Bishop's Gate (Bremen)
From Bischofstor in Bremen that its present form in 1838 after a design by building director Friedrich Moritz tribe got original parts are both in the reconstruction at the old place in the ramparts contain and essential parts at the entrance to Egestorff Foundation in Bremen-Osterholz to-is . At the same time, the associated gate house, which has served as a shop since 1848, was built on the bridge over the moat.
Old and new bishop's gate
When the fortification ring around Bremen's old town consisted only of the city wall , there was a separate passage in this wall for the cathedral district , which was first referred to as acus episcopi ('bishop's needle') in 1274 and was probably covered by the beekeeping tower, which was demolished in 1826. Presumably the bishop's needle did not have its own gate tower. Narrow wall passages were referred to as Natel , short for “eye of the needle”. With the reinforcement of the fortifications by a rampart with a wide moat, at this point around 1522, the gate lost its direct connection with the surrounding area. “Before the bishop's needle” was retained as the street name for the connection from the cathedral courtyard to the former passage. When the wall was removed and the area between the houses and the wall was used as gardens and a promenade, a passage to this first wall promenade was created in continuation of the street, which has now become the street Am Wall . Today's bishop's gate as a connection to the Remberti suburb was only created after the wall and moat had been redesigned into a park in 1803 .
The history of the gate lock in Bremen
The city remained hermetically sealed at night until 1766. It was not until the beginning of 1767 that passers-by were allowed in or out at certain gates for a fee of two grotes for pedestrians and four grotes for riders. The gate lock, which was completely lifted in the French era in 1812, was reintroduced on May 1, 1814.
Around the middle of the 19th century, building activity accelerated in the suburbs, while in the old town ever larger offices and shops displaced residential buildings. In 1842, 12,000 of the 50,000 inhabitants lived in the suburbs. The fees levied every evening at the barrier brought the state 15,000 thalers in income in 1838. With the railway connection to Bremen in 1847, the time of city gates and gate barriers was over. But it was only when the population's indignation at this useless facility in the revolutionary year 1848 led to repeated tumults (March 6th and August 8th) in front of the guard houses that the gate was lifted in the same year. The gate lock in Hamburg remained until 1860, the one in Lübeck until 1864.
The story of the new bishop's gate
When the ramparts were spontaneously softened immediately after the French withdrew in October 1813, the moat in front of the bishop's needle bastion was constricted, temporarily even a dam. The new Bishop's Gate was built here in 1814, consisting of a pedestrian bridge and a wooden gate hanging on simple stone pillars. The Bremen building director Friedrich Moritz Stamm added lanterns on the pillars, wrought-iron gate wings and side iron bars to the complex in 1838. At the same time a new guard house was built, contrary to Stamm's first eclectic design in a very simple but pure classicism . In 1848 the guard house and the gate became useless when the nocturnal gate lock was lifted.
The guard house was leased as a shop in the same year, and Senator Oelrichs bought sandstone pillars and bars for access to his estate on Osterholzer Heerstrasse . In 1892 the property passed to Johann Heinrich Egestorff, who bequeathed the property to the Bremen state for the construction of a retirement home. In 1912 the gate, which was rebuilt, formed the entrance to the Egestorff Foundation . The missing lanterns were replaced by stone pine cones that came from demolished town houses in Bremen.
When the bridge from 1814 was replaced by a new one in 1955, the Bremen monument conservator Rudolf Stein brought the grating back to the Wallgraben Bridge . He left the old pillars in Osterholz and set up replicas in the ramparts , which he also crowned with lanterns. As part of the “Wallanlagen” ensemble, the complex is a listed building. The pillars in Osterholz received door leaves from surplus sections of the grille.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bremer Urkundenbuch , Volume 1, Urkunden bis 1300 , Bremen 1871, No. 359, p. 399. online at brema.suub.uni-bremen.de . The name "Bishop's Gate " for the old city wall passage was first introduced into literature by Karolin Bubke.
- ^ Franz Buchenau: The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , Bremen 1934, p. 184.
- ^ Klaus Schwarz: The situation of the journeymen in Bremen. Bremen 1975, p. 110.
- ↑ Gudrun Spengler: From the end of the gate barrier to the battle for the Mozart route. In: Denkmalpflege in Bremen, Issue 8, 2011, pp. 82-101.
- ↑ Allegedly from 6:30 p.m. (Bremer Jahrbuch 48, p. 401, note 50), according to other sources it varies depending on the season.
- ↑ For the time being, the passengers arriving late in Bremen by train had to be handed out admission tickets (Franz Buchenau: Die Freie Hansestadt Bremen. 4th ed. 1934, p. 171, note 2.)
- ↑ JHW Smidt, memories from the time of the wars of freedom, Br. Jb. 4, 1869, p. 407
literature
- Karolin Bubke: The Bremen city wall . Bremen: Staatsarchiv Bremen, 2007, pp. 152–155 (on the medieval bishop's needle).
- Rudolf Stein: Classicism and Romanticism in the architecture of Bremen. Volume 1, 1964, pp. 108-114.
- Kurt Lammek: Osterholz district. (= Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany, architectural monuments in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, Volume 3.7), Fischerhude 1982, pp. 35 f., Pp. 81–83.
- Hans Christoph Hoffmann and Peter Hahn: The preservation of monuments in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. 1989-1991. In: Bremisches Jahrbuch , Vol. 71, Bremen 1992, pp. 261f. (for the restoration of the system in the ramparts 1990/91)
Web links
Coordinates: 53 ° 4 ′ 37.1 ″ N , 8 ° 48 ′ 51.6 ″ E