Aliens regulation
In team sport, foreigner regulation refers to the requirements of a national or international sports association regarding the possibility of using foreign athletes in a competition.
Foreigner regulations in football
An essential legal framework for European football is the Bosman decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) from 1995, which granted professional footballers within the European Union the usual free movement of workers and brought down existing regulations for foreigners insofar as they were foreigners from other EU countries. States concerned.
Regulations in German football
In Germany, the rules regarding the deployment of foreigners have been changed several times in recent years. For professional clubs, the requirements of the German Football League (DFL) with regard to the minimum number of German licensed players as well as licensed players trained in Germany and at the club are decisive .
New regulation from 2005
After the poor performance of the German national team at the 2004 European Championships , the DFL reached an agreement with the German Football Association in October 2004 that a maximum of five foreigners from non- UEFA countries could be under contract at the same time, and four in the 2005/06 season. In addition, each club had to employ at least twelve German licensed players. As of the 2006/07 season, only three non-UEFA foreigners should be allowed. These regulations were introduced in order to provide the youngsters with playing practice for the German national team in professional clubs, which increasingly preferred to sign experienced foreign players.
New regulation from 2006
In autumn 2005, however, a number of large clubs in particular pushed for the three non-UEFA foreigner rules to be overturned. In their squads there were often more regular players from non-European countries and they also feared competitive disadvantages in European competition with countries that had no such regulations. The Belgian first division club KSK Beveren already employed twelve players from the Ivory Coast in the 2004/05 season .
In January 2006, it was finally agreed on a new regulation regarding the employment of foreigners from the 2006/07 season:
- Furthermore, each club must have twelve German licensed players under contract.
- The restriction on non-UEFA foreigners does not apply at all.
- Each club must employ at least four local players who have been trained by a German club . From the 2007/08 season the number rose to six, from the 2008/09 season to eight. Eligibility to play for at least three seasons between the ages of 15 and 21 counts as training, including in the youth teams.
- In turn, at least two of these local players (three or four in the following seasons) must have been trained by their own club (training definition as above).
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The regulation takes into account the interests of the large clubs competing in Europe for the most permissive team design possible. In theory, German professional clubs can now compete with eleven non-UEFA foreigners. The twelve German licensed players had already been filled with counting candidates in not a few clubs in the past two seasons, who were then only used in the respective second team in the amateur leagues. It is not uncommon for these players to belong to both teams, i.e. the professionals (to meet the 12 rule) and the amateurs (where they were actually used). Because there is still no obligation to actually use German players.
The same could apply to the local player regulation; Here, the clubs can continue to employ two to four self-trained players as licensed players in order to comply with the rules, without these being used in professional competitive games . Critics mainly object in this regard that the DFL has not adopted the regulation proposed by UEFA, according to which the upper squad limit for professional teams should be 25 players, as is already the rule in the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League .
Regulations in French football
In the 2006/07 season, Ligue 1 clubs may sign up to four (in Ligue 2 : two) players who are not from one of the EEA countries or an area associated with the EU . These may also be used simultaneously in league games. Players from France's overseas possessions or regions , dual citizens and naturalized (“naturalized”) kickers are not covered by this restrictive clause.
See also: Ligue 1 # The French league as a magnet for foreign players
FIFA 6 + 5 rule
On May 30, 2008, FIFA passed the so-called 6 + 5 rule. This rule states that at least six local players must be used in national club teams. The rule was supposed to come into force in 2013, but FIFA has since abandoned it.
Regulations for foreigners in German table tennis
For information on the regulations for foreigners in German table tennis, see article DTTB .
Foreigners regulation in the German Football League
In the German Football League (GFL) a distinction is made between European (E-players) and non-European foreigners (A-players). A GFL team may only have eight A-players, but only six of them may take part in a game and only two may be on the field at the same time. In the leagues below, a maximum of six A-players may be in a team and only four of them may take part in a game, of which a maximum of two at the same time. In the youth teams the stake is limited to one A-player per play. In total, GFL teams are allowed to have 12 foreigners with a game pass, eight of which are allowed to take part in a game and three are allowed to be on the field at the same time. Foreigners must be clearly marked with an A or E on the helmet and jersey.
Foreigner regulation in Canadian football
In 1936 the Canadian Rugby Union introduced a limit of five import players. To play in the Gray Cup , they had to live in Canada for at least one year. In the mid-1950s, the number was increased to 10 per team, but a maximum of eight were allowed in one game. In 1964, when the squad was limited to 30 players, the number of import players was increased to 13. In 1965 the number was increased to 14. In 1968 the additional Designated Import was introduced. In the course of a game, he was allowed to replace another import player, who was then no longer allowed to be substituted on. In 1970, the Canadian Football League changed the regulation so that when applied to quarterbacks, the substituted player could be substituted in and exchanged as often as desired. In 1972 the roster was increased to 33 players, including a maximum of 15 import players, and later to 34, including a maximum of 15 imports. In 1986 the roster was limited to 19 non-import, 13 import players and three quarterbacks of any status. In 1988 the roster was limited to 20 non-imports, 14 imports and 2 quarterbacks. One of the import players had to be listed as a designated import and was only allowed to play with the special teams . In 1990, although the squad was increased to 37 players, only 14 import players were allowed to play. In 2002 the number of import players was increased to 18 with the expansion of the roster to 40 players, two of which were designated imports. The Designated Imports were now allowed to replace another import player in addition to the special teams moves. In 2006 the number was increased to 19 import players with 42 squad places. Since 2014 there have been 20 slots for import players, four of which are designated imports. In 2019, the CFL introduced Global Players , players who are neither from the USA nor from Canada. Every team must have at least one, from 2020 two, global players in the active squad.
Prior to 1964, import players were considered naturalized non-imports if the individual had lived in Canada for the last five years. As of 1964, non-imports were Canadian citizens or people who had resided in Canada for the last five years and at least 13 of the first 21 years of life. The rule change did not apply to players who were already under contract before 1964 (see grandfathering ). As of 2014, an import player is a person who was not a Canadian citizen when they signed their first contract, was not classified as a non-import player before May 31, 2014, and did not spend five years of the first 18 years of life in Canada.
References
- ↑ Leipzig is not a player with competitive game: the local player of the 18 Bundesliga , kicker.de , December 1, 2014
- ↑ http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/intligen/startseite/artikel/379185/
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/8733164.stm
- ↑ Nice to know. Retrieved November 16, 2015 .
- ↑ American Football Rules. (pdf) Retrieved November 16, 2015 .
- ↑ a b Frequently Asked Questions about Rosters. Retrieved August 20, 2017 .
- ^ Scott Stinson: Scott Stinson: Departing CFL chair says league is 'part of the fabric of this country,' but must also evolve - The Chronicle Herald. In: thechronicleherald.ca. Retrieved May 17, 2020 (English).