Andriana

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Andriana is both the name of a noble caste and a title of nobility in Madagascar . Many ethnic Malagasy groups lived in highly differentiated caste systems. The Andriana were the political and spiritual leaders. Among the Merina in the central highlands of Madagascar, the origin of this caste is associated with a law of King Andriamanelo in the 16th century. Later this caste was divided into four sub-castes by King Ralambo and then expanded to six sub-castes by Andriamasinavalona .

The term "Andriana" for a noble person is common in several Malagasy tribes, including the Zafiraminia , the Merina, the Betsileo , the Betsimisaraka , the Tsimihety , the Bezanozano , the Antambahoaka and the Antemoro . Andriana was often part of the name of the Malagasy kings, princes and nobles. Linguistically, the name is usually traced back to an old Javanese nobility title.

etymology

A plausible derivation of the title leads it to the old Javanese Rahadyan ( Ra-hady-an ), "hady" means "lord" or "master." In Malagasy the term first became Rohandryan and later Roandriana , where it mainly became was used in the southeast of the island by the tribes of the Zafiraminia, Antemoro and Antambahoaka. In the central highlands, among the Merina, Betsileo, Bezanozano, and Sihanaka , the title became Randryan and Randriana or andriana .

Other etymologies suggest relationships with Sanskrit : ārya (= "noble"); raja (= "ruler, prince, king"); kshatriya (= "noble caste"); for Malay satrian (= "Ritter", "warrior"); to the modern Javanese "raden"; or even to the Hebrew adri . However, these derivations cannot be substantiated.

In Madagascar, the name of kings, princes or nobles was often formed from a combination of the title "Andriana", as a prefix , with the rest of the name. The name of King Andrianampoinimerina , for example, is a compound of "Andriana" and "Nampoinimerina". The famous Sakalava warrior "Andriamisara" also took his name from "Andriana" and "Misara".

In Madagascar, names with the prefix “Andria” are widespread today. However, this does not give any indication of the origin, as parents have no restrictions on the choice of name and the family name can also be freely chosen. After the end of the monarchy in Imerina , many parents gave names with the prefix without having any ties to the old aristocracy.

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King Andriamanelo is credited with introducing the “Andriana” caste. His son Ralambo created four subdivisions:

  • Andriantompokoindrindra, the eldest son of Ralambo and his direct descendants.
  • Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka, the other sons of Ralambos.
  • Andrianamboninolona, ​​the uncle of Ralambo and his direct descendants.
  • Andriandranando, the great-uncle of Ralambo and his direct descendants.

Later King Andriamasinavalona (1675–1710) introduced two more sets, so that 6 sets were created. And King Andrianampoinimerina (1778–1810) expanded these to seven:

  • Zazamarolahy ( Marolahy ): Direct male descendants of the king. From these Zanakandriana the next king was chosen.
  • Andriamasinavalona : Descendants of the four sons of Andriamasinavalona, ​​who, however, were not entitled to the four fiefs of Imerina after the king had divided the kingdom into four fiefs and enfeoffed four sons with them.
  • Andriantompokondrindra : Descendants of Andriantompokoindrindra, the eldest son of Ralambo.
  • Andrianamboninolona ("princes above the people") or Zanakambony ("sons above"): descendants of the participants in the conquest of Antananarivo ( comrades in arms of Andrianjaka ).
  • Andriandranando ( Zafinadriandranando ): descendants of Ralambo's uncle.
  • Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka : descendants of the other children of Ralambo.

The Andriantompokoindrindra belong to the oldest branch of the royal family and carry corresponding traditions. Hence, there is also the idea that they will one day take control again. The Andrianamboninolona , the Andriandranando and the Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka are often grouped under the name Andrianteloray .

Traditions

In pre-colonial times, the Andriana enjoyed many privileges. Only members of the Andriana were allowed to own land. They were owned by fiefdoms called Menakely . The residents of these areas owed to their Lord and the king a certain period of forced labor ( Fanompoana ), which was used for the system of dikes, rice fields, roads and fortifications. Government posts were also awarded according to rank.

The valiha , the national instrument of Madagascar, was originally an instrument of the people but became a hallmark of the nobles in the 19th century. In the palaces, such as the Ambohimanga or the Rova , regular competitions were held. The sides of the instrument were easier to pluck with long fingernails and so the long fingernails also became a symbol of Andriana.

In addition, only the Andriana were allowed to build their tombs in the districts of the cities and the highest castes were allowed to pass their graves through a grave building, Trano Masina ("Holy House", King) or Trano Manara ("Cold House", Zanakandriana, Zazamarolahy and Andriamasinavalona), mark. Hovas (free men) and slaves had to bury their dead outside the city walls. This tradition is associated with King Andriantompokoindrindra, who gave the order that the first Trano Masina be built in his honor.

But Andriana were also subject to various restrictions. Marriage outside of the caste was forbidden; a woman from a higher caste who married a lower man would assume the rank of her husband. The opposite situation would not deprive the man of his rank, but he would lose his right to pass on his rank and property to his children. For these reasons, marriage across the caste remained a rarity.

Role in post-colonial Madagascar

The Andriana played an important role in achieving independence from Madagascar. Joseph Raseta (1886–1979), a nationalist and MP, was one of the Andriamasinavalona, ​​for example. The secret nationalist organization VVS ( Vy Vato Sakelika ) was made up of Andriana intellectuals and in 1968 a study showed that around 14% of the population belonged to the Andriana.

Even after Madagascar's independence, Andriana played important roles in politics and cultural life. However, the fire in the Rova in Antananarivo was a serious turning point. In 2011 the Council of Kings and Princes of Madagascar campaigned for a revival of the Christian monarchy, in which modernity and tradition should be combined.

Tantara ny Andriana

Important information on genealogy and history can be found in the Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara ("History of the Nobles") by François Callet SJ.

Andriana Gallery

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b D. Miller, M. Rowlands: Domination and Resistance. Psychology Press, 1995.
  2. ^ A b Françoise Raison-Jourde: Les Souverains de Madagascar. Karthala Editions, 1983.
  3. ↑ a b B.A. Ogot: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. UNESCO, 1992.
  4. ^ KA Adelaar: The Indonesian migrations to Madagascar: Making sense of the multidisciplinary evidence . in Adelaar, Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian Archipelago, LIPI PRESS, 2006. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.santafe.edu
  5. ^ A b Paul Ottino: La hiérarchie sociale et l'alliance dans le royaume de Matacassi . In: Bulletin de l'Académie malgache . IV, No. 4, 1973, pp. 53-89.
  6. ^ F. Callet: Tantara ny Andriana (Histoire des rois) . Imprimerie Catholique, 1908.
  7. ^ Rev. J. Richardson: A New Malagasy-English Dictionary . London Missionary Society, 1885.
  8. ↑ a b c H.F. Standing: The Tribal Divisions of the Hova Malagasy. In: The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, (3) 12, pp. 354-363. 1885
  9. ↑ Revue mensuelle. Notes, reconnaissances et explorations, Vol. 4. Imprimerie officiel de Tananarive, 1898.
  10. ↑ "Madagascar." The Royal Arc. Françoise Raison-Jourde. December 19, 2010.
  11. ↑ Kent, RK "Madagascar and Africa II: The Sakalava, Maroserana, Dady and Tromba before 1700." The Journal of African History, 9 (4), 1968, 517-546.
  12. ^ A b Geo Shaw: Music among the Malagasy . In: The Musical Standard . 17, No. 797, November 8, 1879, p. 297.
  13. ↑ Rasamimanana, Razafindrazaka: Ny Andriantopokoindrindra: Fanasoavana ny tantaran'i Madagasikara ( fr ). Librairie Mixte, 1930.
  14. ↑ Biographie de Joseph Ravoahangy ( fr ) Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  15. ↑ http://www.royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/

literature

  • Ndriana Rabarioelina: "Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar" , Doctoral Thesis of Theology, SAHTS, États-Unis, 2010, 458 S. Abstract in Saint-Alcuin House Journal, Vol. 8, N ° 1, USA, 2011. ISSN 1548 -4459, USA.
  • Charlotte Liliane Rabesahala-Randriamananoro: Ambohimanga-Rova : approche anthropologique de la civilization merina (Madagascar), Paris, Le Publieur 2006, 393 pp. ISBN 2-85194-307-3 . (Doctoral thesis at l'Université de La Réunion , 2002).
  • Narivelo Rajaonarimanana: Savoirs arabico-malgaches : la tradition manuscrite des devins Antemoro Anakara (Madagascar), Institut national des langues et civilizations orientales. 1990.
  • Georges Ramamonjy: De quelques attitudes et coutumes merina , In: Mémoires de l'Institut scientifique de Madagascar (Tananarive), série C, Sciences humaines, 1 (2), 1952, pp. 181-196.
  • Emmanuel Ramilison: Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe . Loharanon 'ny Andriana nanjaka eto Imerina, Imprimerie Ankehitriny 1951.
  • Randrianja Solofo, Ellis Stephen: Madagascar. A short history , London, Hurst & Company, 2009.
  • Raombana (l'historien) (1809–1855): Histoires , Edition Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa, ​​3 Vol.
  • Joseph Rasamimanana & Louis de Gonzague Razafindrazaka (Governor): Ny Andriantompokoindrindra , Antananarivo, 50 pp., 1909.
  • Ravelojaona (1937–1970): Firaketana ny Fiteny sy ny Zavatra Malagasy , Encyclopedic Dictionary, Antananarivo, 5 Vol.
  • Harilanto Razafindrazaka & al .: A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar , BMC Genomics 2009.
  • Jacques Philippe Rombaka: Tantaran-drazana Antemoro-Anteony , Antananarivo, Imprimerie LMS, pp. 10-11, 1963.
  • Jacques Philippe Rombaka: Fomban-drazana Antemoro - usages et coutumes antemoro, Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa, ​​121 pp., 1970.
  • Ranaivo Gilbert Ratsivalaka: Madagascar dans le Sud-Ouest de l'Océan India , doctoral thesis, Paris - Antananarivo, 1995, p. 1083.
  • Alfred & Guillaume Grandidier (1903–1958): Histoire de Madagascar , 39 vol., Paris, 1903–1958.

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