Anarchist feminism

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Anarcha is a term from the 1970s -Jahren and has its historical origins in feminism and radical feminism with elements of anarchist theory and practice.

history

de Cleyre at the age of 35 in Philadelphia

In the United States and Europe, feminism has undoubtedly contributed to improving emancipation since the rise of feminist ideas about two hundred years ago and the resulting women's movement .

The word creation anarcha-feminism was coined by US feminists in the mid-1970s as an alternative to classical feminism (sometimes also called "bourgeois feminism"), which usually only turns against patriarchal rule. However, anarchist feminism rejects all forms of rule in all areas of life. L. Susan Brown argued: "Sole anarchist feminists provide a theory that combats all hierarchies and forms of rule, whether they are sexist, racist, class or state".

Women like Emma Goldman , Louise Michel , Rirette Maîtrejean , Clara Wichmann , Amparo Poch y Gascón , Wera Figner , Voltairine de Cleyre , Itō Noe , Natascha Notkin , Milly Witkop and Virginie Barbet as well as, for example, the Syndicalist Women's Association and the can be considered forerunners of anarcha feminism Spanish anarchist women's movement Mujeres Libres . Other anarchist feminists are Rosella Di Leo and Maria Matteo from Italy and Luisa Capetillo from Puerto Rico. According to Janet Biehl , radical feminism in the late 1960s to mid 1970s developed a social-feminist analysis. Social institutions prevent women from “developing all of their humanity”. Janet Biehl represents social ecofeminism , which is based on the concept of libertarian communalism and the "social ecology" of Murray Bookchin . Biehl is interested in the connection between anarchism and feminism, libertarian socialism and social ecology .

With a lecture in the House of Democracy on October 19, 2001 in Berlin, Antje Schrupp posed the question “Feminist Socialism? Equality and differences in the history of socialism ”, citing as an example the statement by André Léo ,“ the participation of women in the military organizations of the Paris Commune ”. In the Franco-German war, women wanted to found a women's battalion. Léo decided against it because, in her opinion, a women's battalion would not change the defeat of France. However, she advocated the participation of women in defense of the commune in military actions "because literally every hand was needed". In particular, the American feminists such as Peggy Kornegger and Carol Ehrlich tried to find the political framework for the desired “feminist revolution in society” in Peter Kropotkin's communist anarchism . For both, "feminists are natural anarchists" and communist anarchism takes the "spiritual, emotional and individual aspects of human nature seriously", which are also the basis of feminism. Feminism, as Kornegger and Ehrlich understood it, differed from the classic women's movement in that not only the patriarchy was the focus of their criticism, but the abolition of all governance structures, including matriarchal ideas.

However, according to Silke Lohschelder , neither Kropotkin nor Michael Bakunin succeeded in their analyzes in systematically working out the problem of the oppression of women. Both anarchists agreed with feminist theory that the focus of discrimination against women is the authoritarian, patriarchal small family structures.

Compared to classical feminism, anarcha-feminism goes further in that it combines anarchism and feminism and on this basis rejects and opposes any form of rule. According to Lohschelder, however, not all radical feminists agree with anarchist ideology. Carol Ehrlich called for a revolutionary practice and referred in her proposals to the The Society of the Spectacle of the Situationists in order to break through the social stereotype of women: to proceed with subversive actions such as “guerrilla tactics” in order to avoid the traditional ways of thinking of “ Rebellion ”and political action.

The Anarchist Federation of Norway (ANORG) presented at the third congress (June 1-7, 1982) on the subject of anarchist feminism “Five main types of oppression” of women: 1) The ideological oppression by cultural traditions, religion and manipulation by certain values; 2) hierarchical organizational structures of state power; 3) Economic disadvantage ( exploitation ) of women, among other things through underpaid; 4) violence in privacy as well as in society; 5) The lack of a suitable form of organization and, as a result, the rule of a “despotism that inhibits a sense of responsibility and promotes passivity and indifference”. The existing sexual ideas in education, the world of work and in the media should, according to ANORG, be eliminated and work, self-help and discussion groups should be formed, which has been realized over the years. Anarchist feminism wants all people to have the same rights and that the freedom and independence of women in all areas of life are the same as that of men. A free association of women and men should replace the traditional family with its patriarchal structure (ANORG).

literature

Magazines :

  • Schwarzer Faden , special issue Feminism - Anarchism: Ron Hayley A History of Anarcha Feminism , p. 51 ff.
  • Schwarzer Faden, special issue Feminism - Anarchism: Friederike Kamann Does 'Makes' women powerful? , P. 15 ff.
  • Schwarzer Faden, special issue Feminism - Anarchism: L. Susan Brown Why anarcha-feminism? , P. 20 ff.
  • Die Schwarze Botin , anarcha-feminist magazine. Published in Berlin from 1976 to 1987.

Books and essays :

  • Carol Ehrlich; Peggy Kornegger: Anarcha-Feminism . Translated from the American by Gisela Kuhlendahl, Markus Schürmeister, Jörg Michael Heinrich and Jochen Schmück , edited by Cornelia Krasser. 1st edition. Libertad Verlag , Berlin (Schmück Brothers), 1979. - 121 pages, various illustrations (Black Cherry Edition; 1) - ISBN 3-922226-04-3
  • Silke Lohschelder (Ed.): AnarchaFeminismus. On the trail of a utopia Münster: Unrast Verlag . ISBN 3-89771-200-8
  • Author collective: Reaching for the stars , original title: Our greatest common denominator , brochure of women and lesbians of the anarcha feminist meeting that has existed in Germany since 1993, 2nd revised edition 2006. Available online. PDF
  • Milly Witkop- Rocker, Hertha Barwich, Aimée Köster and others: The Syndicalist Women's Association , Unrast Verlag, Münster 2007. ISBN 978-3-89771-915-6
  • AG Women of Libertarian Action Winterthur: Anarcha Feminism: An approach that has yet to be worked out . Winterthur 2008. (Brochure)
  • Vera Bianchi: Feminism in proletarian practice: The "Syndikalistische Frauenbund" (1920 to 1933) and the "Mujeres Libres" (1936 to 1939) , in progress - Movement - History , Issue I / 2018, pp. 27–44.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ What actually is anarchist feminism ( memento of the original from December 18, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved April 21, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.anarchismus.at
  2. ↑ Cf. on this: Special issue Feminism - Anarchism in "Schwarzer Faden", page 21. L. Susan Brown, Why Anarcha-Feminism?
  3. ↑ In: "Schwarzer Faden" No. 33, 1989. Page 4 ( Memento of the original from March 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Available online at "anarchismus.at". Retrieved April 21, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.anarchismus.at
  4. ↑ J. Biehl: The social ecofeminism ( Memento of the original from March 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Criticism. Part 1. Retrieved April 21, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.anarchismus.at
  5. ^ Lecture by Antje Schrupp . Retrieved September 20, 2011
  6. ^ AG anarchafeminism of the libertarian action Winterthur: Anarchafeminismus , quote from Silke Lohschelder: Anarchafeminismus - on the trail of a utopia . Unrast-Verlag 2000, ISBN 3-89771-200-8
  7. ↑ Anarchafemism. On the trail of a utopia . Author: Silke Lohschelder. In: Grassroots Revolution No. 250, Summer 2000. Retrieved April 21, 2011
  8. ↑ Silke Lohschelder in the special issue "Feminism - Anarchism" in "Schwarzer Faden".
  9. ↑ About Carol Ehrlich . Retrieved April 21, 2012
  10. ^ Political-feminist program of the ANORG ( Memento of the original from January 24th 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Abridged reproduction in the article. Published in the magazine Trafik No. 11, January 1984. Available online at “anarchismus.at”. Retrieved April 21, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.anarchismus.at