Banded goshawk
| Banded goshawk | ||||||||||
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Banded goshawk, Christmas Island |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||
| Accipiter fasciatus | ||||||||||
| ( Vigors & Horsfield , 1827) |
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The banded goshawk ( Accipiter fasciatus ) is a medium-sized bird of prey from the hawk-like family that is native to New Guinea and Australia. The conspicuous species feeds primarily on vertebrates and colonizes open areas in subtropical and tropical forests of the hill country. During the breeding season, the banded goshawk is shy and lives solitary or in pairs.
The IUCN classifies the stock situation of the banded hawk as harmless ( least concern ). A distinction is made between eleven to twelve subspecies, which predominantly colonize archipelagos between the Malay Peninsula and Australia .
features
The nominate form of the banded hawk reaches a body length of 40 to 50 centimeters and has a wingspan of 75 to 95 centimeters. Males weigh an average of 370 grams, the females are significantly heavier at 570 grams. There are sometimes considerable differences in size between the individual subspecies. The shape is typical of the hawk with a slender trunk, relatively short and rounded wings and a tail that is long in relation to its size. The legs and toes are also relatively long.
Adult birds
The top of the body and the sides of the head are slate gray, the color of the females is a bit browner. A brownish band runs in the neck, the tail plumage is very finely brownish cross-banded on the upper side. The underside of the body is reddish-brown and cross-banded in white. The chin and throat are slightly paler than the sides of the head and are finely dashed in dark gray. The tail plumage is silver-gray on the underside with fine, dark transverse bands that are only missing on the outer tail feathers. The beak is black, the wax skin is green-yellow. The iris is yellow to orange-yellow.
Fledglings
Young birds are darker and brownish than the adult birds. They have a more distinct dark transverse banding on the wings and the tail plumage. The head and neck are dashed in white, above the eye there is a white stripe above the eye. The top of the body is dark brown, the individual feathers are lined with reddish brown. The basic color of the underside of the body is white. The fore neck and chest are dark, step-like spots, the belly is banded across. The wax skin is green-yellow as in the adult birds, the iris in the nestlings is initially brown and then turns into a cream-colored shade before the young birds develop the yellow iris of the adult birds.
Possible confusion
The banded goshawk is very similar to the Sydney hawk ( Accipiter cirrocephalus ) and can only be distinguished from this species in field observations by means of very few, insignificant details. The Sydney hawk is basically smaller than the banded goshawk, but only the males of the Sydney hawk can be clearly identified by the size difference. In the females there is an overlap in body size. A distinction is made in the tail plumage, the end of which is rounded in the Sydney sparrow while the tail end of the banded goshawk. The similarity between species is so pronounced that the on Rossel occurring subtype A. f. rosselianus was no longer classified as a subspecies of the Sydney spider until 2015, but as a subspecies of the banded goshawk.
Distribution area and habitat
The distribution area of the banded hawk extends from Buru , the Lesser Sunda Islands , New Caledonia , Vanuatu , New Guinea , Kiritimati , Rennell and Bellona to Australia including the Christmas and Norfolk Islands . The banded goshawk is extremely rare on Christmas Island and has only been seen once on Norfolk Island.
In the distribution area the banded goshawk is a partial migrant and resident bird . The longest migration was recorded for a male ringed as a nestling in the Australian Capital Territory , which was found again 960 kilometers further northeast in Yetonga , Queensland . The majority of the ringing finds indicate, at least for Australia, that banded goshawks migrate no further than 100 kilometers from their place of birth.
The habitat are savannahs, forest edges and similar habitats. The altitude distribution in New Guinea extends from the plains to altitudes of 1950 meters.
Subspecies
The following subspecies are distinguished:
- A. f. fasciatus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) . Nominate form . Occurrence in Australia and Tasmania as well as islands off the coast.
- A. f. buruensis Stresemann, 1914
- A. f. didimus (Mathews, 1912) . This subspecies is very small compared to the nominate form. The body length is 35 to 45 centimeters, the wingspan is 70 to 85 centimeters. The males weigh 220 grams and the females 350 grams. Occurrence from the island of Buru in the south of the Moluccas to the north of Australia.
- A. f. dogwa Rand, 1941 - Occurrence in western New Guinea, where this subspecies inhabits the Fly Plain , the Yos Sudarso Island and the region around Merauke .
- A. f. helmayri Stresemann, 1922 . Occurrence on Timor, Semau, Roti in the central area of the Lesser Sunda Islands.
- Christmas Island bathing goshawk ( A. f. Natalis ) - (Lister, 1889) . Occurrence only on Christmas Island, where it is, however, comparatively rare.
- A. f. polycryptus Rothschild & Hartert, 1915 . Occurrence in the east of New Guinea.
- A. f. savu Mayr, 1941 . Occurrence on Sawu in the south of the Lesser Sunda Islands.
- A. f. stresemanni Rensch, 1931 . Occurrence on small islands between Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
- A. f. tjendanae Stresemann, 1925 . Occurrence on Sumba in the southwest of the Lesser Sunda Islands.
- A. f. vigilax (Wetmore, 1926) . Occurrence on Vanuatu, Tanja, Anatom, New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands .
- A. f. wallacii (Sharpe, 1874) . Occurrence from the Lesser Sunda Islands to Babar.
- A. f. rosselianus Mayr, 1940 - Island shape on Rossel , the easternmost island of the Louisiade archipelago .
food
The banded goshawk mainly eats other bird species, as well as small vertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates and occasionally carrion. Invertebrates play a larger role, especially in the young birds after they fledged.
Females beat prey that weigh up to 2 kilograms. Males beat prey animals up to a weight of 750 grams. They hunt predominantly from the raised hide.
Reproduction
The banded goshawk is almost certainly a monogamous bird. So far, however, there has been no research into how long the relationship has existed. Mated birds hunt together in exceptional cases and can also be seen together on carrion.
Both parent birds are involved in the construction of the nest and in the breeding, but the female has a significantly larger share in the breeding business. The male provides the female with food until the nestlings are at least 14 days old. Only then does the female begin to hunt again.
Both parent birds defend a breeding area within a radius of about 200 to 300 meters around the nest. According to observations in the Australian state of New South Wales, the minimum distance between individual banded goshawk nests is around one kilometer. Several pairs have been observed who defended the same breeding area for four to five breeding seasons in a row. The female is considered to be the more aggressive defender. The nest is defended against wedge-tailed harriers , wedge-tailed eagles , peregrine falcons and rabbit eagles , among others . In one observed case, a rabbit eagle was tracked for more than a kilometer after entering the breeding area.
The nest is very rarely left alone, with the presence of the parent birds increasing with the breeding season. The clutch comprises two to four eggs, a clutch size of three eggs is typical. The brood begins with the placement of the second or third egg. The breeding season averages 30 days.
literature
- Bruce M. Beehler, Thane K. Pratt: Birds of New Guinea; Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-16424-3 .
- James Ferguson-Lees , David A. Christie: Raptors of the World. Helm Identification Guides, Christopher Helm, London 2001, ISBN 0-7136-8026-1 .
- PJ Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds , Volume 2, Raptors to Lapwings, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993, ISBN 0-19-553069-1 .
Web links
Single receipts
- ↑ a b c d e f g Handbook of the Birds of the World on the banded hawk | , accessed May 1, 2017
- ↑ a b Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds . Volume 2, p. 134.
- ↑ a b Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds . Volume 2, p. 135.
- ↑ a b c d Beehler & Pratt: Birds of New Guinea . P. 211.
- ^ A b c Beehler & Pratt: Birds of New Guinea . P. 210.
- ↑ a b c Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds . Volume 2, p. 136.
- ↑ a b Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds . Volume 2, p. 137.
- ↑ Biolib.cz
- ↑ Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds . Volume 2, p. 138.
- ↑ a b c d Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds . Volume 2, p. 140.
- ↑ Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds . Volume 2, p. 141.
- ↑ Higgins (Ed.): Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds . Volume 2, p. 144.