Arnold Pannartz

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Arnold Pannartz († before April 17, 1476 in Rome ) was a presumably from the diocese of Cologne originating Inkunabeldrucker . Together with Konrad Sweynheym , he brought the technique of printing with movable type to Italy. Numerous first editions of ancient texts, printed in a pre- or early form of the Antiqua , were created in her workshops in Subiaco and Rome.

In Subiaco

It is not clear from the sources who called the two printers to the Benedictine monastery of Santa Scolastica in Subiaco and it is controversial in research. Nikolaus von Kues and the commander abbot of the monastery, Juan de Torquemada , were traded as possible candidates . The convent itself could also have played a role; many of its monks did not come from Italy but from across the Alps.

First page of the dedication letter from Giovanni Andrea Bussi to Pope Sixtus IV in the 5th volume of the Postilla super totam Bibliam of Nicholas of Lyra , published in Rome in 1472. A list of the books printed by Konrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz begins below.

No copy of the first print in Subiaco, a Donat for children, has survived. The three titles obtained from Subiaco, Cicero's De Oratore , the then-known works of Lactantius and Augustine ' City of God already showing characteristics that also later works from the Offizin reveal little changed from Sweynheym and Pannartz: a high proportion of first editions of classic and Patristic texts in a relatively large format and in a type based on humanist manuscripts, a pre- or early form of the Antiqua. Collected works as complete as possible , such as that of Lactantius, were also published by other authors during the two printers' Roman creative period. The edition of Lactantius, created in Subiaco, is also the first print to contain longer quotations printed with a more or less complete Greek alphabet.

In Rome

Probably in the summer or autumn of 1467, Sweynheym and Pannartz began printing on the Roman Campo de 'Fiori in a building owned by Francesco and Pietro Massimo . Giovanni Andrea Bussi was now working as a proofreader in her office. He got the printing templates, wrote introductions and dedication letters and played a key role in determining the publishing program. When the prelude to the influence of the two printers on the choice of text, it was usually about economic considerations. So when they ran out of particularly large-format paper in 1471, they asked Bussi for a text that was suitable for printing in a smaller format so that the presses would not go unused.

In March 1472, Sweynheym and Pannartz published the fifth volume of the Bible Commentary by Nicholas of Lyra . In the letter dedicated to this volume, Bussi pointed out to Pope Sixtus IV the financial hardship the printers were in and asked for support. Large sums of money had to be spent on paper and printing; only parts of the printed edition of this and the previous works could be sold immediately. At the beginning of the 1470s there was a general overproduction and sales crisis in the printing industry in Italy, especially Venice and Rome. Sweynheym and Pannartz were also likely to face bankruptcy. The wishes addressed to Sixtus IV in a supplic were more concrete than the dedication letter; under the earliest possible date in his pontificate, January 1, 1472, Sweynheym and Pannartz, both now clergy, were granted entitlements to beneficiaries of any collator that became available, as were several other Roman printers on the same date. According to the preface mentioned in March 1472, Bussi's direct influence on the business of the two printers is no longer verifiable; he was now active as papal librarian.

The books printed by Sweynheym and Pannartz after 1472 reveal a more cautious approach compared to previous years. The books were now mainly printed in a somewhat smaller format and less extensive titles, sometimes recognizable with a view to being easier to sell, were selected. The partnership between the two was terminated sometime after May 7, 1473, the date of the last joint pressure, probably for financial reasons.

From 1474 to 1476 thirteen other prints left, mostly classic editions, but also two editions of Perotti's Rudimenta grammatices , Arnold Pannartz's office in the Palazzo Massimo. In the oldest lending registers of the Vatican Library there is an entry for December 20, 1475 that Pannartz borrowed the Jewish antiquities from Flavius ​​Josephus . A connection with the edition prepared by Bartolomeo Platina of the history of the Jewish war by the same author, which Pannartz completed on November 25, 1475, is obvious. The reprint of the first volume of Jerome's Letters, dated March 28, 1476, is the last work to be published under Pannartz's name. Arnold Pannartz must have died before April 17, 1476, because on that day a clergyman submitted a supplicary in which he, who had already tried Pannartz on account of an prospectus at an altar vicarie at Cologne Cathedral , asked for his rights to be allowed to enter this vicarie.

literature

  • Massimiliano Albanese:  Pannartz, Arnold. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 80:  Ottone I-Pansa. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2014, pp. 801-804.
  • Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. German Technology and Italian Humanism in Renaissance Rome. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, ISBN 0-9628568-0-0 .
  • Uwe Israel: proximity to Rome and monastery reform. Or: Why the first printing press in Italy was located in the Benedictine Abbey of Subiaco. In: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 88 (2006), pp. 279–296 ( DigiZeitschriften ).
  • Massimo Miglio and Orietta Rossini (eds.): Gutenberg e Roma. Le origini della stampa nella città dei papi (1467 - 1477). Naples 1997, ISBN 88-435-5641-X .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Uwe Israel: Near Rome and Monastery Reform. Or: Why the first printing press in Italy was located in the Benedictine Abbey of Subiaco. In: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 88 (2006), pp. 279–296 ( DigiZeitschriften ); Johannes Röll: A Crayfish In Subiaco: A Hint Of Nicholas Of Cusa's Involvement In Early Printing? In: The Library s6-16 (1994), pp. 135-140 doi: 10.1093 / library / s6-16.2.135 .
  2. ↑ Complete catalog of incandescent prints (future GW) 8814 .
  3. ↑ GW 6742 .
  4. ↑ GW M16541 .
  5. ^ GW 2874 .
  6. ^ Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, pp. 17-21, 38-30, 54-55.
  7. ^ Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, pp. 24-29; Martin Davies: Juan de Carvajal and Early Printing: The 42-line Bible and the Sweynheym and Pannartz Aquinas. In: The Library s6-XVIII (1996), pp. 193-215, here pp. 203-215 doi: 10.1093 / library / s6-XVIII.3.193 ; Anna Modigliani: Massimo, Pietro . In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 72 (2009), pp. 15-16.
  8. ^ GW 7883 , Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, p. 65.
  9. ^ Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, pp. 84-85, 96-97; for context, see Andrew Pettegree: The Book in the Renaissance. New Haven and London 2011, ISBN 978-0-300-17821-0 , pp. 43-60.
  10. ^ The supplic is edited in Victor Scholderer: The Petition of Sweynheym and Pannartz to Sixtus IV. In: The Library. s3-VI, No. 22 1915, pp. 186-190 doi: 10.1093 / library / s3-VI.22.186 ; see. Arnold Esch: Early German printers in Rome in the registers of Pope Paul II. In: Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 68 (1993), pp. 44–52 ( DigiZeitschriften ), here pp. 48–49; Ders .: La prima generazione dei tipografi tedeschi a Roma (1465 - 1480): nuovi dati dai registri di Paolo II e Sisto IV. In: Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo 109 (2007) 1, p. 401– 418, here pp. 406-408; Ders .: Germans in Renaissance Rome. Indications of length of stay, fluctuation, contacts with old home . In: Brigitte Flug, Michael Matheus and Andreas Rehberg: Curia and Region. Festschrift for Brigide Schwarz on her 65th birthday. Steiner, Stuttgart 2005 (Geschichtliche Landeskunde 59), pp. 263–276, here pp. 271–272.
  11. ^ Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, pp. 99-100.
  12. ^ Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, pp. 101-102.
  13. ↑ GW M34308 , Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, pp. 22-23.
  14. ↑ GW M31231 and GW M31232 , Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, pp. 22-23, 102-103.
  15. ↑ GW M15182 , Edwin Hall: Sweynheym & Pannartz and the Origins of Printing in Italy. McMinnville, Oregon 1991, pp. 14, 66, 121.
  16. ↑ GW 12427 .
  17. ^ Arnold Esch: German early printers in Rome in the registers of Pope Sixtus IV. In: Mario Ascheri and Gaetano Colli (eds.). Manoscritti, editoria e biblioteche dal medioeva all'età contemporanea. Studi offerti a Domenico Maffei per il suo ottantesimo compleanno. Volume I. Rome 2006, ISBN 8885913466 , pp. 281-302, here p. 286; Arnold Esch: La prima generazione dei tipografi tedeschi a Roma (1465 - 1480): nuovi dati dai registri di Paolo II e Sisto IV. In: Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo 109 (2007) 1, p. 401– 418, here p. 410. Arnold Pannartz cannot, therefore, like Heinrich Pallmann:  Pannartz, Arnold . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 25, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1887, p. 121 f. assumed to be identical to Arnold Bucking .
personal data
SURNAME Pannartz, Arnold
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pannartz, Arnoldus; Pannarts, Arnoldus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Printer in Subiaco and Rome
DATE OF BIRTH 15th century
DATE OF DEATH before April 17, 1476
Place of death Rome