Architecture of the 1950s in Eilenburg
The architecture of the 1950s in Eilenburg includes the large-scale, closed block and row construction in the square of Leipziger, Rinckart-, Karl- and Eckartstraße as well as several individual buildings in the city center. As a testament to the reconstruction after the Second World War , much of the 1950s architecture in Eilenburg is now a listed building . During the same period, smaller and larger renovations and renovations to existing buildings took place throughout the city, depending on the damage. This building will not be discussed further.
prehistory
The refusal of the German military leadership in 1945 to surrender the city without a fight to the American units advancing from the west resulted in a devastating artillery battle from April 21 to 25 of the last year of the war, in which large parts of the city were destroyed. In addition to strategic goals, the main focus of the destruction was the old town around the market square. Today it is assumed that 90 percent of the buildings in the city center were destroyed or badly damaged. This resulted in an enormous housing shortage in the city, which was already heavily overpopulated by refugees from the eastern regions, resettled Rhinelanders and a large number of forced laborers. In an analysis by the then mayor Max Müller before the magistrate on February 4, 1946, the latter assumes that only 2,600 of the previously existing 7,000 apartments are still to be inhabited. Around 8,000 people were homeless at this time and lived, among other things, in the Eilenburg mountain cellars . The city joined as a result of a working group of the hardest hit cities in the Prussian province of Saxony . This should ensure effective reconstruction through a fair distribution of workers and building materials among the affected cities. After removing around 144,000 cubic meters of rubble by mid-1950, through which entire streets disappeared, reconstruction began in the city center from 1948.
reconstruction
Reconstruction in the city center began in the first year after the war and in 1963 it was largely over. At that time there were only a few vacant lots that needed to be closed. The main construction activity in the city center falls in the years 1953 to 1958, during which more than 15 million marks were invested in new houses in the course of the national reconstruction . At the beginning there were no development plans , so that a reconstruction carried out according to uniform standards did not take place at first. It was not until December 1954 that the design office Hochbau I Leipzig drew up a first development plan for the inner city. Initially, the separation of residential and commercial buildings was considered, but this was rejected in practice. In accordance with socialist urban planning , the market square was to be expanded in a westerly direction in favor of part of the closed development in Leipziger Strasse between Rinckartstrasse and Rollenstrasse, thus providing space for political demonstrations. These plans, which followed the model of the 16 principles of socialist town planning , were not implemented either.
Marketplace
Reconstruction in the city center began in 1946 with the reconstruction of the Renaissance-style town hall . In the period from 1948 to 1960, the row of houses opposite the town hall was rebuilt. There arose - maintaining the individual character of the former residential and commercial buildings - alternating three- and four-storey buildings with retail space on the ground floor. The houses there are simple and have only a few design elements and the shape of simple bay windows , balconies and dormers . As a result, there is no particular conservation value, so that no building on this street is under monument protection. Only the town hall is a registered cultural monument . The areas east and west of the town hall remained undeveloped. The Kornmarkt development as the eastern boundary of the market square was only demolished years after the end of the war and closed again in 2009 with a new building.
Leipziger Street
→ Leipziger Strasse 57, 58–67 (Eilenburg)
While the original small-town character with its small-scale development was retained during the reconstruction of the north side of Leipziger Straße, the southern roadside development between Eckartstraße and Marktplatz has a coherent block of flats with uniform architectural design elements. The development, built in stages, extends over a length of around 200 meters. There are basically shops on the ground floor, which corresponds to the traditional character of Leipziger Straße as the main shopping street. From the market square to Eckartstraße, the floor height decreases from four to three floors from house number 64. The individual parts of the building are not aligned, but in principle the block has been set back a little compared to the pre-war development in order to enlarge the street space on Leipziger Strasse. The most striking part of the building is the archway, which represents the passage to the roller road. In addition, the facade shows numerous design elements such as bay windows , French balconies , loggias , cornices and a frieze . The door frames and the arcades of the archway are adorned with keystones by archivolts .
Rinckartstrasse
→ Rinckartstraße 1, 7/8, 10 (Eilenburg)
The residential and commercial buildings on the western side of Rinckartstrasse were built between 1955 and 1957. Of these buildings, the more elaborately designed buildings Rinckartstrasse 1, 7/8 and 10 together are a registered cultural monument. As in Leipziger Straße, the height of the buildings decreases from four to three floors from Rinckartstraße 5 as the distance from the market square increases. The eastern roadside development dates from the 1950s and early 1960s (house number 21). Console-supported bay windows, cornices, various roof structures, segment-arched entrances and shop windows as well as various bevel profiles were used as architectural design elements in Rinckartstrasse.
The corner development on Wallstrasse was dismantled in the 2000s. The resulting gap has not yet been closed.
Karlstrasse
→ Karlstrasse 1, 2/3, 4 (Eilenburg)
The buildings in the northern Karlstrasse (house numbers 1, 2/3 and 4), which together are a registered cultural monument, date from the same time. The three-story houses were built with hipped roofs. In contrast to the development in the arteries, which have business areas, the buildings there are purely residential buildings. Bay windows, profiled eaves, cantilevers and a French balcony were used as architectural design elements.
Roller line
→ Rollestrasse 1/2, 3/4, 23 (Eilenburg)
The main and listed parts of the development in Rollestrasse (house numbers 1/2, 3/4, 23) also date from the mid-1950s. In the middle of the 2000s, as part of the urban redevelopment project in the east, the residential block, Rollenstrasse 24/25, which is also listed, and the residential building, Rollenstrasse 21/22, were demolished. The latter represented the closing of the gap between the cultural monuments Karlstrasse 4 and Rollenstrasse 23. Another apartment block, which was built a little later, completes the development of this street. For the architectural design, bay windows, various cornices, door frames and profiled door and window frames were used in this street.
Eckartstrasse
→ Eckartstraße 4/5, 24, 25-27 (Eilenburg)
Eckartstrasse is dominated by the block buildings from the 1950s. The three-storey houses 4/5, 24 and 25-27 are registered cultural monuments. In addition, the edge development of Eckartstrasse also includes a listed building from the Wilhelminian era as well as more recent buildings from the time before and after the fall of the Wall. Profiled window and door sockets, a segmented arch portal with keystone, rustication and ox eyes were used on the monument buildings . Between buildings 24 and 25-27, the street and the two sidewalks are spanned by a pergola on eight pillars.
Bahnhofstrasse
In the Bahnhofstraße, in the half-open corner development to Schreckerstraße, there is a high-quality three-story apartment block from 1953, which was built to close a gap after the war damage and has an entrance each on Bahnhofstraße and Schreckerstraße. The door socket with segment arch at the entrance to Bahnhofstrasse 6 has a distinctive profile. Likewise, the fascia of the French window section above , which is supported by four consoles and ends with a cornice at the top . The vertical edges of the building including the slightly protruding entrance and stairwell area Schreckerstraße 1a are framed by ashlar . The slightly protruding bezels of the elongated double windows of the Schreckerstraße 1a stairwell are supported by three decorative brackets. On the second floor, the windows and the large, slightly protruding squares between them create a circumferential banding . A hipped roof is placed on the slightly overhanging eaves .
Röberstrasse
.jpg)
In 1955 and 1956, a two-storey kindergarten was built in Röberstraße 12/13 on the site where the schoolyard of the destroyed city school was previously located. The listed building consists of an elongated part of the building along Röberstraße and a short transverse structure to the west. In particular, the entrance situation in a mighty standing bay, which rises up with a hip in the otherwise simple roof construction, is elaborately designed. The entrance door is about 75 centimeters above street level and can be reached both by stairs and a paved ramp. It is flanked by two elongated windows. On the first floor of the entrance area, which is again upstream, there is a Söller . The bezels of the windows and the door as well as the cornice have a simple profile. On the north facade there is a group of five elongated windows with skylights on the upper, ground floor and basement. On the pillar in front of the entrance is a sculpture of a young bear, which refers to the name of the day care center ( little bear ).
Schiller- / Goethestrasse
In the ensemble of houses built in 1925 in Art Deco on Schillerstrasse and Goethestrasse, the bombardment in April 1945 tore a gap in the corner buildings on both streets. This gap was closed again in 1955 by the architect E. Meixner. The building has three entrances (Schillerstraße 4/5; Goethestraße 15). The entrance doors are provided with segmental arches, the keystone in each case bears the house number. The bezels of the entrance doors and the stairwell windows are simply profiled. With the help of the facade painting, the windows of the apartments form a horizontal banding, which is interrupted by the vertical emphasis on the stairwell sections. The stairwell at the Goethestrasse entrance ends with a gable in the hipped roof. In addition to several skylights, the roof has three dormers. On the north facade facing Schillerstraße there is a text set in a cartouche , which indicates, among other things, the year of construction and the architect. At that time, the client was the Eilenburg non-profit housing company . The houses are now owned by the Eilenburg housing association (WGE).
literature
- Andreas Flegel: Eilenburg 1945–1961 , Geiger-Verlag, Horb am Neckar 2002, ISBN 3-89570-792-9
- Rolf Vettermann, Andreas Flegel: History of the City of Eilenburg - Chapters 9 and 10 (Volume 4), Eilenburg 1989
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Rolf Vettermann, Andreas Flegel: History of the City of Eilenburg - Chapters 9 and 10 (Volume 4), Eilenburg 1989
- ^ Andreas Flegel et al .: Eilenburg April 1945 , Geiger-Verlag, Horb am Neckar 2004, ISBN 3-89570-988-3
- ↑ Wolfgang Beuche: The Eilenburger Industrial History, Part I 1813-1950 , Books on Demand , Norderstedt 2008, ISBN 978-3-8370-5843-7
- ^ Council of the City of Eilenburg : Im Blickpunkt , Eilenburg 1963
- ↑ a b Andreas Flegel: Eilenburg 1945–1961 , Geiger-Verlag, Horb am Neckar 2002, ISBN 3-89570-792-9
- ^ A b Siegfried Buchhold: Eilenburg 1946 - beginning of the reconstruction of the destroyed city in: Der Sorbenturm, Volume 8, Eilenburg 2011, p. 82 ff.