate
The amateur radio certificate is an examination certificate from the authority responsible for the amateur radio service .
To send within the scope of the amateur radio service, you need an amateur radio examination certificate as well as an authorization to participate in the amateur radio service with simultaneous assignment of a personal amateur radio call sign . These can be acquired through an examination at the national telecommunications administration.
Amateur radio certificate in Germany
The amateur radio certificate is proof from the Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Post and Railways (BNetzA) that an amateur radio exam has been passed.
Licenses are not issued in the amateur radio service, since an amateur radio station (according to AFuG ) may not be operated for commercial or economic purposes and not for the purpose of providing telecommunications services on a commercial basis. Nevertheless, the amateur radio certificate is often referred to as a license or license certificate .
The term license is probably also used because the approval in the USA is called a license . In amateur radio, English is largely the standard and English technical terms are used worldwide.
Admission to participation in the amateur radio service
The amateur radio certificate is a prerequisite for the granting of admission to participation in the amateur radio service and simultaneous allocation of a personal amateur radio call sign . Transmission on the amateur radio bands is only permitted with the assigned call sign and a commercially available or self-made amateur radio station as well as transmission systems that have been converted into amateur radio stations are operated as transmitters. In accordance with Section 9 (5) of the Amateur Radio Ordinance (AFuV), the reception of broadcasts does not require authorization to participate in the amateur radio service .
exam
For the amateur radio certificate one is tested in the following parts of the examination:
- Technology (restricted questionnaire for class E)
- Operating technology (handling of radio traffic), identical for classes A + E
- Legal knowledge (e.g. Amateur Radio Act , Amateur Radio Ordinance , Implementation Regulations for Radio Services , Telecommunications Act , Act on the Electromagnetic Compatibility of Equipment ...), identical for classes A + E
- Morse code telegraphy (optional additional test; previously important for the issuing of a HAREC )
The multiple selection format is used in the written test of the technology, industrial engineering and regulations examination parts . Four possible answers are suggested, only one of which is correct.
The respective part of the examination is considered passed when 75% of the possible points have been achieved. An oral re-examination is possible from 70%. A maximum of four uncorrected errors are allowed in the Morse Code test.
For the extension of a class E license to class A, only the (more extensive) examination part technology of class A has to be taken.
Current amateur radio certificate classes
The requirements of the exam depend on the amateur radio certificate class (license class).
Class a
- Access to all amateur radio bands with a maximum transmit output power of up to 750 W PEP . This class corresponds to the CEPT license .
Class E.
- Access to some amateur radio bands with a maximum transmit output power of up to 100 W PEP in the short wave range and up to 75 W PEP in the ultra short wave range. This class corresponds to the CEPT novice license. In detail, transmission is permitted on the following frequency ranges / with the following transmission output powers:
| tape | Frequency (MHz) | permissible output power |
|---|---|---|
| 160 m | 1.810-1.890 | up to 100 watts |
| 1,890-2,000 | up to 10 watts | |
| 80 m | 3,500-3,800 | up to 100 watts |
| 15 m | 21,000-21,450 | up to 100 watts |
| 10 m | 28,000-29,700 | up to 100 watts |
| 6 m | 50,000-50,400 / 50,400-52,000 | up to 100 watts / up to 25 watts |
| 2 m | 144-146 | up to 75 watts |
| 70 cm | 430-440 | up to 75 watts |
| 13 cm | 2320-2450 | up to 5 watts |
| 6 cm | 5650-5850 | up to 5 watts |
| 3 cm | 10,000-10,500 | up to 5 watts |
In this context, the holders of a class E amateur radio license may also carry out radio operations in some shortwave bands with limited transmitter power. Holders of a class A amateur radio license, on the other hand, are allowed to carry out radio operations in all frequency ranges designated for the amateur radio service up to the maximum permissible transmitter power. In both license classes, however, the regulations of the Ordinance on the Verification Procedure for Limiting Electromagnetic Fields (BEMFV) must be observed. This verification procedure applies to stationary radio systems which emit a power of ≥ 10 W EIRP .
CEPT license (radio operation abroad)
The CEPT license was introduced by the ERO to simplify amateur radio operations while on vacation or when staying in other countries permanently. It consists of two independent parts. The first part, recommendation T / R 61-01 CEPT Radio Amateur License , regulates amateur radio operations during a short stay abroad. Radio operations can be carried out in 31 countries without first having to apply for a license or a call sign in the host country. In the second part, Recommendation T / R 61-02 Harmonized amateur radio examination certificates , the mutual recognition of amateur radio certificates is stipulated and at the same time the topics are specified that must be examined in an amateur radio examination in order to be recognized internationally. 21 countries apply the T / R 61-02.
For Germany, the Federal Network Agency has both of the above. CEPT recommendations by the Official Journal - available implemented 11/2005 into national law.
Example for radio operation according to CEPT recommendation abroad: The German station with the call sign DL1XXX transmits in Spain (country prefix EA). Then she uses the callsign EA / DL1XXX there. Before the introduction of the CEPT regulation, you had to apply for a license for every stay abroad in the host country. The local authority issued a special call sign. Each country had to conclude an agreement with the authorities of the other country, in which the details were specified. This meant the conclusion of 900 intergovernmental agreements for 30 countries. Any new country can join the CEPT regulation with a simple declaration of intent without negotiation.
In October 2005 the CEPT Novice Radio Amateur License was created; it has lower requirements for the amateur radio exams than the CEPT Radio Amateur License . The examination content is summarized in ERC Report 32 , on the basis of which the license examinations can be mutually recognized (analogous to T / R 61-02 ). The actual license is the recommendation ECC / REC 05-06 and is currently used by 22 countries (as of April 2013). It regulates - analogous to T / R 61-01 - the radio operation when visiting abroad. The Federal Network Agency implemented these two recommendations in Ordinance 93/2005 into German law.
Since the CEPT licenses are only recommendations, the individual countries can issue further requirements, e.g. B. request a telegraphy test. The legal situation of the host country is always decisive.
K license
In Germany, the introduction of a K license with reduced exams and privileges was discussed for beginners. After the rejection by the Ministry of Economics, these considerations were largely put down. At the beginning of 2015, the topic was discussed again at the amateur radio round table and is currently being pursued.
Exam preparation courses
In Germany, the two amateur radio associations offer DARC and VFDB courses to prepare for the class E and A amateur radio test as well as practical training in radio operations. You can also take an SWL exam here and receive a so-called DE callsign, under which you can send QSL cards (radio confirmation cards) as a short wave listener .
Amateur radio certificate in Switzerland
Exams must be taken at the Federal Office of Communication. The examination areas cover technology, regulations, structure and operation of the radio station. The Union of Swiss Shortwave Amateurs (USKA) offers courses for exam preparation .
- Entry-level license ("HB3 license")
- The entry-level license is an easy intermediate step to the shortwave license. Regulations and simple, elementary basic knowledge of electronics are tested during the exam. With a beginner's license, amateur radio equipment from commercial production with a power of max. Use 50 watts in the FM frequency range (144 to 146 MHz and 430 to 440 MHz). Since January 1, 2008, the 160/80/15/10 meter shortwave bands have also been released for HB3 licensees. The max. Power is limited to 100 watts. The HB3 license corresponds to the CEPT novice license according to recommendation ECC / REC 05-06 .
- Shortwave license ("HB9 license")
- After passing the relevant test and acquiring the license, you can transmit with great power on all amateur radio frequencies and use self-made radios. The HB9 license corresponds to the CEPT license according to recommendation T / R 61-01 .
- Receiving license ("HE hearing amateur")
- One can also start as a "listener" to familiarize oneself with the operation on the amateur radio bands. This will benefit you later as a radio amateur with a beginner's or shortwave license. A reception license can be obtained without training and exams from the Union of Swiss Shortwave Amateurs, previously officially via the PTT .
Amateur radio certificate in Austria
The (oral) examinations must be taken at the telecommunications office responsible for the area (telecommunications authority of the first instance). The examination areas extend over the two areas “Legal Regulations” and “Technical Basics and Operation”.
- Authorization class 1 (CEPT license)
- All permissible frequency ranges including shortwave; Max. 400 W. All permissible modes of operation and transmission including CW (Morse code)
- Authorization class 3
- Frequency ranges 144–146 MHz (2 m) and 430–440 MHz (70 cm) max. 100 W. Only commercially manufactured and unmodified transmission systems may be used. The license is only valid in Austria.
- Approval class 4 (CEPT novice license)
- Frequency ranges short wave 160 m, 80 m, 15 m, 10 m; VHF: 2 m, 70 cm max. 100 W. Only commercially manufactured and unmodified transmission systems may be used. The license is valid in all countries that also have a CEPT novice license.
Amateur radio certificate in Poland
In order to be able to operate the radio systems in the amateur radio service in Poland, the amateur radio certificate (Polish: Świadectwo operatora urządzeń radiowych w służbie amatorskiej) is required. The certificates are issued in two classes:
- Class A - entitles the holder to operate amateur radio systems that can work in all frequency ranges approved in Poland. Furthermore, this certificate enables the holder to apply for a class 1 amateur radio license and thus to be assigned a callsign. The class A amateur radio certificate fulfills the internationally recognized HAREC standard and corresponds to the CEPT amateur radio license in accordance with CEPT recommendation T / R 61-01. The applicant must be at least 15 years old to receive the Class A certificate.
- Class C - entitles the owner to operate amateur radio systems which can work in the following frequency ranges: 1810–2000 kHz, 3500–3800 kHz, 7000–7200 kHz, 14000–14350 kHz, 21000–21450 kHz, 28000–29700 kHz, 144– 146 MHz 430-440 MHz and 10-10.5 GHz. Furthermore, this certificate enables the holder to apply for the class 3 amateur radio license and thus to be assigned the callsign. The class C certificate fulfills the ECC recommendation (05) 06. The applicant must be at least 10 years old to receive the Class C certificate.
exam
The authority responsible for amateur radio services in Poland is called Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (UKE). The amateur radio exams are to be taken in Poland before the UKE commission. The exam consists of two parts:
- In the first (written) part, the following examination parts * are examined:
- technology
- Safe work and operation of electronic devices
- Industrial engineering
- Regulations and Law
* In the examinations for certificates of class C fewer questions are asked than is the case in the examination for certificates of class A.
- In the second (practical) part of the test, the correct handling of radio traffic is checked. A QSO simulation is usually carried out between the examiner and the test item. The knowledge of the Q-key, the correct pronunciation of the ICAO radio alphabet and the knowledge of the ITU prefixes are tested
A maximum of 25 points can be achieved in the examination - a maximum of 5 points per area. The exam is considered passed if the examinee receives at least 3 points in each area. If the examinee fails the examination, he can catch up on the areas in which he has achieved less than 3 points within one year.
Admission to the exam and issuing the first certificate costs PLN 75 for class A and PLN 50 for class C. The cost of a new certificate (without exam) is PLN 15
Amateur radio permits
Two basic categories of amateur radio licenses are issued in Poland, depending on the amateur radio certificate presented by the applicant.
Category 1
The category 1 radio license enables the holder to operate with a maximum of 500 watts of transmission power with all permissible modes of operation and transmission including CW (Morse code) in all frequency ranges approved for amateur radio services in Poland.
Category 3
The category 3 radio license enables the holder to operate with a maximum of 100 watts of transmission power with all permitted modes of operation and transmission in the following frequency ranges approved for amateur radio services in Poland: 1810–2000 kHz, 3500–3800 kHz, 7000–7200 kHz, 14000–14350 kHz, 21000-21450 kHz, 28000-29700 kHz, 144-146 MHz, 430-440 MHz and 10-10.5 GHz.
The period of validity of the permits (both category 1 and 3) is 10 years.
Other types of permits
Category 5
Radio license in the amateur radio service, which authorizes the owner to operate the automatic radio station. Transmission power depending on approval.
Category T - additional approval
Additional radio permits are only granted to the holder of a Category 1 permit. The maximum permitted transmission power is 1500 watts. This category of approval can be valid for a maximum of one year.
Obtaining an amateur radio license always costs PLN 82.
Callsign
The call signs in Poland are composed as follows:
- Prefix - you can choose between prefixes HF, SN, SO, SP, SQ, SR, 3Z
- Number from 0 to 9
- Combination maximum
- 7 characters including letters and numbers. The last character must always be a letter - for category T
- 4 characters including letters and numbers. The last character must always be a letter - for other categories
The prefix SR is only approved for category 5 callsigns.
literature
- Eckart Moltrecht : Amateur radio course TECHNIK for the amateur radio certificate class E , 8th edition, Verlag für Technik und Handwerk 2011, ISBN 978-3-88180-364-9
- Eckart Moltrecht: Amateur radio course TECHNIK for the amateur radio certificate class A , 5th edition, Verlag für Technik und Handwerk 2010, ISBN 978-3-88180-389-2
- Eckart Moltrecht: Amateur radio course, industrial engineering and regulations for the amateur radio certificate , 5th edition, Verlag für Technik und Handwerk 2010, ISBN 978-3-88180-803-3
- Christoph Grandt, Stratis Karamanolis: This is how I become a radio amateur , Elektra Verlag ISBN 3-922238-15-7
- Hans H. Cuno (DL2CH): Preparation for the amateur radio license exam , cheeky publisher ISBN 3-7724-5402-X
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ordinance to the law on amateur radio (Amateurfunkverordnung - AFuV) https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/BJNR024200005.html
- ↑ a b List of countries for T / R 61-01 ( Memento of the original from April 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Country list for T / R 61-02 ( memento of the original from October 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Order 11/2005 ( Memento of July 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b List of countries for ECC / REC 05-06 ( Memento of the original from September 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Świadectwa w służbie radiokomunikacyjnej amatorskiej - UKE. (No longer available online.) In: www.uke.gov.pl. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016 ; accessed on April 15, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ UKE - Strona Główna - UKE. In: www.uke.gov.pl. Retrieved April 15, 2016 .
- ↑ Pozwolenia amatorskie - UKE. (No longer available online.) In: www.uke.gov.pl. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016 ; accessed on April 15, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ List of active callsigns in Poland. Retrieved April 15, 2016 .
