Aryanization in Italy

The linearization in Italy is the process of elimination of the Jews from the economic and social life of Fascist Italy , which with the Italian racial laws began 1938th Sometimes the term "dejudification" is used for this.

Italian racial politics

From 1936 an anti-Jewish mood was stirred up by the press in Italy and in the summer of 1938 the existence of an Italian race called Aryan was pseudo-scientifically proven by the publication of the Manifesto of Racist Scientists . In the autumn of 1938, the first Italian racial laws and regulations were enacted with the aim of making the Jews disappear from Italy, but not to murder them. The aim of these measures was to achieve the "Aryanization" of Italian society by excluding Jews from various areas of economy, education and social life and making them emigrate.

Presentation to the race law

By decree of September 5, 1938, Jewish students and teachers had to leave public schools. According to the law for the “protection of the Italian race” of November 17, 1938, Jews were excluded from the armed forces , the National Fascist Party (PNF), state administrations, insurance companies , banks and universities . Jewish property was limited to the equivalent of Lire 5,000 for undeveloped and Lire 20,000 for built-up properties. Italian state anti-Semitism increasingly deprived the Italian Jews of their economic livelihood. The text of the picture opposite, which appeared in the fascist combat paper La difesa della razza in November 1938 , is available together with the translation at the end of the paragraph.

After Mussolini's deposition on July 25, 1943 and the armistice of September 8, 1943 , the part of Italy occupied by German troops under Mussolini was declared an Italian Social Republic (RSI), which fundamentally changed the orientation of Jewish policy. The German goal was the annihilation of the Jews, whereby Theodor Dannecker was sent as Adolf Eichmann's emissary and the German police apparatus with the highest SS and police leader Karl Wolff and the commander of the security police and SD Wilhelm Harster was built. The Minister of the Interior of the Republic of Salo Guido Buffarini Guidi ordered the arrest of all Jews by the Italian authorities and their assignment to Italian concentration camps in Police Order No. 5 of November 30, 1943 . The complete expropriation of all Italian and foreign Jews and the realization of their property was ordered in the RSI's Italian Legislative Decree of January 4, 1944.

Caption (with translation)

DOPO LE DELIBERAZIONI DEL CONSIGLIO DEI MINISTRI Gli ebrei non possono ... Non vi possono essere ebrei ... … Prestare servizio militare … Esercitare l'ufficio di tutore … Essere proprietari di aziende inter- estati la difesa nazionale … Nelle amministra– zioni militari e civili ... nel Partito … Negli Enti provinciali e comunali … Essere proprietari di terreni e di fabbricati … Avere domestici ariani … Negli Enti parastatali … Nelle banche … Nella assicurazioni Espulsione degli ebrei stranieri (Testo nello scudo: Estero) Gli ebrei esclusidalla scuola Italiana (Testo sopra il portale: Università) ACCORDING TO THE DECISIONS OF THE MINISTRY COUNCIL Jews cannot ... There can be no Jews there ... ... do military service ... exercise the profession of teacher ... own companies involved in national defense ... in military and civil administrations ... in parties ... in regional and municipal institutions ... be the owner of land and buildings ... employ Aryan domestic workers ... in semi-public institutions ... in banks ... in insurance Expulsion of foreign Jews (text on sign: foreign) Jews are excluded from Italian schools (text above the portal: University)

Institutions

The Ministry of Education under Giuseppe Bottai had already instructed universities and libraries on August 19, 1938, before the Racial Law was passed, to send a census with questionnaires on the racial and religious affiliation of their employees and members to the ministry in order to achieve complete Aryanization in the school system at an early stage can.

The Ente Gestione e Liquidazione Immobiliare (EGELI) was an authority that was founded in 1939 at the time of Italian fascism for the administration and exploitation of Jewish real estate and companies and was under the Ministry of Finance . During the liquidation of the assets, it also had to pay attention to the rights of Aryan shareholders, rights of first refusal, security claims from loans, etc., so that the EGELI was violently attacked in the press in April 1940 because of the hesitant progress.

The DemoRazza (General Directorate for Demography and Race) was the central hub of fascist Italian racial policy. It was formed in July 1938 in the Italian Ministry of the Interior from the former Directorate for Demography and was responsible for the drafting and enforcement of the Italian racial legislation including the implementing provisions. The central race law of November 17, 1938 on measures for the defense of the Italian race , which was significantly influenced by Mussolini and Guido Buffarini Guidi from the Ministry of the Interior, pursued competing goals in the definition of the Jews, left cases of doubt in the determination of race, offered the Aryanization of people by a race court ( Tribunale della Razza ) and provided for transitional regulations for deserving Jews ( discriminazione, i.e. a positively intended form of discrimination). This created a need for regulation and tightening possibilities at the administrative level. The catalog of laws and ordinances was expanded almost every week until 1943.

restitution

By law of October 19, 1944, teachers who had been excluded from the university for political or racial reasons were granted the right to return to office. The law of May 27, 1946 let the chairs forfeit if the returned professor retired.

After the war, EGELI was entrusted with the restitution of the confiscated property. With some effort and delays, this was almost entirely possible. On November 13, 1957, the EGELI was dissolved, the processing of the remaining cases and the remaining assets by the Ministry of Finance lasted until 1997.

See also

• Aryanization
• Italian Judaism during Fascism (1922-1945)
• Italian racial laws
• DemoRazza

literature

• Annalisa Capristo: The Exclusion of Jews from Italian Academies. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.): Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922–1945 . Cambridge University Press 2005, ISBN 978-0-521-84101-6 , pp. 81-95.
• Renzo De Felice : The Jews in Fascist Italy. Enigma 2001, ISBN 1-929631-01-4 .
• Roberto Finzi : The Damage to Italian Culture: The Fate of Jewish University Professors in Fascist Italy and After, 1938–1946. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.): Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922–1945. Cambridge University Press 2005, ISBN 978-0-521-84101-6 , pp. 96-113.
• Michael A. Livingston: The Facists and the Jews of Italy - Mussolini's Race Laws, 1938-1943. Cambridge University Press 2014, ISBN 978-1-107-02756-5 .
• Furio Moroni: Aspects of the Unbeautiful Life. In: Avi Beker (Ed.): The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust. Palgrave 2001, ISBN 0-333-76064-6 , p. 297 ff.
• Carlo Moos: Exclusion, Internment, Deportation - Anti-Semitism and Violence in Late Italian Fascism (1938–1945). Chronos 2004, ISBN 3-0340-0641-1 .
• Michele Sarfatti : Characteristics and Objectives of the Anti-Jewish Laws in Fascist Italy. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.): Jews in Italy under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922–1945. Cambridge University Press 2005, ISBN 978-0-521-84101-6 , pp. 71-80.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Michele Sarfatti: Characteristics and Ojectives of the Anti-Jewish Laws in Fascist Italy , p. 76.
2. ↑ Michele Sarfatti: Characteristics and Ojectives of the Anti-Jewish Laws in Fascist Italy , p. 76.
3. ^ Aram Mattioli : Fascist Italy - An Unknown Apartheid Regime. In: Micha Brumlik, Susanne Meinl and Werner Renz (eds.): Legal injustice: Racist law in the 20th century , Campus 2005, ISBN 3-593-37873-6 , p. 170.
4. ^ Thomas Schlemmer and Hans Woller: Italian fascism and the Jews 1922 to 1945. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 2005 issue 2, here p. 181 f.
5. ↑ Thomas Schlemmer and Hans Woller: Italian Fascism and the Jews 1922 to 1945 . Quarterly issues for contemporary history, 2005 issue 2, p. 193 f.
6. ^ Renzo De Felice: The Jews in Fascist Italy . P. 434.
7. ^ Annalisa Capristo: The Exclusion of Jews from Italian Academies . P. 84.
8. ↑ Michael A. Livingston: The Facists and the Jews of Italy - Mussolini's Race Laws, 1938-1943 . P. 115 f.
9. ↑ Thomas Schlemmer and Hans Woller: Italian Fascism and the Jews 1922 to 1945 . P. 180.
10. ↑ Michael A. Livingston: The Facists and the Jews of Italy - Mussolini's Race Laws, 1938-1943 . P. 23.
11. ↑ Thomas Schlemmer and Hans Woller: Italian Fascism and the Jews 1922 to 1945 . P. 182.
12. ^ Roberto Finzi: The Damage to Italian Culture: The Fate of Jewish University Professors in Fascist Italy and After, 1938-1946 . P. 106.
13. ↑ Guri Schwarz: The Reconstruction of Jewish Life in Italy . Federal Agency for Civic Education November 29, 2007, accessed January 2, 2017.
14. ↑ Gestioni Egeli - Ente di Gestione e Liquidazione Immobiliare dell'Istituto di San Paolo di Torino. In: archiviostorico.fondazione1563.it. Retrieved February 7, 2020 (Italian).