Asked Yeʾor

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Bat Yeʾor ( Hebrew בת יאור, "Daughter of the Nile") is a pseudonym of the British author Gisèle Littman (* 1933 in Cairo , Kingdom of Egypt as Gisèle Orebie ). Under this and another pseudonym ( Yahudiya Masriya , "Egyptian Jewess") she published several books in which she deals with the history of Christians and Jews under Islamic rule in the Middle East and warns of the alleged danger of an Islamization of Europe.

Life

Littman was born in Egypt in 1933 to Jewish parents, her mother was from France, her father from Italy. During the Suez Crisis in 1956, like most Egyptian Jews, her Egyptian citizenship was revoked. In 1957 she came to London as a stateless refugee . From 1958 to 1960 she studied at the Institute of Archeology at the University of London . There she met David Littman (1933-2012), whom she married in 1959, whereby she got British citizenship.

In 1960 the couple moved to Switzerland , where Gisèle Littman has lived ever since. Together with her husband, she was involved in Operation Mural in 1961 , during which 530 Jewish children from Morocco were brought to Israel via Switzerland. In 1961/62 she studied social sciences at the University of Geneva . She is the mother of three children. She has been working as a freelance researcher and journalist since 1969.

subjects

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Littman's subject area is the history and current situation of non-Muslim minorities under Islamic rule, especially that of Christians and Jews. She worked in a whole series of books and essays on the characteristics of “dhimmitude” (dhimmitude) : By this she understands the social relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims under the premises of the dhimma , the “protection contract” prescribed by Sharia law. According to Littman, these conditions are characterized by systematic discrimination against the “ kuffar ” (Arabic: infidels, understood by them and by Islamic fundamentalists as non-Muslims). The pressure to which they were exposed for centuries - according to the thesis in The Decline of Oriental Christianity under Islam (2002) - led to Christianity becoming a marginal phenomenon in its former core areas of North Africa, Asia Minor and the Middle East and that its Even today, followers still live in a situation of permanent discrimination and latent threat.

She describes Littman's second big topic with the term “ Eurabia ”. In her book Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis , she claims that since the oil crisis of 1973 at the latest there has been a secret conspiracy between the European and Arab elites that systematically work towards the merging of Europe with the Arab world and thereby an “Islamization” of Europe and at least approve of the destruction of Israel. An Islamic-Arab colony is emerging from Europe, which Littman calls "Eurabia".

reception

The term dhimmitude was also used by Bachir Gemayel , leader of the Christian Forces Lebanaises in the Lebanese Civil War , who declared in his last speech before his assassination in 1982 that he refused to “ live in dhimmitude ”. Bat Yeʾor claims, however, that she coined the term that Gemayel took over from her through “mutual friends”. In a publication by Bat Yeʾor, however, the term can only be proven in 1983 - after Gemayel's murder.

Bat Yeʾor's Eurabia thesis was u. a. taken up by Christopher Caldwell , Mark Steyn , Claire Berlinski and Walter Laqueur . The author is a well-known figure in anti-Islamic circles. In 2008 she gave an interview to the right-wing populist blog Politically Incorrect . Your theses should also have influenced the mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik . He quoted them extensively in his manifesto . Littman distanced himself from Breivik's actions: she regretted if her writings had inspired him and mourned the innocent young people. However, she sought the cause of the acts in a mental illness and not in Breivik's ideological convictions.

Journalist Simon Kuper criticized Bat Yeʾors Eurabia in the Financial Times as one of the two worst books he had ever read. He described it as a modification of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion , replacing the role of the Jews with that of the Muslims. The Catholic theologian Ernst Fürlinger describes Eurabia as an "Islamophobic conspiracy theory ". Joachim Jakob judges that Gisèle Littman “tries to underpin the current - partly Islamophobic - concerns about Islam with a one-sided view of its history”. As a genuinely political and not scientifically objective author, she falls back on the term dhimmitude . Jakob also rejected Littman's idea of ​​a Eurabia as a conspiracy theory.

Publications

  • 1971 Les Juifs en Egypte . (pseud. Yahudiya Masriya)
  • 1980 Le dhimmi; Profile de l'opprime en Orient et en Afrique du Nord depuis la conquête arabe. Anthropos, Paris 1980; engl. 1985: The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, Madison NJ, ISBN 0-8386-3262-9 . (pseud. Bat Ye'or)
  • 2002 The decline of oriental Christianity under Islam. 7-20 Century. Between jihad and dhimmitude . Resch, Graefelfing, ISBN 3-935197-19-5 .
  • 2002 Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide. ISBN 0-8386-3943-7 .
  • 2005 Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, Madison NJ, ISBN 0-8386-4077-X . (pseud. Bat Ye'or)
  • 2010 L'Europe et le specter du califat . Les provinciales, ISBN 978-2-912833-22-8 .
  • 2013 Europe and the coming caliphate . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-428-13831-9 . (pseud. Bat Ye'or)

literature

  • Sindre Bangstad: Bat Ye'or and Eurabia. In: Mark Sedgwick: Key Thinkers of the Radical Right. Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. 2019, ISBN 9780190877583 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Raphael Israeli: "Pisces" Out of Morocco and the Saga of the Clandestine Jewish Exodus. Strategic Books, 2016, pp. 267–268.
  2. ↑ Bat Ye'or: The Decline of Oriental Christianity under Islam. 7-20 Century. Between jihad and dhimmitude. Resch, Graefelfing, 2002, ISBN 3-935197-19-5 .
  3. ↑ Bat Ye'or: Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, Madison NJ, 2005, ISBN 0-8386-4077-X .
  4. ↑ Bat Ye'or: Europe and the Coming Caliphate . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2013, ISBN 978-3-428-13831-9
  5. ↑ Sindre Bangstad: Anders Breivik and the Rise of Islamophobia. Chapter The Eurabia Genre .
  6. ↑ Justin Vaïsse: Eurabian Follies. In: Foreign Policy , January 4, 2010.
  7. ↑ Yasemin Shooman, Riem Spielhaus: The concept of the Muslim enemy in the public discourse . In: Jocelyne Cesari (ed.): Muslims in the West After 9/11: Religion, Politics and Law . 2010, p. 211.
  8. ↑ Lene Auestad: Nationalism and the Body Politic. Psychoanalysis and the Rise of Ethnocentrism and Xenophobia. Karnack, 2014 London, p. 54.
  9. ^ Doug Saunders : 'Eurabia' opponents scramble for distance from anti-Muslim murderer. In: The Globe and Mail , July 25, 2011.
  10. ^ The end of Eurabia. In: FT Magazine , September 9, 2011.
  11. ^ Ernst Fürlinger: Mosque construction conflicts in Austria. National Politics of Religious Space in the Global Age. v & r unipress, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8471-0153-6 , p. 350.
  12. ↑ Joachim Jakob: East Syrian Christians and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Lit Verlag, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-643-50616-0 , p. 15 [1]
personal data
SURNAME Yeʾor, Bat
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Littman, Gisèle; Orebie, Gisèle (maiden name); בת יאור; Masriya, Yahudiya
BRIEF DESCRIPTION British author and historian
DATE OF BIRTH 1933
PLACE OF BIRTH Cairo