Artesian well
An artesian well is a well below the water table from which water emerges by itself. This can e.g. B. be the case in a depression , but can also occur in other places where artesian confined groundwater occurs.
In contrast to an artesian spring, an artesian well is always artificial, as it was created through a bore or a shaft.
Basics
The fountain is named after the Artesien (French: Artois ) landscape in northern France, where such a system was created for the first time in 1126. The French physicist François Arago dealt scientifically with the phenomenon.
An artesian well requires confined groundwater . Such is the case when a water-bearing rock layer (an aquifer ) is sealed upwards by a water-impermeable rock layer and at the same time the large-scale geological structure of the aquifer allows the build-up of hydrostatic pressure (for example in a bowl-shaped depression or between sloping rock layers). If you drill or dig an aquifer with confined groundwater, the groundwater rises according to the principle of communicating vessels in the borehole or in the shaft up to the level of the free (unconstrained) groundwater surface in the water-bearing layer. If this level is higher than the surface of the earth at the well, the groundwater splashes upwards from the underground under pressure. Artesian wells are therefore only possible in landscape depressions.
If the free groundwater surface in the water-bearing layer sinks due to the pumping of water (i.e. the water withdrawal is higher than the groundwater recharge), the pressure of the artesian well decreases.
Artesian wells are only possible if the groundwater is covered by layers with a greater density - in the sense of mass per volume - than water. In or under glaciers, water can be stored in the form of lakes, but it never emerges from the surface of the ice due to static pressure, since ice has a lower density than water. Ice stuck to the bottom, however, can be flooded.
Examples
In Germany there is an artesian well in Dresden, among other places . There is also one in the Messel Pit (near Darmstadt ), but it can only be seen as part of a guided tour. Its water is iron - and sulphurous and has drinking water quality (therefore jokingly "Bad Messeler Heilwasser"). In Heilbronn , the local paper mills made use of the artesian wells for commercial purposes in the early industrial period. The geological and technical experience gained in this way was incorporated into corresponding specialist publications and served to disseminate the well drilling equipment presented in words and pictures.
In Styria , especially in eastern and southern Styria, there are still around 2500 Arteser house wells after a few closings in recent years. Since 2014, the state of Styria has been promoting their closure or at least making them lockable in order to save groundwater.
People who contributed to the development in Germany through drilling
- Johann August Bruckmann (1776–1835), architect, geologist, master builder, hydraulic engineer, non-fiction author and inventor
See also
Web links
- Artesian well or fire well . Pfennig Magazine , No. 1 (May 4, 1833)
Individual evidence
- ^ Artesian confined groundwater. State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology , accessed on April 19, 2020 .
- ^ François Arago: The artesian or drilled wells. In: Franz Arago's entire works. With an introduction by Alexander von Humboldt. Edited by WG Hankel. 6th Vol. Leipzig 1857, pp. 213-380.
- ↑ Frieder Schmidt: From the mill to the factory. The history of paper production in the early industrialization of Württemberg and Baden. Regional culture publishing house, Ubstadt-Weiher 1994, pp. 473–479.
- ↑ Cf. u. a. Johann August v. Bruckmann; August Eduard Bruckmann: Complete instructions for the installation, production and newer use of the drilled or so-called Artesian wells. Heilbronn am Neckar 1833.
- ↑ http://steiermark.orf.at/news/stories/2646356/ Land wants to block Hausbrunnen, ORF.at from May 10, 2014