Juan de Torquemada

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Engraving from «Retratos de Españoles ilustres» made for the royal printing house Real Imprenta de Madrid
The Dominican monastery of Valladolid with the Church of San Pablo was commissioned by Juan de Torquemada in 1445.

Juan de Torquemada or Johannes de Turrecremata OP (* around 1388 in Valladolid ; † September 26, 1468 in Rome ) was a Spanish theologian of the 15th century, who was particularly notable for his impressively closed church teaching, in which he stood for the absolute suzerainty of the Pope through councils and princes came in, a name made.

Life

Torquemada was born in Valladolid in 1388 into a Castilian noble family. After studying in Salamanca and Paris , he received his master's degree in theology in 1425. In 1417 he attended the Council of Constance accompanied by his provincial superior . After he was prior of the convents of San Pablo / Valladolid and San Pedro Martir / Toledo, he represented the Castilian Dominicans at a meeting of their order in Lyon in 1431 . Finally, he went to the Basel Council as a delegate and envoy of the King of Castile , Juan II , where he became the most prominent representative of the papalist positions. As an “opponent” of Juan de Segovia , he stood up for the suzerainty of the Pope over the council . For this he was in 1434 by Pope Eugenius IV. To the theologian of the pontifical household made and in 1439 with the designation defensor fidei honored. He also represented the Pope in Castile, at the Reichstag in Nuremberg in 1438, in Mainz in 1439 and at the clergy meeting in Bourges in 1440.

On December 18, 1439, the Pope elevated Torquemada to cardinal . He became Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum ( Frascati ) in 1455, between 1460 and 1463 then also by Palestrina (as Juan V) and León , from 1463 until his death in 1468 finally Cardinal Bishop of Sabina (as Juan VI) and Albano (as Juan III.).

The Abbey Subiaco , he had already taken over in 1455, he reformed a few years after his ideas for Coming . Under the following Popes Nicholas V and Pius II , Torquemada stood out as an adversary of Islam and consequently also as an ardent supporter of the idea of ​​the crusade . But the weak response to the meeting of princes in Mantua in 1459/60 prevented planned crusades. Torquemada died in Rome in 1468 and was buried in Santa Maria sopra Minerva .

plant

Torquemada is one of the most vehement opponents of conciliarism and wrote his main work, the Summa de Ecclesia , in response to contemporary church criticism. In it he unfolds an impressively cohesive theory that sees the Pope at the head of the institutionalized church and wants him to be endowed with all the power. He had a far-reaching influence on the theology of his time, even if he mostly used canonical arguments . With Thomistic arguments, ultimately Aristotelian constructed, he derives the function of the Pope as a presidens , "who through his 'auctoritas' guides the entire community to correct goals." The Pope must tackle "everything necessary" for the good of the community can and therefore he is entitled to "full power". This is justified by the fact that he received his authority before everyone else, especially before the secular princes and kings.

Personal exercise of office is a matter of course and a necessity for Torquemada. He refuses to derive rule from the ruled, as does Ockham's idea that any member of the association could fill in the gap in an emergency. In addition to the classic term for the “abundance of violence”, Torquemada now also introduces the totalitas of violence, which of course belongs to the Pope. With this fixation on one person, he opposes the conciliar arguments for corporatism , the Pope, as the monarchical head of the church appointed by God . The only exception, the case of heresy or schism , in which the Pope is subject to the council, does not in principle weaken this, and is in a sense the last remnant of what had been so convincingly discussed at the councils for decades. One can understand Torquemada's position as a consequence of the failure of the Basel Council. To what extent and whether this failure to reform the Catholic Church in the 15th century helped bring about the Reformation of the 16th century is an interesting question.

In the doctrine of Mary, Torquemada contradicted the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.

Works

Decretum Gratiani , 1727
  • Meditationes, seu Contemplationes devotissimae (Rome, 1467)
  • In Gratiani Decretum commentarii (4 vols., Venice, 1578)
  • Expositio brevis et utilis super toto psalterio (Mainz, 1474)
  • Quaestiones spirituales super evangelia totius anni (Brixen, 1498)
    • Quaestiones Evangeliorum de tempore et de sanctis. Petrus in Altis de Olpe, Cologne 23. VIII. 1478 ( digitized version )
  • Symbolum pro informatione Manichaeorum (El bogomilismo en Bosnia) (Publicaciones del Seminario Metropolitano de Burgos. Series B)
  • Tractatus contra Madianitas et Ismaelitas: defensa de los judíos conversos , (Publicaciones del Seminario Metropolitano de Burgos. Series B, v. 2) (Burgos, 1957).
  • Summa ecclesiastica (Salamanca, 1550) [or Summa de ecclesiastica potestate ] or "Summa de ecclesia ( Summa de Ecclesia una cum eiusdem apparatu nunc primum in lucem edito, super decreto Papae Eugenii IIII in concilio Florentino de Unione Graecorum - Veneti ]: apud Michaelem Tramezinum, 1561).

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Miethke 1993, p. 136
  2. ^ Meditations, or the Contemplations of the Most Devout . 1479. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  3. ↑ Creed per Informations of Manichaeorum: (el bogomilismo en Bosnia) (Book, 1958) . [WorldCat.org]. January 4, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  4. ^ Symbolum for information Manichaeorum (El bogomilismo en Bosnia) (Publicaciones del Seminario Metropolitano de Burgos. Series B): Juan de Torquemada: Amazon.com: Books . Amazon.com. January 1, 1958. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
personal data
SURNAME Torquemada, Juan de
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Turrecremata, Johannes de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Spanish theologian and representative of papal sovereignty at the Basel Council
DATE OF BIRTH around 1388
PLACE OF BIRTH Valladolid
DATE OF DEATH September 26, 1468
Place of death Rome