Augmentative
The augmentative or augmentative (from Latin : augmen "multiplication, increase") is the enlargement of a noun and represents the opposite of the diminutive .
Features and rules
Analytical formation by: There are two kinds of formation Syntagma (eg. Away , eating wherein the first member away the augmentative function of the gain takes) and the synthetic formation by derivatives . Here, a more precise distinction can be made according to the components involved in the formation: formation with affixes (e.g. bomb heat, telephone itis ) and affixoids (e.g. snakes eat, fashion zar ), in some cases formations with subaffixoids ( z. B. incorrect decision, Schimpf cannonade considered separately).
The common German prefix Un , such as As at innumerable , enormous sum , plethora or beast , is not used in these examples the negation but as augmentatives prefixoid with the semantic meaning "large". Some number words and the prefixoid can but express the augmentative such. B. at thousands upon thousands . The preposition over can be used as a prefix to word formations such as B. Oversize , Oversize , Oversize , Superhuman are used. Colloquially, giant (e.g. giant fun ) or super or mega (e.g. super strong , mega strong ) are used as prefixes.
The augmentative is widespread in Italian , in which it is formed with the suffix -one (m.) Or -ona (f.); padre is the father, padrone the lord or master, padrona the mistress. In Portuguese , the most common ending of the augmentative is -ão ; It is grammatically masculine, but can also be used as augmentative feminine nouns, for example casarão (m.) is a big house, derived from casa (f.) or sapatão (m.) is a big shoe, derived from sapato (m.).
Examples
Esperanto
In the international language Esperanto the syllable -eg- is used; then, as is customary, an ending vowel or an ending syllable is added, which denotes the word class (-o for nouns in the singular, -oj nouns in the plural, -a for adjectives, -e for adverbs, -i for verbs in the basic form etc.). The opposite "diminutive" ( diminutive ) with the syllable -et- formed in accordance with the Romance languages.
- pordo door, pordego gate, pordeto door
- varma warm, varmega hot, varmeta lukewarm
- salti jump saltegi make giant leaps, salteti bounce
The syllables can also be used as independent word stems.
- ege very (adverb), eta small, low
Italian
- porta (door) becomes portone (gate)
- tromba ( trumpet ) or viola (viola) become trombone ( trombone ) or violone
- Tortellini or spaghetti become tortelloni or spaghettoni
Modern Greek
- Masculine: -αρος [-aros]
- Feminine: -άρα [-ára]
μύτη [míti] (nose) becomes μυτάρα [mitára] ('big nose'). The corresponding diminutive is: μυτούλα [mitoúla] (nose)
The augmentatives used in the Greek vernacular Dimotiki are “sometimes very plastic [...] and [do] justice to the Mediterranean temperament of the Greeks [...]. The endings -αρος (male) and -άρα (female) are particularly useful here: η μύτη [i míti] (the nose), ο μύταρος [o mítaros] = η μυτάρα [i mitára] (the big nose [also called 'the big prong']). The meaning is often ironic ”, and not infrequently even pejorative (source: Pavlos Tzermias: Modern Greek Grammar. A. Francke AG Verlag, Bern 1969).
An example of this is the Greek section of the well-known story of the wooden Pinocchio , in which his much too large lying nose (the mitára ) finally shrinks back to an ordinary, small nose (a mitoúla ). The latter is one of at least two common female. Forms of diminution (diminutive of feminine; masculine and neuter each have their own forms).
Polish
- Masculine, feminine and neuter: -isko (-ysko) for people, animals and concrete objects.
There is a change in gender. These forms are all in the neuter.
In Polish , for example, dom (house) is used to form domisko (big house) and should not be confused with domek ( little house). The ciało (body) becomes cielsko .
- Masculine, feminine and neuter: -idło (-ydło) for literary works and other works of art.
Here, too, the gender changes to the neuter.
So film (film) becomes filmidło (bad, long-winded film) or wiersz (poem) wierszydło (pathetic, long poem).
There are other suffixes or zero suffixes that have an augmentative effect:
- z. B. becomes szpilka (needle) szpila (large needle)
or from ciastko (cake) ciacho (big cake) and from kiełbasa (sausage) kiełbacha (giant sausage ).
- -ina (-yna) have, besides being coarse, also a strongly derogatory function.
There is no gender change here with masculine-personal nouns. All other nouns become feminine.
- -al can also form an augmentative.
E.g .: nos (nose) becomes nochal (prongs).
There are other suffixes that form augmentatives from nouns and adjectives.
Portuguese
Suffix -ão:
casarão (m, big house) from casa (f) and sapatão (m, big shoe) from sapato (m).
Romanian
Suffixes: -an, -andru, -oi, -oaie
Examples: cățel ( little dog) becomes cățelandru , casă (house) becomes căsoi or căsoaie .
Russian
- Masculine and neuter: -ище [-ishche]
- Feminine: -ища [-ishcha]
In Russian , for example, дом [dom] (house) is made up домище [domishche] (big house). This is not to be confused with the diminutive домик [domik] (little house). Likewise бородища [borodishcha] from борода [boroda] (beard).
Spanish
Suffixes: -ote / -ota, -ón / -ona, -azo / -aza
botella (bottle) becomes botellón (big thick bottle).
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Karbelaschwili: Dictionary of Word formation of the German language: augmentation and diminution. 2. revised Edition (2001).
- ↑ Slavolinguistica 5; Polish grammar; Otto Sagner Verlag , Munich 2004; P. 174.
- ↑ Slavolinguistica 5; Polish grammar; Otto Sagner Verlag, Munich 2004; P. 175.
- ↑ Slavolinguistica 5; Polish grammar; Otto Sagner Verlag, Munich 2004; P. 175.
- ↑ Slavolinguistica 5; Polish grammar; Otto Sagner Verlag, Munich 2004; P. 176.
- ↑ Diminutive și augmentative ( Memento of the original from December 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , paginideromana.ro