Ben gold

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A group of fur workers during a strike.
In the first row, second from the left, 14 year old Ben Gold (1912).

Benjamin Gold (born September 8, 1898 in Bessarabia , † July 24, 1985 in North Miami Beach , Florida ) was an American labor leader.

General

Ben Gold was a member of the US Communist Party and headed the International Fur Workers Union . From 1937 to 1955 he was president of the International Association of fur - and Leather Workers International Fur and Leather Workers Union (IFLWU) . In 1924, Gold was suspended from his post in the Kürschnerbund because of his activities on behalf of the Communist Party (which had been associated with the Communist Labor Party since 1921 ). In 1925, he was reinstated and the chairman of the New York furrier -Vorstandes appointed ( New York Furriers' Joint Board ). During his active time, the mostly militant clashes between workers in the fur, leather and textile industry and corrupt union leaderships and for improvements in the sometimes extremely poor working conditions in the companies in the 1920s and 1930s, which were ultimately successful.

The former center of the American fur industry and world-famous fur district was in New York on the four blocks between 24th and 31st Street. If you crossed this area in the afternoon in the middle of the 20th century, you saw thousands of fur workers pushing one another . In 1950 it said: “These are the men and women who make the neat, elegant winter clothes that are shown in the shop windows of fashionable avenues in every city. And these are the men and women whose inspiring struggles and great achievements are known around the world ”.

Personal biography

Ben Gold was born on September 8, 1898 to Israel and Sarah Gold, b. Droll was born in Bessarabia , a province of the Russian Empire. His father was a watchmaker and jeweler, active in the revolutionary movement and a member of the local Jewish self-defense corps, institutions that existed in many cities as a precaution against pogroms by the anti-Semitic Black Hundreds . Otherwise his family was steeped in the struggle against oppression. His sister took part in the revolutionary student movement and was beaten and crippled on several occasions during demonstrations against “tsarist tyranny”. Forner wrote: "The young boy soon learned the meaning of the dreaded knock on the door in the middle of the night by the Tsarist police, and the horror of the pogroms against the Jewish population."

In 1908 Israel Gold went to New York, and in 1910 he was able to bring his family to join them. The then 12-year-old Ben took on various jobs to support his family. He worked in cardboard factories, fashion stores and made paperbacks. He was eventually taken in by a family friend at the Agines & Son fur store on Bleecker Street. In 1912, the 14-year-old joined the Furriers Union of the United States and Canada , which was just being formed and which changed its name to the International Fur Workers Union of the United States and Canada (IFWU) a year later .

Gold became an active member of the Communist Party. In the late 1940s he rose to important positions there. In the winter of 1930–1931 he briefly attended the Lenin Institute in Moscow (with a department for higher education that taught the works of Vladimir Lenin ) and was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party from 1936 to 1948 .

At the height of his career as a labor leader, Gold lived in the New York Bronx , which at the time was still a middle-class neighborhood. Here he ran unsuccessfully as a judge in 1928; he received one of the lowest numbers of votes in the history of the New York court elections.

Throughout his life, Gold wrote short stories in Yiddish , often related to industrial relations and Jewish immigrants. His 1944 novel Avreml Broyde contains illustrations by fellow communist William Gropper. His last fictional work was The Storm in Riverville , published in 1972. It's a semi-fictional portrayal of textile workers in the 1920s, their struggle against organized crime and their attempt to win a 40-hour week. He published his memoirs in 1984.

Ben Gold spent his retirement in Florida. He died on July 24, 1985 at his home in North Miami Beach, Florida. He left his wife Sadie Gold, b. Algus. Her father was Harris J. Algus († 1922), "progressive" chairman of the New York Joint Board .

Labor dispute of the fur workers

Clothing workers protest march (New York, between 1915 and 1920)

At the age of 13, Ben Gold entered the fur industry. In 1911 he worked for one season as an "operator" ( fur machine sewer) at Board & Hauptmann for a weekly wage of 9 dollars, at the time the only employee in the family. When the fur industry went on strike in 1912, Gold, who was just 14 years old, was deputy head of the Pike & Rabinowitz company . He became an active participant in the strike, constantly with the picket lines who patrolled the shops. He and his colleagues slept close to the shop so that no strikebreaker could get in or out at night. During this time he got in contact with members of the Socialist Party. The boy was receptive to their ideas, several of his sisters were already active in the Cloak and Dressmakers Union . He was now working at Kaufmann & Oberländer and on the side continued his education at the Manhattan Preparatory School , with the unrealized intention of attending law school once.

During the early years of the Kürschner Union, he participated in many member actions against corruption and bureaucracy within the Union. In 1916 he joined the Socialist Party ( Socialist Party ). In connection with the fight against “gangsterism” and the bureaucracy in the Union, he first appeared as the militant leader of a twelve-week strike by fur workers in Montreal, Canada, where he had previously visited the family's furrier friends several times without being employed there.

In 1919, at the age of 21, Gold was elected by New York furriers to the New Board of Directors, a council of furriers' unions that covered the entire city of New York. In September of the same year he joined a group that separated from the Socialist Party to form the Communist Labor Party of America .

When Gold insisted at a union meeting in 1923 that a worker demanded the discussion of an impending agreement between the union and workers, its chairman, Kaufman, had him brutally beaten up in front of his colleagues by thugs with chairs and clubs with the aid of knives that he was in the hospital for two weeks. In between, there was also an arrest of Gold by the police. Several other workers, including women, were also injured. All this finally led to a turning point for the fur workers in relation to the union apparatus, the "Kaufman Machine", and it was decided to put up an equally militant defense.

In a massive strike by New York furriers in 1926, Gold took the lead. There was a lockout of 8,500 workers, to which the unions responded with a general strike of 12,000 fur workers. 10,000 workers took to the streets during a demonstration, and pickets prevented those willing to work from entering the factories. The police responded with thugs and cars drove into the crowd at high speed to break up the pickets. It was only when Gold ordered the opening of the picket lines that order could be restored. 125 workers were arrested. The police reaction was so brutal that a city magistrate later accused the police department of "improper coercion" of the striking workers.

Ben Gold managed to come to an agreement with the fur wholesaler Motty Eitingon from the Eitingon Schild Company and thus break the two-sided rigid fronts. However, since the interests of all workers were not taken into account, especially not those of the numerous Jewish fur workers with their demand for a sabbath day off , there was no general labor peace . Gold got into considerable disputes with more radical union leaders; his participation in a union event could only be achieved through massive protests by members. On May 22, 1926, a mass meeting filled the newly built Madison Square Garden, the largest workers' gathering held in the city to date. Condemned union leaders for absenteeism, Gold stated that winning the 40-hour workweek in New York City would lead to a nationwide movement that would transcend the borders of the nation. On June 11, 1926, a new contract was signed with the employers. It provided for the 40-hour, five-day week, an end to overtime from December to August, payment for one and a half hours of overtime between September and November, a 10 percent wage increase, 10 paid holidays and a ban on subcontracting.

However, Gold's success in entering into the collective agreement did not last long. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) skilled workers' union accused Gold and the other strike leaders of debauchery, wasting union money, forcing workers to join the Communist Party, participating in the strike, extending the strike on the orders of the Communist Party, and lying to the AFL Inquiry Committee . On January 13, 1927, a final report of the AFL was published, in which the AFL demanded that the joint board of directors be purged of all communists or that the affected members be expelled. Gold and 36 other local leaders were expelled from the union. On March 17, 1927, Gold and ten other Joint Board leaders were arrested for allegedly breaking into a fur workshop near Mineola , New York, during the 1926 strike . Nine people were convicted, Gold and one other person were acquitted. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) also accused Gold of attempting to bribe police officers during the 1926 strike in order to give the union favorable treatment. Gold and the other defendants were found innocent on July 21, 1927 after the court found no evidence of misuse of funds. Most of the testimony focused on police violence against the union and its members, which significantly undermined allegations of bribery.

In the same year there were disputes over competency among the workers' associations over the responsibilities for collective agreements, there were demands to dismiss the fur workers who did not belong to their own association. As a result, the employers no longer felt bound by the agreements, anyway in a time of bad economic conditions. Soon the working hours rose to 70 hours a week. Overtime pay has been cut, wages have been cut by up to 50 percent, and subcontracting has become common practice.

Although Gold was still charged with assault and bribery at the time, he led the Joint Board in a campaign against the Furriers 'Joint Council, which was dominated by the skilled workers ' union AFL . At the end of March 1927 he himself led mass marches and protests in the fur district of New York City. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) attempted to undermine the Joint Committee by issuing statements that the Gold-led union was seeking a "peace treaty" with the Joint. The council accused the Joint Authority of forcing workers to join. The Gold-led Joint Board, despite significant hostility and allegations, had the support of the vast majority of workers in the fur industry in New York City. So great was the strength of the Joint Board among the workers that on May 3, 1927, the Fur Trimming Manufacturers' Association broke out of the alliance of employers and signed an agreement with the Joint Board of Gold that formed the Treaty of Confirmed in 1926 and restored working conditions to 1926 levels.

Gold threatened another strike to force employers to comply with the terms of the 1926 contract and to regain recognition from the Joint Board. The Federation of Labor (AFL) accused the Joint Committee of being a communist front and pleaded for the public to withdraw its support. However, in confidential talks with New York police, the AFL admitted that the gold union has the support of the workers and that the only way to defeat the “red-led” union is through massive police force to intimidate the strikers. Mass arrests and heavy fines, combined with long prison terms, would ruin the board and shock the demonstrators, AFL officials and staff, the police said. The strike began on June 3, 1927, with several thousand picket lines in the streets and the arrest of hundreds of workers. When the police were unable to control the large number of strikers, they began isolating groups of two or three people (often women) and attacking them with batons. The extreme reaction of the police led Gold to call one strike after another. Most were broken up by police attacks on peaceful strikers, and numerous arrests and prison sentences resulted. The AFL and its leadership again accused Gold and the joint board of terrorizing the workers in order to force them to join the union. They claimed that only the Joint Council had the support of the majority of the workers. However, in mid-July 1927, the AFL's claims proved false. The Joint Council lost most of its support, and the Gold-led Joint Board received the recognition of the entrepreneurs who employed the majority of the workers in the Fur District. Most employers no longer forced their workers to join the Joint Council, and the 1926 Joint Board contract was reinstated and enforced.

Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union (NTWIU)

In the summer and fall of 1928, Gold began building support for a new international association of fur workers. He met with the leaders of eight non-New York City and a left wing group of fur workers who were trying to separate from the rest of the Joint Board. The new union included 15,000 dressmakers and other textile workers who made up the left wing of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union . The new Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union was formed on January 1, 1929, and Ben Gold was elected treasurer.

As chief strategist and secretary-treasurer for the Needle Trades Workers union, Ben Gold pursued an aggressive and militant collective bargaining policy. The timing of the union was inconvenient: within the same year the Great Depression began, which resulted in thousands of layoffs in the fur industry and severe downward pressure on wages. But as early as February 1929, when the economy was slipping into the Depression, the board announced a series of strikes with gold to raise wages. The first strike of the new union in the garment industry took place in February 1929. A second strike in the New York City fur industry occurred in June 1929 when the NTWIU tried to integrate AFL-affiliated New York fur workers into the breakaway union. Although almost all New York fur workers were already in the NTWIU, gold made little headway against the anti-communist New York Federation of Labor (AFL). Meanwhile, press reports suggested that most of the city's fur workers were part of the American Federation of Labor, but that reversed the real situation. Occasionally there was violence between the two groups. The AFL also tried to deny NTWIU members in New York City the right to use the term "fur workers" on their behalf. Despite the police violence and the opposition of the AFL, the "dynamic leadership of communist Ben Gold" helped the fur workers in 1933 to a 35-hour week and a wage increase from 38 to 50 dollars a week.

Gold also fought hard to integrate marginalized groups into the NTWIU. While other unions actively discriminated against African American and other minorities or ignored the issue of race, Gold supported a fundamental fight against racism. He held "trials" of union members who used racist language or behaved in a discriminatory manner. His efforts to ban racism from unions have been largely successful.

In late 1933, Gold was serving a brief sentence after being arrested for taking part in a hunger strike in Wilmington, Delaware. Hunger marches have been held in the United States since 1931. Gold was one of 315 demonstrators who left New York City for Washington on November 29, 1932. The demonstrators reached Wilmington on December 2nd, their number had increased by a few hundred. Their permission to march into the city has been withdrawn. That night, police dragged most of the protesters to a downtown warehouse, but Gold, most women, and most New England protesters stayed in a rented church two blocks away. Protesters were refused permission to hold a meeting in the street, so they held it on the church steps. When the police tried to prevent this, the demonstrators resisted. When the police started beating people who were listening to the speaker, the protesters fled into the church and barricaded the doors. Police fired tear gas through the windows, broke open the doors, and entered the building with guns drawn. The protesters resisted by throwing chairs at the police. 23 demonstrators, including Gold, were arrested. Four police officers and three protesters were hospitalized. Gold was convicted of incitement to rebellion and served brief sentences in Wilmington in late 1933 and early 1934. Gold participated in other hunger strikes in 1933 and 1934 and was arrested again in Albany, New York in late October 1934.

Gold's arguments with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) continued in 1934. In January 1934, the Joint Board and supporters of the Joint Council fought each other with fists, bricks and clubs. The AFL group continued to shrink, however, as the Great Depression deepened and the leaders of the International Fur Workers Union (IFWU) feared for the union's survival. The AFL president launched a major initiative to push communists and communist sympathizers out of all local, national and international unions affiliated with the AFL. The AFL allegations against Gold and its union also continued. In 1934 and 1935, Gold led the textile and fur workers in two successful strikes that his union led in a merger with IFWU.

Merger of Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union (NTWIU) with International Fur Workers Union of the United States and Canada (IFWU)

All attempts to prevent the Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union (NTWIU) from merging with the International Fur Workers Union of the United States and Canada (IFWU) were ultimately unsuccessful. Until the end, the main resistance was led by William Green, President of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), who repeatedly referred to the communist members. In 1935 the merger agreement was signed. Ben Gold was elected to his old position as manager of the enlarged Joint Council on August 10, 1935 and defeated a candidate of the AFL with a majority of over 2: 1. By May 1937 he was able to increase the number of members of the association to almost 35,000. He had also succeeded in ridding the local union of criminal influence. After working for the New York Joint Council for two years, Ben Gold re-chaired it.

There were several indictments against Gold and other union members between 1933 and 1940. Most of them ended in an acquittal for gold, some in appeal negotiations.

Gold was elected President of the International Fur Workers Union in May 1937. Immediately after his election, Gold ended the association of the International Fur Workers Union (IFWU) and the American Federation of Labor and joined the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and was elected to the CIO Executive Council. Within weeks of taking office as president, he approved a sympathy strike by 13,000 fur workers in New York City to aid striking fur workers in Canada. Until the beginning of the Second World War, he continued to pursue an aggressive tariff policy.

In the spring of 1938 a protracted strike almost ended in the union's defeat. Although the US economy had risen to pre-Depression levels in the spring of 1937, a severe recession began in late summer (triggered in part by sharp cuts in government spending, higher bank reserves, and cuts in disposable income through the implementation of the Social Security Act). On April 1, 1938, locked-out workers attacked a fur trader, and the police responded with thugs and beatings at the picket lines. Outraged, Gold ordered all union members to take to the streets. The police responded by attempting to intimidate the strikers with violence and the union responded in the same way. For seven weeks the Fur District in New York City was in a state of turmoil.

Determined to expand the union, Gold merged the IFWU with the National Leather Workers' Association (NLWA). Ben Gold was elected president of the newly merged union, renamed the International Fur and Leather Workers Union of the United States and Canada (IFLWU). Within a year the union had organized 25,000 new workers in 42 new regional groups.

Fur workers make fur vests for the Navy (December 1942)

After the United States entered World War II, gold showed itself to be an ardent patriot. As war drew near, he held large rallies in New York City in November 1941 urging union members to buy war bonds. He agreed to a seven-day work week after the United States declared war on Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire and a campaign to donate 50,000 fur-lined vests to British sailors.

Gold was a strong proponent of Israel's statehood. In 1948 he was President of the American Jewish Labor Council . In March 1948, Gold led a parade with 10,000 people to support the burgeoning Jewish state.

Gold resigned from the Communist Party on August 24, 1950 and signed the Taft-Hartley Treaty, which significantly worsened the position of the trade unions . However, he made it clear that he had resigned only so the fur workers could receive protection under federal law. The Justice Department argued that Gold had not actually resigned and sued him for perjury in August 1953, one day before the statute of limitations expired. Gold was convicted of "membership" and "support" and sentenced to 1 to 3 years in prison. He appealed and his conviction was overturned by the United States Supreme Court. Although the government initially expressed an interest in pursuing gold, all charges against him were dropped in May 1957.

reception

Ben Gold is a character in the novel Union Square . The book, published in 2001, is about two Russian-Jewish families - one Marxist, the other socialist - who were forced to flee to the United States by pogroms. Sarah Levy, one of the most prominent characters in the novel, encountered a slightly fictionalized Ben Gold while trying to unionize female workers in New York City.

Gold also appears as a character in the play I'm Not Rappaport . In the film version of the play , Ben Gold was portrayed by actor Ron Rifkin .

Works

  • Avreml Broide: Di lifelong fun an arbeter . Prompt Press, New York 1944
  • Mentshn . Nodl Treyds arbeter-komitet, New York 1948
  • The Storm in Riverville . Ben Gold Book Committee, New York 1973
  • Memoirs . W. Howard, New York 1984. ISBN 0-9614288-0-5

literature

  • Philip S. Foner: The Fur and Leather Workers Union . Norday Press, Newark, 1950 (English) ( → Table of Contents )

Web links

Commons : Ben Gold  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Philip S. Foner: The Fur and Leather Workers Union . Pp. 73-74.
  2. ^ Philipp S. Foner: The Fur and Leather Workers Union . P. VII.
  3. ↑ Gold versa United States . 237 F.2d 764 (1956).
  4. ↑ Harold Cammer: Taft-Hartley and the International Fur and Leather Workers Union . In: Ann Fagan Ginger and David Christiano (eds.): The Cold War Against Labor . Berkeley, Calif., Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute, 1987. ISBN 0-913876-20-8 .
  5. ↑ Ex-Red Accused Gold . Associated Press , February 25, 1954.
  6. ^ Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws. Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate. Guide to Communist Tactics Among The Unemployed. A Staff Study Prepared for the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary . 87th Cong, 1 sess. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1961.
  7. ↑ Ben Gold . In: New York Times , July 25, 1985.
  8. ^ Philip S. Foner: The Fur and Leather Workers Union , pp. 436/437 picture page.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Philip S. Foner: The Fur and Leather Workers Union .
  10. ↑ Philip S. Foner: The Fur and Leather Workers Union , pp. 130-135.
  11. ^ For Workers Quit Jobs This Morning . In: New York Times , February 16, 1926.
  12. ^ Radicals Disrupt Fur Peace Meeting . In: New York Times , April 16, 1926; Strikers Denounce Fur Peace Terms . In: New York Times , April 17, 1926; Green Takes Hand in Fur Strike Here . In: New York Times , April 18, 1926; End of Fur Strike Foreseen by Green . In: New York Times , April 19, 1926.
  13. ^ A b c d e f Philip S. Foner: History of the Labor Movement in the United States . Issue 10: The TUEL, 1925–1929. New York: International Publishers, 1994. ISBN 0-7178-0691-X .
  14. ↑ Fur Trimmers Sign Compact With Reds . In: New York Times , May 4, 1927.
  15. ^ Gold Plans One-Day Fur Strike . In: New York Times , June 1, 1927; Fur Strike Called For This Morning . In: New York Times , June 3, 1927; For Workers Fight in 'Surprise' Strike . New York Times , June 4, 1927; Blow to Reds Seen in Fur Strike Move . In: New York Times . June 5, 1927; Denies Fur Strike Is Moscow Move . In: New York Times , June 6, 1927; Fur Pickets Clash With Police In Riot . In: New York Times , June 7, 1927; Police Act to Cope With Fur Pickets . In: New York Times , June 9, 1927.
  16. ^ Charges Terrorism in Fur Strike Here . In: New York Times , June 14, 1927; Says Reds Threaten Furriers' Families . In: New York Times , June 20, 1927.
  17. ^ For Organization Nearer . In: New York Times , June 24, 1927; Tells of AFL War Against Reds Here . In: New York Times , July 19, 1927; Accuses Moscow in Red Strikes Here . In: New York Times , August 4, 1927.
  18. ^ Theodore Draper: American Communism and Soviet Russia . Reprinted from New Brunswick, NJ, 2003. ISBN 0-7658-0531-6 .
  19. ^ Department of Labor Research. The American Labor Year Book , 1916-1932. Issue 13, 1932. New York, Rand School of Social Science, 1932.
  20. ^ Communists Call A Garment Strike . In: New York Times . February 7, 1929; 221 Pickets Seized As Reds Aid Strike . In: New York Times . February 12, 1929.
  21. ^ Red Fur Workers Call For A Strike . In: New York Times , June 5, 1929; Ask Untermyer to Aid in Fur Row . In: New York Times , June 6, 1929; Red Union Invites Inquiry . In: New York Times , June 7, 1929; Few Leave Benches in Reds' Fur Strike . In: New York Times , June 20, 1929; Fur Strikers Seek to Rejoin the Union . In: New York Times , June 21, 1929; Ready to supply furriers . In: New York Times , June 22, 1929.
  22. ^ For Workers Defy Green, Accept Reds . In: New York Times , June 21, 1935.
  23. ↑ For Union Seeks 'Left Wing' Curb . In: New York Times , February 4, 1932.
  24. ^ Learning . In: Time , July 10, 1933.
  25. ^ Robert Zieger: The CIO, 1935–1955 . Reprinted from Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8078-4630-9 .
  26. ^ Mark Solomon: The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917-36 . Jackson, Miss., University Press of Mississippi, 1998. ISBN 1-57806-095-8 .
  27. ↑ Bruce Minton: Men Who Lead Labor . Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1969. ISBN 0-8369-1309-4 .
  28. ^ Ronald Edsforth: The New Deal: America's Response to the Great Depression . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. ISBN 1-57718-143-3 .
  29. ↑ Tear gas wellspring Wilmington Riot . In: New York Times , December 3, 1932; Benjamin Gold Free; 2,000 Welcome Red Leader on Return From Wilmington Jail . In: New York Times , February 24, 1934.
  30. ^ For a first-hand account . Daly, Sidney. The Washington Hunger March of 1932 . Class struggle. Issue 3, No. 1, January 1933. Last accessed May 11, 2018.
  31. ^ Reds Visit Lehman to Protest on Riot . In: New York Times , November 2, 1934.
  32. ^ Rival Fur Groups Battle in 7th Av. In: New York Times , January 17, 1934.
  33. ^ Laboratory Opens War on Reds in Ranks . In: New York Times . August 19, 1934; Green Urges Laws to Restrict Reds . In: New York Times , December 18, 1934.
  34. ↑ For Union Charges Coercion . In: New York Times , September 1, 1934.
  35. ↑ 10,000 End Dispute Over Dress Wages . In: New York Times , April 14, 1935.
  36. ^ For Workers Defy Green, Accept Reds . In: New York Times , June 21, 1935.
  37. ↑ Furriers Vote Strike . In: New York Times , January 18, 1936; Seeks Peace in Fur Trade . In: New York Times , January 30, 1936.
  38. ↑ Walter Galenson, Walter: The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement . Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1960. ISBN 0-674-13150-9 .
  39. ↑ Gurrah Is Named As Racket Leader . In: New York Times , Oct. 30, 1936; Lepke and Gurrah Get 2-Year Terms . New York Times , Nov. 13, 1936; Karen Brodkin: How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America . New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8135-2590-X .
  40. ↑ For Union of 30.000 joins CI O . In: New York Times , May 22, 1937; Fur Workers Go to CI O . In: Associated Press , May 23, 1937.
  41. ↑ The Time Has Come . In: Time , May 26, 1947.
  42. ↑ 13,000 Furriers Authorize a Stoppage in Sympathy Movement to Aid Strikers . In: New York Times , June 5, 1937.
  43. ^ Allan H. Meltzer: History of the Federal Reserve 1913–1951 . 1st edition, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004. ISBN 0-226-52000-5 ; Kenneth D. Roose: The Recession of 1937-38 . Journal of Political Economy, June 1948; Alan Brinkley: The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War . Paperback, New York, Vintage Books, 1996. ISBN 0-679-75314-1 ; Peter Temin: Lessons from the Great Depression . Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1991. ISBN 0-262-70044-1 ; Gauti B. Eggertsson, Benjamin Pugsley: The Mistake of 1937: A General Equilibrium Analysis . CFS Working Papers, November 2006.
  44. ^ For Strike Marked By First Violence . In: New York Times , April 2, 1938.
  45. ↑ Gold Heads CIO Unit . In: New York Times , May 15, 1939.
  46. ↑ International Fur and Leather Workers Union of the United States and Canada: Proceedings of the Convention . Washington, DC, International Fur and Leather Workers Union of the United States and Canada, 1942.
  47. ^ For Trade Holds Rally for Defense . In: New York Times . November 11, 1941.
  48. ^ Grateful for China Aid . In: New York Times , January 24, 1943.
  49. ↑ Backs 7-Day Work Week . In: New York Times , December 18, 1941; Mayor Stitches A Seaman's Vest . In: New York Times , July 29, 1942; Hunters Asked for Fur . In: New York Times , October 23, 1942; Fur-Lined Vests Given to British Seamen . In: New York Times , November 3, 1942.
  50. ↑ Peter L. Hahn: The Influence of Organized Labor on US Policy Toward Israel, 1945–1967 . In: Empire and Revolution: The United States and the Third World Since 1945 . Peter L. Hahn, Mary Ann Heiss (Eds.) Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8142-0856-8 .
  51. ↑ 10,000 Communists and Left-Wing Labor Leaders Demonstrate for Israel . In: New York Times , March 12, 1948; Alexander Feinberg: 10,000 in Protest on Palestine Here . In: New York Times , March 12, 1948.
  52. ^ Gold versa United States, 237 F.2d 764 (1956).
  53. ^ For Union to Accept Noncommunist Oath . In: New York Times , May 25, 1950.
  54. ^ The Road Back . In: Time , September 4, 1950.
  55. ↑ Ben Gold . In: New York Times , July 25, 1985.
  56. ↑ Harold Cammer: Taft-Hartley and the International Fur and Leather Workers Union. In The Cold War Against Labor . Ann Fagan Ginger and David Christiano (Eds.), Berkeley, Calif., Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute, 1987. ISBN 0-913876-20-8 .
  57. ↑ Near Thing . In: Time , Sept. 7, 1953; Perjury Charged to Fur Union Head . In: New York Times , August 29, 1953; Ben Gold to Surrender . In: New York Times , Aug. 30, 1953; Ben Gold Gives Up on Perjury Charge . Associated Press , September 1, 1953.
  58. ↑ New Gold Trial Set . In: New York Times , March 19, 1957; US Abandon's Case Against Ben Gold . In: New York Times , May 10, 1957.
  59. ↑ Meredith Tax: Union Square . Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois Press, 2001. ISBN 0-252-07031-3 .
  60. ^ Gary Arnold: "Rappaport" - A Grumpy Old Flick . In: Washington Times , January 1997.
personal data
SURNAME Gold, ben
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gold, Benjamin (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American labor leader
DATE OF BIRTH September 8, 1898
PLACE OF BIRTH Bessarabia
DATE OF DEATH July 24, 1985
Place of death North Miami Beach , Florida