Mountain white butterfly
| Mountain white butterfly | ||||||||||||
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Female mountain white butterfly ( Pieris bryoniae ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pieris bryoniae | ||||||||||||
| ( Huebner , 1805) |
The mountain white butterfly ( Pieris bryoniae ) is a butterfly ( butterfly ) from the family of white flies (Pieridae).
features
butterfly
With a wingspan of 40 to 50 millimeters, the moths belong to the medium-sized butterflies. The males show darkly protruding veins on the white basic color. A narrow, gray-black line can be seen along the outer edge of the forewing. The apical spot is usually blurred or absent. Especially on the hind wings, the veins often run out at the edge in the form of small, blackish triangles. Female moths are characterized by a yellow-gray or gray-brown tint of the fore and hind wings and clearly darkened veins. The hind wing underside shows a gray-green over-dusting of the veins.
Caterpillar
Adult caterpillars are pale green in color and have small, hairy point warts and black, yellow-rimmed spiracles .
Similar species
- The rapeseed white ( Pieris napi ) can only be reliably differentiated from the mountain white butterfly in the male butterflies by specialists, since they show an almost identical appearance. The dark-toned bryoniae females, on the other hand, are easier to distinguish from the lighter napi -♀.
Occurrence and habitat
The species occurs in the Alps , Fatra , High Tatras , the Carpathian Mountains , parts of Turkey , the Caucasus , the Tian Shan and the Altai . The altitude distribution includes locations between 800 and 2700 meters. Typical habitat are mountainous meadows and the banks of streams rich in flowers. In regions in which the flight range of napi and bryoniae overlaps, hybrids napi x bryoniae can form. Because of the inherited migratory behavior of napi, these are occasionally found outside the actual occurrence area. However, these hybrid butterflies are usually not able to reproduce.
Way of life
The moths fly in most areas in one generation from May to September, only occasionally other generations can appear. The forage plants of the caterpillars include various cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae), for example smooth-eyed pods ( Biscutella laevigata ) or perennial silver leaf ( Lunaria rediviva ). The species overwinters as a pupa .
Systematics
Due to the large distribution area, up to 17 subspecies are currently differentiated
- Pieris bryoniae bryoniae (Hübner, 1806), the nominate subspecies
- Pieris bryoniae turcica Eitschberger of Hesselbarth, 1977, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia
- Pieris bryoniae bryonides Sheljuzhko, 1910, Tian Shan , Djungarian Alatau , Altai , Sayan Mountains
- Pieris bryoniae schintlmeisteri Eitschberger, 1983, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
- Pieris bryoniae kamtschadalis Röber, 1907, Kamchatka
- Pieris bryoniae sheljuzhkoi Eitschberger, [1984], Chukchi Peninsula (Russia)
- Pieris bryoniae caucasica Verity, 1908, Caucasus
- Pieris bryoniae wolfsbergeri Eitschberger, 1984, Italy
- Pieris bryoniae marani Moucha, 1956, Western Carpathians, Eastern Slovakia, Hungary (Bükk Mountains), Southern Poland
- Pieris bryoniae lorkovici Eitschberger, 1984, Southwest Dolomites, Carnic to Slovenian Alps
- Pieris bryoniae debrosi Eitschberger, 1986, French and western Swiss Jura
- Pieris bryoniae flavescens Müller, 1933, north-eastern edge of the Alps
- Pieris bryoniae vihorlatensis Moucha, 1956, Vihorlat Mountains
- Pieris bryoniae carpathensis Moucha, 1956, Eastern Carpathians
- Pieris bryoniae goergneri Eitschberger, 1986, southeastern Turkey
- Pieris bryoniae sifanica Grum-Grshimailo, 1895, Amdo (Tibet, China)
- Pieris bryoniae vitimensis Verity, 1911, Irkutsk
In addition, a number of formae have been described.
Danger
In Germany, the mountain white butterfly occurs only in the Bavarian Alps, where it can be found in large numbers locally and is therefore classified as not endangered on the Red List of Endangered Species for this area.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ B. Petersen et al. Behavioral studies on rapeseed whiteling and mountain whiteling (Pieris napi L. and Pieris bryoniae Ochs.) , Zool. Inst. Uppsala, 1952
- ^ J. Moucha, Pieris napi L. and Pieris bryoniae O. in the Carpathian Mountains , Entomol. Newsletter 1957 ( PDF )
- ↑ Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 .
- ↑ SR Bowden, transfer of Pieris napi genes to Pieris bryoniae by repeated backcrossing, journal of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichr. Entomologen, 1962 ( PDF )
- ↑ U. Eitschberger: On the question of the hybrid nature of Pieris napi (L.) with bryoniae O. in the non-alpine region. In: Atalanta, magazine of the German Research Center for Butterfly Migration, Munich, 4: 3-14, 1972
- ↑ Nimet Sema Gençer, Orkun Barış Kovanci and Bahattin Kovanci: Distribution and Current Status of Hesperiidae and Pieridae species (Lepidoptera) Occurring in Bursa Province, Northwestern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 33: 215-223, 2009 doi : 10.3906 / zoo-0802-8
- ↑ a b c d e f g Markku Savela - Lepidoptera and some other life forms
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Pieris bryoniae at Heiner Ziegler: www.pieris.ch
- ↑ Motyle Zachodniej Palearktyki część VI - PIERIDAE 2. (Genus Pieris) ( Memento of the original from April 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Ed.): Red List of Endangered Animals in Germany . Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 3-89624-110-9 .
literature
- Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 .
- Günter Ebert, Erwin Rennwald (ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 1 . Butterflies . 1. General part: systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature, faunistics and ecology, endangerment and protection, data processing; Special part: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae . Ulmer, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8001-3451-9 .
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 2: Butterflies. (Rhopalocera and Hesperiidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1955, DNB 456642188 .
Web links
- Lepiforum e. V. Taxonomy and Photos
- www.schmetterlinge-deutschlands.de Endangerment
- Pieris bryoniae at Fauna Europaea
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
- euroleps.ch by Heiner Ziegler