American vine leafhopper

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American vine leafhopper
American vine leafhopper

American vine leafhopper

Systematics
Subordination : Risso cicadas (Cicadomorpha)
Family : Dwarf cicadas (Cicadellidae)
Subfamily : Chirping (deltocephalinae)
Tribe : Athysanini
Genre : Scaphoid
Type : American vine leafhopper
Scientific name
Scaphoideus titanus
Ball , 1932

The American leaf hoppers ( Scaphoideus titanus ) is a species of the dwarf leafhopper family that feeds on the sap of grapevine plants . The American vine leafhopper is the only known vector ( vector ) of the vine disease golden yellow .

features

The adult American vine leafhopper is about 5 mm long, has a reddish brownish yellow body with a characteristic brownish back markings. The larvae are yellowish white with two dark brown spots on the tip of the abdomen .

Nutrition and development

Scaphoideus titanus , female

The American vine cicada only lives on vines : it sucks on the phloem , that is the part of the vascular plant bundle in which nutrients and other assimilates are transported.

The eggs are laid by the small cicada in autumn mainly under the bark of the biennial wood. The hibernating eggs are always phytoplasmic free .

The larvae hatch from the end of May to the beginning of June, depending on the weather. The larvae usually stay on the same vine and are mainly on the underside of the leaves. It takes about three weeks from the ingestion of the pathogen Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis to the ability to pass on the yellowing disease. The adult cicadas, usually from mid-July, are very mobile and can cause the disease to spread rapidly over great distances.

ecology

Like many leafhoppers, American leaf leafhoppers can live in symbiosis with different microorganisms and usually harbor a complex microflora , often Cardinium .

Like other leafhoppers, American leafhoppers may also be myrmecophilic . H. they can live with ants in trophobiosis . The microbiological symbionts of the American leafhopper can be pathological to the ant hosts and have been identified in various species of ants.

Spread

The American vine leafhopper originally only occurred in America. It reached Europe on the occasion of a probably one-time introduction event . In 1949 it appeared in the Armagnac region on the Baco Blanc grape variety as a carrier of the Phytoplasmas Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis, which triggers the golden yellow yellowing. Initially, the neozoon's distribution area was limited to the south of France ( Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitania ) and the north of Italy.

In the early 1990s, the spread of the disease carrier appeared to be slowing. In the years 1997–1999, however, new cases of illness were reported in the Gironde department in France . In 2004 the American vine cicada was first sighted in Austria ( southern Styria ). In 2006 the American vine cicada and the golden yellow yellowing were common over the wine-growing regions of Europe between Portugal and the Balkans.

Combat

In order for the golden yellowing to spread, either infected vines must be present within a wine-growing area or infectious cicadas from other areas must fly in the summer. It is therefore particularly important that infected vines are removed as quickly as possible and the degree of infection of the American vine leafhopper is reduced by suitable measures. In the federal states there are legal provisions with which measures can be ordered quickly in the event of an infestation situation with clearing measures on the one hand and plant protection measures in a certain area around the detected infestation on the other. The following regulations apply within designated infestation and safety zones. Opened vineyards, propagation areas, vine hedges, etc. are to be brought into a proper state of care or cleared by the end of May. Clematis ( Clematis vitalba ) from planted areas and from neighboring forest edges must be removed. They must be prevented from growing again. All vineyards, vine hedges, vine arbors and individual vines are to be treated in accordance with the official requirements.

literature

  • Marlies Vötsch: The Scaphoideus Titanus , life department Styria , Haidegger perspectives 3/2009. In: agrar.steiermark.at
  • Juliane Blaha: American vine cicada and golden yellowing of the vine , Styrian Life Department, Haidegger Perspektiven 1/2014. In: agrar.steiermark.at
  • Karl Bauer, Ferdinand Regner , Barbara Schildberger: Viticulture . avBook published by Cadmos Verlag , Vienna, 9th edition 2013, ISBN 978-3-7040-2284-4
  • Horst Dietrich Mohr: color atlas diseases, pests and beneficial insects on the grapevine . 2nd edition, 2012, Eugen Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart, ISBN 978-3-8001-7592-5 , p. 58.

Web links

Commons : American vine leafhopper ( Scaphoideus titanus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Horst Dietrich Mohr: color atlas diseases, pests and beneficial insects on the grapevine , 2nd edition, 2012, Eugen Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart, ISBN 978-3-8001-7592-5 , p. 58.
  2. ↑ a b Karl Bauer, Ferdinand Regner , Barbara Schildberger: Weinbau , avBuch im Cadmos Verlag, Vienna, 9th edition 2013, ISBN 978-3-7040-2284-4 .
  3. ↑ Encyclopédie des ravageurs européens: Vine leafhopper . Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  4. ↑ Viticulture Recommendations 2015 , Austrian Wine Association, Vienna, Schauflergasse 6
  5. ↑ L. Sacchi et al .: Multiple symbiosis in the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): details of transovarial transmission of Cardinium sp. and yeast-like endosymbionts. In: Tissue and Cell 40, No. 4, August 2008, pp. 231-242, doi : 10.1016 / j.tice.2007.12.005 .
  6. ↑ Anu Sirviö, Pekka Pamilo: Multiple endosymbionts in populations of the ant Formica cinerea. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, No. 1, 2010, p. 335, doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-10-335 .
  7. ↑ Oliver Y. Martin, Nalini Puniamoorthy, Andrea Gubler, Corinne Wimmer, Christoph Germann, Marco V. Bernasconi: Infections with the microbe Cardinium in the Dolichopodidae and other Empidoidea. In: Journal of Insect Science 13, No. 1, 2013, p. 47, doi : 10.1673 / 031.013.4701 .
  8. ↑ Daciana Papura et al .: Microsatellite and mitochondrial data provide evidence for a single major introduction for the Nearctic leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus in Europe. In: PLoS ONE 7, No. 5, 2012, e36882, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0036882 .
  9. ↑ inra.fr: Mycoplasme de la Flavescence dorée (French)
  10. ↑ Massimo Marzorati et al .: A novel Bacteroidetes symbiont is localized in Scaphoideus titanus, the insect vector of Flavescence Dorée in Vitis vinifera. In: Appl Environ Microbiol. 72, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 1467-1475, doi : 10.1128 / AEM.72.2.1467-1475.2006 .
  11. ↑ Viticulture Recommendations 2015 , Austrian Wine Association, Vienna, Schauflergasse 6