Heilbronn paper industry
The Heilbronn paper industry is one of the important precursors of general industrialization in Württemberg . From the 1820s the Rauch brothers and Gustav Schaeuffelen's paper mills existed on the Bleichinsel and the Kraneninsel in the Neckar in Heilbronn . There were also paper processors in other parts of the city. In addition, further developments in manufacturing technology started there. Heilbronn had the reputation of a "paper city" in the 19th century. While paper production on the Neckar began in the 1920s, the traditional paper processors and dealers Berberich Papier , Mayer-Kuvert , Kilian-Verpackung and Baier & Schneider have been able to hold up to the present day.
requirements
Hydropower and raw materials
In order to operate a paper mill , in addition to the raw material ( rags and wood ), a larger body of flowing water is required , whose water power drives the mill and which supplies enough water for the manufacturing process. Heilbronn was originally just a side stream of the River Neckar area, but with the Neckar privilege of 1333, the city was able to influence the course of Fluesses and the western city walls accumulate it along with weirs. On the Bleichinsel in the Neckar, an extensive mill system developed over time. A sawmill was built in 1441, later oil mills and an iron forge followed. A first paper mill is mentioned in 1570, a second, possibly a new construction of the first, in 1604. This mill was demolished in 1646 during the expansion of the city fortifications during the Thirty Years' War . The third Heilbronn paper mill was set up around 1709 on the Bollwerksturm instead of a fulling mill belonging to the mayor Johann David Feyerabend . Between 1790 and 1810 about 20 additional mills were built, so that in 1807 there were 27 mills in Heilbronn.
The interruption of shipping on the Neckar by the weirs made the city a transshipment point for all goods shipped on the Neckar and thus a trading city. The timber handling was also large, the timber rafted down the Neckar could pass the weirs through a specially created raft lane . The Wilhelmskanal , completed in 1821, made the Neckar navigable continuously upstream in the direction of Stuttgart. Around 1820, 25,000 boards and planks were being sent annually from Cannstatt to Heilbronn alone, and in 1841 the amount of abandoned wood and cut goods was around 300,000 quintals, not counting the considerable amount of wood brought in from the Black Forest.
The Neckar as a trade route, water and power source offered favorable conditions for the industrial production of paper with the continuous paper machine developed around 1800 , which was first used in Heilbronn in the early 1820s. Several paper manufacturers and processors in Heilbronn achieved supraregional importance, both due to the size of their operations, the spread of their products and the further development of production technology.
Manpower
From small mills with few employees, the two most important paper manufacturers in Heilbronn, the Rauch brothers and Gustav Schaeuffelen, grew into large factories with around 700 employees within two generations of entrepreneurs by the late 19th century. Up to 800 rag collectors collected the rags needed for the production . The job offer in the paper industry and the other industries that followed in Heilbronn attracted many immigrants from the places in the near and distant area. In the period of early industrialization from around 1820 to 1850, the population of Heilbronn grew from around 8,000 to 12,000, and by the end of the 19th century it tripled again.
To alleviate the housing shortage in the rapidly growing city, the city's first workers' housing estate was built in 1856 for employees of the Rauch paper mill. Today's urban settlement , a municipal housing developer, goes back in its origins to this Rauch settlement.
Heilbronn paper manufacturers
Von Rauch brothers
The company was founded as a tobacco, oil and colored wood mill with an attached trading company in 1762 by Johann Benjamin Rauch (1703–1776). His grandson Adolf von Rauch (1798-1882) and Moritz von Rauch (1794-1849) took on the bleach island from 1822 with the first English endless paper machine in southern Germany, the paper production of rags on. Around 1830/35 the Rauch'sche paper factory was expanded to include a second paper machine. In 1832 the company had 110 employees. A further expansion of the rolling mills, which at that time also included the smoothing of the paper, took place in 1841/42. Between 1880 and 1900 the number of employees reached its peak with around 300 people. In 1923 the company was converted into a stock corporation, in 1924 there was a temporary cooperation with the neighboring company of Gustav Schaeuffelen and the paper factory of the Brothers Laiblin in Pfullingen, which enabled the factories to produce all types of wood-free and rag-containing paper with a total of nine paper machines. The cooperation ended in 1926 with the liquidation of the Schaeuffelen company. After that, the Rauch factory was the only remaining paper manufacturer in Heilbronn.
In 1942 the production facilities were shut down, and in 1944 the factory was completely destroyed in the air raid on Heilbronn . After the Second World War, the city of Heilbronn did not allow any industrial settlement at the previous location of the Rauch factory, instead the municipal indoor swimming pool was later built there. The Rauch company limited itself to the paper wholesale trade at a new location as Gebrüder Rauch GmbH and became part of the paper union . In 1970 around 60 employees were employed to serve the 1,500 customer base in southwest Germany; in 1988 the company achieved sales of 90 million DM with 90 employees.
Gustav Schaeuffelen
Gustav Schaeuffelen (1798–1848) came into the milling business of his step-uncle Johann Valentin Ebbeke in 1818, who went back to the third Heilbronn paper mill, built in 1709. After Ebbeke's death, Schaeuffelen took over the business in 1822. In his after a fire in 1827 newly built paper mill on Bollwerksturm he led the chemical bleaching of rags one, operating for the first time with its machinery with frost-free artesian well and took 1830 first developed in Germany and on the Continent continuous paper machine from the production of Johann Jakob Widmann in Business. The machine production was far more efficient than the previous scooping of the handmade paper by hand in the paper mills.
From 20 employees that Schaeuffelen hired in 1832, the number of employees increased to 400 (1897), later in 1923 to 535 people. The company, which was transformed into a stock corporation after the death of the founder in 1848, was one of the most important German manufacturers, especially in the segment of fine postal and writing paper as well as special papers (e.g. the bond papers produced from 1848 for the Württemberg government bond). In 1851 Schaeuffelen received the first prize for stationery at the world exhibition in London.
In 1849, the Schaeuffelen company suggested supplying the city with gas from charcoal, and from 1852 onwards Schaeuffelen supplied hard coal gas for street and private lighting. The factories were expanded significantly in 1901/02.
Like the neighboring company of the Rauch brothers, the Schaeuffelen paper mill had reached a high point in its development around the turn of the 20th century and went through a crisis in the years of need after the First World War. In 1924 the cooperation agreement was signed with the paper mills of the Laiblin brothers from Pfullingen and the Rauch brothers in Heilbronn, which, however, could no longer avert the crisis at Schaueffelen, so that the factory was shut down in the same year. Schaeuffelen filed for bankruptcy in 1925, and the company was liquidated in 1926. Since no interested party could be found in the 20,000 square meter factory, the city of Heilbronn acquired the property in 1928.
Heilbronn paper processor
Backhaus wallpaper factory
The local production of endless machine paper provided good prerequisites for wallpaper production. C. Müller founded a wallpaper factory in 1825 which by 1835 already had 20 employees under the management of Backhaus. Samples of their wallpaper and borders were recognized at the industrial exhibition in 1836 with regard to the colors, the design and the color combination as well as their value for money. Wilhelm Franz Exner listed the company as Backhaus & Komp. In 1869. The bankruptcy of the Backhaus'schen Tapetenfabrik (Anton Röser) is announced in 1882, the deletion from the commercial register in the same year.
Baier & Schneider
In 1877, Julius Baier and Andreas Schneider acquired the Gustav Ziegler company, a paper, stationery and haberdashery store in Kirchhöfle near the Nikolaikirche in Heilbronn. After starting to manufacture their own papers and expanding the production facilities to include a printing shop for the production of business books and the like, the Baier & Schneider company became successful under the brand name Brunnen . In 1930 the company moved to a new location on Wollhausstrasse and had around 500 employees. After a modest new beginning after the Second World War, the company was able to develop favorably again. Currently around 650 people are employed, around 18,000 tons of paper are processed annually, the product range of the Brunnen brand includes around 7,000 items.
Landerer
Albert Friedrich Landerer ran a fashion store in Kaiserstraße 26 in 1837 , and from 1851 a writing materials store . In 1862 the company was moved to Kaiserstraße 18, where from 1865 Richard Landerer, the son of the company founder, continued the business as a wholesaler of paper, writing materials and leather clothes . Albert Friedrich Landerer died in 1886, and his son expanded the range to include tags, sample bags , wage bags , leather goods and handicrafts. The use of letterpress and lithography processes and bookbinding machines kept the company up to date. Around 1900 the company's printing and bookbinding shop was enlarged. In 1906 Landerer produced folding boxes for the first time on behalf of a cigarette factory . This product group later became the most important branch of the company, producing boxes for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics in particular. The company was completely destroyed in the air raid on Heilbronn in 1944, but was rebuilt by Erich and Heinz Landerer after the Second World War. After the end of production and demolition, the company premises in Heilbronn's inner city remained vacant fallow for a long time before the city gallery was built there in 2004 .
Carl Friedrich Muller
The Carl Friedrich Müller - United Paper Mills Ltd. had its origins in the Wollhaus 21, where the company's founder, manufacturing & warehouse Papierdüten, paper bags, pharmacists capsules Cigarettentaschen, sample bags, etc. for operation. In 1880 the company was relocated to Wollhausstrasse 42, with a printing shop added in 1888 and the mechanical production of bags in 1902. In 1903 Carl Friedrich Müller died, as a result of which the company was transferred to Carl Berberich, who first turned the company into a GmbH, in 1918 a limited partnership and finally in 1923 a stock corporation called Carl Friedrich Müller AG . In 1935, 100 employees produced pointed bags, bottom bags, baker's pleated bags and flat white goods bags. In 1967 the processing of polyethylene was added. Since then, the products have been sold under the name Kilian-Verpackung . The company produces 250 million bags annually.
Carl Berberich
In 1863, Berberich founded a wholesaler for paper, stationery, bags, business books and pouches at Dammstrasse 27. He had previously been a partner in a paper wholesaling company and therefore had relevant business experience when he founded his wholesaler. He expanded his activities in particular to the import and export of paper. In response to demand from the Middle East, the company also started processing paper to manufacture its own products around 1900. A branch was opened in Milan as early as 1886, but this, like exports to the Middle East, was given up again in the course of the First World War. In 1905/6 Hugo Eberhardt designed the Villa Berberich at Karlstrasse 141 in Heilbronn as a residential building for the businessman Carl Berberich .
After 1918 branches were opened in Stuttgart, Cologne and Munich. In 1928 Berberich employed 265 people in Heilbronn. On December 4, 1944, the company building at Nordbergstrasse 27 fell victim to the flames during the air raid on Heilbronn . In May 1945, production took place at Stephanstrasse 27, later again at the traditional location in Nordbergstrasse. In 1954 the number of employees was 250. In the 1950s, Berberich was the first paper processing company in Germany to make spiral bindings with plastic spirals. In this field, Berberich was the market leader for a long time thanks to machines he developed himself. In 1971 a new branch was established in Abstatt near Heilbronn, followed in 1983 by a branch in Cologne, which was relocated to Langenfeld in 1990. In 1992 and 1995 branches and companies were established in Thalgau (near Salzburg) and Lehrte. Today the company is divided into the business areas Berberich Papier (paper trade) and Berberich Systems (paper processing). There are a total of seven branches, with around 350 employees an annual turnover of 200 million euros.
Ernst Mayer
In 1877 Ernst Mayer (1850–1922) founded the Ernst Mayer envelope factory , which specialized in the production of envelopes . In 1909 the company acquired a factory in Dresden to cover the East German market. The Heilbronn production facilities were destroyed in the air raid on December 4, 1944 and rebuilt after the war. After economic difficulties, the company was sold to the German investor Edlef Manfred Bartl (1950–2014) in 1983 and renamed Mayer-Kuvert . After several years of development work, an annual turnover of 45 million DM was achieved in 1989. The company expanded with the establishment of a supplier company in Berlin in 1986 and the takeover of the Stuttgart envelope manufacturer Eugen Lemppenau in 1989, the Pasing envelope factory in 1991 and the formerly state-owned envelope manufacturer Torgau-Kuvert in 1992 first nationally and then founded numerous companies in the former Eastern Bloc in the early 1990s. In 2010 the insolvent Neuwied envelope factory in Neuwied was bought .
Mayer-Kuvert has been the European market leader in envelope production since 2006. In 2013, around 2,400 employees at 50 locations in 23 countries produced around 26 billion envelopes .
Printers and publishers in Heilbronn
The presence of important paper manufacturers favored the settlement of numerous printing works in Heilbronn. From the beginning of industrialization until 1882, three printing works were founded in Heilbronn, in the high phase of paper producers up to 1901 there were already 19, in 1914 finally 25 book printing or lithographic companies. Above all, all kinds of advertising prints were produced, which were distributed far beyond Heilbronn. There were also several printing houses among the printing houses, which also enjoyed a supraregional reputation, including the music publisher CF Schmidt founded in 1855, Otto Weber Verlag founded in 1884 and specializing in magazines, and Eugen Salzer-Verlag founded in 1891 .
literature
- Hubert Weckbach: The Heilbronn paper mills . In: Heilbronn Historical Association. 25th publication , Heilbronn 1966.
- Christhard Schrenk, Hubert Weckbach: "... for your account and risk". Invoices and letterheads from Heilbronn companies . Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 1994, ISBN 3-928990-48-9 ( Small series of publications by the Heilbronn City Archives . Volume 30).
- 225 years of Gebrüder Rauch GmbH . In: Sontheim 1188–1988. Historical memories on the occasion of the 800th anniversary . Sontheimer Open Circle, Sontheim 1988.
- Ernst Schmid: The commercial development in the city of Heilbronn since the beginning of industrialization. Stadtarchiv Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1993, ISBN 3-928990-39-X ( Sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn. Volume 3)
- Harald Winkel : On the development of the northern Württemberg area - Heilbronn: city and region 1802–1980 . In: In: Historischer Verein Heilbronn. 30th publication , Heilbronn 1983.
- Bernhard Müller: An important factory town - materials for the industrialization of Heilbronn in the 19th century. Working group for regional studies in the city and district of Heilbronn, Heilbronn 1991 ( texts and materials on regional history lessons. Issue 8)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cf. Correspondenzblatt des Königlich Württembergischen Landwirthschaftlichen Verein , NF X, 1836, Vol. 2, p. 153.
- ↑ See Wilhelm Franz Exner: The wallpaper and colored paper industry for manufacturers and traders, as well as for technical institutes , Weimar 1869, p. 46.
- ↑ See Chemiker-Zeitung , Vol. 6, 1882, p. 176 or ibid., P. 260.
- ↑ Kilian Verpackung on kilian-verpackung.de (accessed on December 28, 2015).
- ^ Stadtarchiv Heilbronn, Heuss database, search terms Karlstraße, archive signature A034-1758 Draft for the Villa Berberich v. H.Eberhardt
- ↑ Julius Keil: The West German economy and its leading men. State of Baden-Württemberg, Part I: Northern part. United publishing companies, Frankfurt / Main 1958, p. 17ff.
- ↑ Numbers and facts on berberich.de (accessed December 28, 2015)
- ↑ "Mayer envelope: - a rise like Phoenix from the ashes", in: Postmaster-Magazin 10/2008, pp. 38–39.
- ↑ http://www.mayer-network.net/unternehmen/firmengeschichte The company history: From the Ernst Mayer envelope factory to mayer-network GmbH
- ↑ http://www.mayer-network.net/unternehmen/firmengeschichte The company history: From the Ernst Mayer envelope factory to mayer-network GmbH
