Antigravity

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Antigravity is a hypothetical force that the gravity to counteract. It's a common theme in science fiction . There it is postulated either as a shield against gravity or as a force opposite to gravity, a repulsion of masses . On the other hand, all experiments and findings show that gravity can neither be shielded nor that there is gravity with a repulsive effect.

In physics , it has thus far been assumed that particles with mass attract each other due to gravity and that there is no antigravity with the opposite effect. Individual research papers that report different results are viewed with great skepticism and did not convince the professional world.

There are a number of methods in technology to induce levitation , the free floating of objects, for example by means of compressed air or fields such as electromagnetic fields or acoustic standing wave fields . In this case, the gravitational force is not canceled, but a permanent compensating counterforce is generated through (sometimes considerable) equipment expenditure.

physics

Gravitation is one of the four basic forces in physics . It is generated and has an attractive effect on everything that has positive mass (or, equivalent to it, energy ), e.g. atoms , elementary particles , electromagnetic radiation and antimatter . Gravitation is conveyed through the geometry of spacetime . In order to cancel the gravitation through an antigravity, a counterforce would have to be generated with the help of negative mass and negative energy, for the existence of which there is no evidence so far. Even the dark energy observed at great distance scales in the universe has a positive amount of energy.

The existence of an anti-gravity would raise very fundamental problems in physics. For example, if a body were to be transported upwards from the earth's surface with the help of antigravity and then dropped again at another point, a perpetual motion machine would have been created.

Attempts to demonstrate experimental evidence

The Russian researcher Yevgeny Podkletnow claims to have found in an experiment with superconductors in 1992 that the gravitational effect decreases over a very fast rotating superconductor. Various physicists have tried in vain to reproduce Podkletnow's result.

There have also been research projects from the defense industry such as Project GRASP (Gravity Research for Advanced Space Propulsion) from Boeing and Project Greenglow from BAE Systems .

The Institute for Gravitational Research of the Göde Foundation has tried to reproduce various experiments that are supposed to show an anti-gravitational effect. In all cases the attempt to observe an anti-gravity effect was unsuccessful. The foundation has awarded a prize of one million euros for a reproducible experiment.

Antigravity in science fiction novels

Very early on, science fiction authors took up the idea that if there were antigravity, one could easily overcome gravity and ascend into space. In Kurd Lasswitz 's novel On Two Planets from 1897, the Martians master an anti-gravity technique that enables them to build interplanetary spaceships, hovering flight ships as well as heavy chambers and heavy helmets for personal use. Alexander Bogdanow (1873–1928) describes in his novel The Red Planet , published in 1908, a spaceship called "Eteronef" ( nef "ship"), with which a gentle flight from Earth to Mars is possible through the dosed use of anti- gravity matter .

Antigravity in other media

In the world-famous Japanese video game series “ Pokémon ”, the electric Pokémon “Magnetilo” and its development stage “Magneton” are in a permanent state of suspension. Since their bodies are surrounded by magnets , the explanation in the Silver , SoulSilver and X editions can be found that their magnets would create an "anti-gravity field" that allows them to float permanently.

See also

literature

  • GT Gillies: The Newtonian gravitational constant: recent measurements and related studies . In: Reports on Progress in Physics . tape 60 , 1997, pp. 151-226 , doi : 10.1088 / 0034-4885 / 60/2/001 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ E. Podkletnov, R. Nieminen: A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa_2Cu_3O_ {7-x} superconductor . In: Physica C: Superconductivity . tape 203 , no. 3-4 , December 1992, pp. 441-444 , doi : 10.1016 / 0921-4534 (92) 90055-H .
  2. ↑ EE Podkletnov: Weak gravitation shielding properties of composite bulk YBa_2Cu_3O_ {7-x} superconductor below 70 K under em field . In: Arxiv preprint cond-mat / 9701074 . 1997, arxiv : cond-mat / 9701074v3 .
  3. ↑ N. Li, D. Noever, T. Robertson, R. Koczor, W. Brantley: Static test for a gravitational force coupled to type II YBCO superconductors . In: Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications . tape 281 , no. 2-3 , 1997, pp. 260-267 , doi : 10.1016 / S0921-4534 (97) 01462-7 .
  4. ↑ C. Woods: Gravity Modification by High Temperature Superconductors . In: Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 8-11, 2001 . 2001, p. AIAA 2001-3363 ( abstract ).
  5. ↑ G. Hathaway, B. Cleveland, Y. Bao: Gravity modification experiment using a rotating superconducting disk and radio frequency fields . In: Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications . tape 385 , no. 4 , 2003, p. 488-500 , doi : 10.1016 / S0921-4534 (02) 02284-0 .
  6. ↑ Project Grasp: Boeing wants to partially cancel gravity. On: Wissenschaft.de from August 1, 2002.
    Boeing tries to defy gravity. On: BBC News of July 29, 2002.
    Boeing joins race to defeat gravity. On: telegraph.co.uk of July 30, 2002.
  7. ↑ BAe's anti-gravity research braves X-Files ridicule The Guardian, March 27, 2000 (accessed April 30, 2010).
  8. ↑ conditions of participation and rules for "Göde Prize for Gravitational Research" goede-stiftung.org, (accessed on April 5, 2016).
  9. ↑ Magnetilo - PokéWiki. In: www.pokewiki.de. Retrieved July 19, 2016 .