Domshof
| Domshof | |
|---|---|
.svg){kind=small} |
|
 Bremer Bank, Dom, Bürgerschaft, Rathaus, Landesbank as seen from the Domshof |
|
| Basic data | |
| city | Bremen |
| district | Bremen-center |
| Created | 10th century |
| Newly designed | after 1806, around 1880, after 1946 |
| Confluent streets | Bowl basket , Violenstrasse , Seemannstrasse, Sandstrasse, Grasmarkt, Unser-Lieben-Frauen-Kirchhof |
| Buildings | New Town Hall , Bremer Bank , Deutsche Bank |
| use | |
| User groups | Pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , individual traffic , public transport |
| Space design | Bismarck Monument, Neptune Fountain , Fountain "Our Planet" |
-Braun-Hogenberg.png)
Above / middle: Domshof with cathedral
Below / left: Market place with town hall
above the market: Liebfrauenkirche
right: Domsheide
The Domshof is a square in Bremen , north of the cathedral and east-northeast of the Bremen market square . The Domshof is used for a weekly market and for larger outdoor events, such as the rallies on May 1st.
From it go from the Schüsselkorb , Violenstrasse , Seemannstrasse, Sandstrasse, Unser-Lieben-Frauen-Kirchhof and the Grasmarkt , today officially part of the Strasse Am Dom . Adjacent buildings are u. a. the cathedral, the Bremen town hall , the Bremer Landesbank, the Deutsche Bank am Domshof , the SEB Bank (formerly BfG), the Schifffahrtsbank and the Bremer Bank .
The design of the Domshof is relatively uniformly characterized by the materials sandstone (including Bremer Bank) and dark brick or clinker (including town hall, citizenship, Landesbank). The reddish Maintal sandstone of Deutsche Bank and the white plastered building (No. 11) differentiate the exterior.
history
Middle Ages and Reformation times
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The Domshof belonged to the cathedral district , which was also referred to as cathedral immunity or cathedral freedom and, as an enclave from the 10th century to 1803, belonged sovereignly and legally to the diocese of Bremen , i.e. not subject to the city council of Bremen .
After the construction of the cathedral, a wall was built in the early Middle Ages to protect the cathedral district , which ran across the square. However, it was torn down again in 1043 at the instigation of Archbishop Adalbert von Bremen , its former course is still visible in the pavement of today's square. After that, the Domshof was structurally no longer separated from the rest of the city enclosed by the common Bremen city wall . Between the archbishop and the city council there were repeated disputes over various rights and competencies for the area.
The cathedral was built on the highest point of the Bremen dune , the difference in height to the opposite end of the square was still over 5.50 meters in the Middle Ages. In the course of time, the area was raised until a square in its current form with a size of 60 × 135 meters emerged in the 14th century. On the west side there were patchy town houses, to the north there were gabled houses, to the northeast there were also patchy town houses, and to the east by the cathedral stood the archbishop's buildings. The archbishop's palatium , later the seat of the mayor , closes off the square to the market square in the south-west . During this time, the Domshof was also used as a tournament site, so a great festival with a knight tournament took place here at Whitsun 1335 on the occasion of the relics of St. Cosmas and Damian, which were found again under Archbishop Burchard .
In the Hogenberg plan of 1590, the center of the square was shown empty. The palatium moved clearly into the square. Right next to the cathedral portal you can see the Kleine Domshof , a small walled square that existed until 1809. The plans by Matthäus Merian from 1640, drawn up by the engraver Caspar Schultze in collaboration with the rector Gerhard Meier , confirm this design of the square; only a draw well in the northwest adorned the square.
The limits of ownership on the Domshof remained a matter of dispute between the archbishop's cathedral district and the city for a long time from the 14th to the 15th century. The chroniclers reported that the city held events on the square in the 16th century and exhibited the guns captured by Bremen on the square after the Battle of Drakenburg from 1547 to 1557. There was also a dispute in 1592, when the city had large amounts of material stored here for the expansion of the fortifications, or in 1636, when the council set up two pillory in front of the palatium.
17th and 18th centuries: Swedes and Hanoverians
Architect Lüder Rutenberg
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The cathedral area with the cathedral district and the palatium changed sovereignty: until the Reformation it was the Catholic Archbishop , then the Evangelical Bishop, from 1648 the Swedes, from 1715/19 the Electorate of Hanover and finally from 1803 Bremen.
The property boundaries of the place remained unclear until 1803. In the First Stade Comparison of 1654, only usage regulations for the Domshof and Domsheide were determined. Bremen claimed the whole place for itself, held military parades and other events and the place served as a stopping place for wood and peat deliveries as well as a regular pig market. Swedish protests were not accepted. The unclear ownership structure meant that the houses on the Domshof, which were owned by the church or then the Swedish crown, fell into disrepair.
The plan by Johann Daniel Heinbach from 1730 shows an intense tree population of around 70 low-crowned trees in the northern area of the square. The north side was completed by representative bourgeois gabled houses from the Gothic and Renaissance periods . The west and east sides, with half-timbered houses, coach houses and stables, still have larger vacant lots. In 1750, Johann Christian Danckwerth made a map of all 160 buildings that belonged to the electoral Hanoverian director; at the "Großer Doms Hof" there were eight houses and five poor stalls at the cathedral.
In the 18th century, the square also served as a military assembly point, as well as for executions and running the gauntlet. Bremen still used the space, Hanover protested unsuccessfully through its administration in Stade. The traditional pig market was also relocated to Neustadt because of the disputes in 1785. The sovereign limit - whether "fundus regis" or a free town square - remained open "in suspenso". Booths were set up at the Bremer Freimarkt , approved by the Bremen mayor and the Hanoverian governor , and Hanover collected the stand rent. Adolph Freiherr Knigge , the author of On Dealing with People, was Chief Captain in Bremen from 1790.
Hanover's artistic director in Bremen Theodor Olbers wrote: “Since the Domshof is one of the most beautiful squares in the city of Bremen….” It would be good if “it was beautified.” And so the square was partially redeveloped on the basis of this proposal by Bremen and Hanover . 60 to 70 new linden trees, planted in two groups, were delimited with 69 sandstone pillars and 195 meters of chains. A tree-lined avenue led through the center of the square. An area between the cathedral and the palatium was paved until 1799. The council wished unsuccessfully
- “That now the whole rest of the cathedral courtyard should be completely lifted from its embarrassed, deserted and boggy state on this occasion.” Soon afterwards, the square was also included in the street lighting.
From 1803: The Domshof is a Bremen square
From 1803 the cathedral district came to Bremen according to the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss ; since then the entire Domshof has belonged to the city. As early as 1805, the Society Museum acquired the old directorate at the corner of Domshof and Schüsselkorb. A splendid residential and office building was built around 1809 on the east side (No. 10). House number 18 becomes the seat of the prison prefect. The meager stalls at the cathedral were torn down around this time.
The Gothic palatium from 1293, which had become Bremen , was largely demolished in 1816, and by 1818 the simple, classicist town house was built in its place as a three-storey city authority building according to plans by Nicolaus Blohm .
In 1823, building inspector Friedrich Moritz Stamm presented a design for the thorough redesign of the square and the plan was then implemented. The rotten linden trees disappeared, as did the middle avenue, the traffic route was now - as it is today - next to the “sidewalks” on the two edges of the square, and the middle square, lined with stone piles, was leveled and was only intended for pedestrians. The quiet location was the reason for the establishment of hotels such as Stadt Frankfurt and Zum Lindenhof as well as restaurants such as Börsenhalle, Schaers Kaffeehaus, Stehely & Josty and the Quinat & Ritsert restaurant .
Old and beautiful town houses fell victim to the new buildings. The patrician house No. 20 gave way to the Lindenhof around 1821 , which the innkeeper Albrecht Knoche had built. The elegant hotel housed Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia in 1826, Crown Prince Maximilian of Bavaria in 1830 , King Otto I of Greece in 1836, Heinrich Heine in 1826 and 1843 and Johann Strauss in 1836 . After the floor was increased to four floors in 1837, Wilhelm Wallau set up a café here in 1854. Since 1862, after bankruptcies with the old name, the hotel was an authority building and in 1944 it was bombed out.
The houses No. 19 with the Gothic stepped gable and the picturesque half-timbered house No. 14 were also replaced during this time.
From 1839 to 1842, the builder Heinrich Seemann expanded the neighboring street of the same name.
A picture by F. Meyer from 1850 shows the tidy, calm situation of the mostly renovated buildings.
The poisoner Gesche Gottfried was executed in 1831 on the southern cathedral courtyard, near the cathedral, in the presence of 35,000 onlookers. A spit stone in inconspicuous basalt with a notched cross commemorates the event of the last public execution in Bremen.
The square experienced other rallies and parades, such as in 1848: when volunteers went to war against Denmark , as in 1849: on the anniversary of the revolution, as in 1851: as protests by the supporters of Pastor Rudolph Dulon , as in 1865: for the Second German Federal Shooting , as in 1871: to celebrate the victory of the Franco-German War and as in 1913: to celebrate the centenary of the Battle of Nations near Leipzig . There were also parades, roll calls, open markets until 1913, daily changing of the guard, days of remembrance, etc.
From 1858 onwards it was again heavily demolished and rebuilt; the square turned into a business and retail center. Commercial buildings were built: house no. 11 in 1858, then no. 23 in 1864 and no. 9 and 25 in 1871. The early days of historicizing architectural styles characterize the new building.
In 1874 a museum was built on the corner lot No. 21a (Domshof / Schüsselkorb) according to the plans of Heinrich Müller (to the right of the Deutsche Bank), which was destroyed in 1944. In 1875 the Rutenhof (No. 26 to 28) was built by the entrepreneur Lüder Rutenberg.
Change to the place of the banks
The banks
The first conversion to the banking district began in 1890: Bankhaus Bernhard Loose built the Liebfrauenkirchhof .
In 1891, Deutsche Bank built its massive, historicizing branch building in red sandstone , and in the 1980s it expanded with a new building through which a passage now leads.
The orphanage at the cathedral and neighboring houses had to give way, because in 1906 the building of the Bremer Bank was built in the neo-renaissance style , which was considerably expanded in the 1980s with a new building. The Deutsche Hypothekenbank and the Schifffahrtsbank were established from 1950 to 1954. In 1983 the Bremer Landesbank was built. An insurance building (No. 18) and a commercial building (No. 15) were also built. The facade of house no. 10, which was still preserved, designed by Albert Dunkel , was also built around this time. The straightened square now had the dimensions of 67 × 100 meters (west side) or 130 meters (east side). Only three buildings were from before 1800.
Change in design
The cathedral also changed its face. A north entrance, the bridal door, had already been created in 1738. The south tower, which was destroyed in the 17th century, could be rebuilt, and both 99-meter-high towers were given today's pointed spiers until 1893. The roof to the Domshof also received seven attached hip roof elements.
From 1880 to 1942 the Wilhadibrunnen stood between the cathedral and the town hall . Well north of this location, the Neptune Fountain was built in 1991 based on a design by Waldemar Otto . Also from 1899 to 1940, the Teichmann fountain stood on the north side of the square without greening .
"Schmuckplatz or Verkehrsplatz" was the alternative question posed by the architects and engineers' association in 1893 and by the chief building director Ludwig Franzius to the senate. Whose unsatisfactory answer meant that the square had to devote more time to traffic tasks. Cars and trams continued to cross the square.
In 1909 the square underwent another change. The simple town house from 1818 was demolished in 1909. The New Town Hall, designed by Munich architect Gabriel von Seidl in the neo-renaissance style , was completed in 1913. While the previous buildings largely closed off the square on the south side, a wide opening was now created - an "intermediate space" - to the market square. In 1910, the bronze equestrian monument for Otto von Bismarck was finally erected near the cathedral.
Interwar period
Only after the First World War could efforts to beautify the cathedral courtyard be continued. In 1922, citizens donated 40 silver linden trees, which were set up on the edges of the square. The center of the square was fastened with slag. In 1925 the area was given a mosaic pavement. The weekly market has taken place in the middle of the square three times a week since 1922. The market with its stalls, the cars parked on the side and the tram ring shaped the image of the Domshof. The weekly market was banned from the Domshof for parked cars from 1939 until the end of the war.
In March 1933 the market square and Domshof filled up and the citizens heard a speech broadcast by Hitler .
During the Second World War , an air raid shelter for 2,500 people was built under the square in 1940/41, which was used as an underground car park until a café above it was built in 1999. The trees fell victim to the construction of the bunker. In 1940 and 1942 the Teichmann Fountain and the Willhadid Monument disappeared as a metal donation .
According to a plan by construction director Gerd Offenberg , all buildings on the Domshof were to give way except for the cathedral and town hall. The parade ground should be larger and quieter and be surrounded by a uniform redevelopment - also in the north. The tram would be relocated to Violenstrasse.
The Domshof today
After the Second World War , many buildings around the square were also destroyed, especially on the north and east sides. But the cathedral, town hall, Bremer Bank, Deutsche Bank and houses no. 10 and 21 (Caesar) were still standing. The Domshof was a US Army parking lot.
Offenberg's plans to relocate the tram from Domshof to Violenstrasse already became part of the urban planning in 1949 (general transport plan from 1949).
Since 1954 the May Day rallies of the trade unions have taken place regularly on the Domshof. In 1958 the rally is said to have attracted up to 80,000 participants.
In 1953 the Deutsche Schifffahrtsbank was established, and in 1954 the Deutsche Hypothekenbank was built on the vacant lots 18-20 according to plans by Walter Görig . Before the war, the “Stadt Frankfurt” hotel, the “Zum Lindenhof” hotel and the Bremen life insurance bank's office building from 1895 based on a design by Albert Dunkel stood here .
In 1965, Deutsche Bank expanded to include corner lot No. 21a, on which the museum designed by Heinrich Müller once stood.
In 1960 No. 21, the baroque Caesar's house, was demolished - after Senator Dr. Gerhard Caesar named - from 1768. A 6-storey commercial building based on plans by Herbert Anker , in which the Bremen Treuhand resided for many years, followed.
In 1971, with the new building of the Ibero-Amerika-Bank on the east side No. 14 to 16, another bank was added to the Domshof. Today this house is used for offices and shops.
According to plans by Dietrich and Hermann, the Bremer Bank expanded in 1979 with a new building on plots No. 10 to 12. Only the front facade remained of the classicist commercial building No. 11. The tram, which had been running from the Schüsselkorb over the Domshof to the market square and later to the Domsheide stop since 1883 and had at times had a turning loop around its market area, was banned from the square in 1987 and has since been run from its north side through Violenstrasse and Buchtstrasse.
After a rather unsuccessful competition (around 1984), the square was thoroughly and generously renovated around 1990: New granite pavement, some trees and raised beds, sandstone slabs on the sidewalks, the relocation of the tram stop, the Neptune Fountain (1991), the globe fountain in front of the Deutsche Bank, an expensive refurbished toilet system etc. beautify the place. The corner building of Deutsche Bank (No. 21 a) was modernized soon afterwards.
The Domshof-Passage has been connecting the square with the Katharinen-Passage and Sögestraße since 1998 - according to plans by the architects Haslob , Hartlich and Partner .
Since 1999, the north side of the square, where there was once a large group of trees, has been closed off by the Domshof forum - a high glass roof with the bistro-café Alex ; The architect was Joachim Schürmann .
From 2014 to 2016, the five-storey bank building with two staggered storeys was built for Bremer Landesbank in place of its 1972 domicile. The design comes from the London architecture firm Caruso St. John Architects . On the Domshof side, it was designed with profiled, dark and light shaped bricks, hard-burned clinker bricks, brown anodized windows and on the staggered floors with bronze anodized aluminum elements. The facades on Katharinenstraße with the corner to the Liebfrauenkirchhof were largely preserved, but the buildings were extended. The architects were awarded the Bremen BDA Prize 2018.
After Bremer Bank became part of Commerzbank, several conversions took place in No. 8 to 12. a. Manufactum department store in the former counter hall and Markthalle Acht in the courtyard since 2016 . House No. 11 with the facade of House Schmidt is used by the Barmer substitute fund.
Monuments / fountains / reliefs
Existing
- Bismarck equestrian statue on the cathedral made of bronze by Adolf von Hildebrand , base made of Salzburg marble by Carl Sattler , foundation from 1910
- Neptune Fountain by Waldemar Otto , 1991
- Our planet as a globe fountain in bronze by Bernd Altenstein , 1996
- Relief Neptune with a trident by the sculptor Heinz Lange above the entrance to No. 17, the shipping bank, 1953
Earlier
- Gustav Adolf Monument , gift from thirteen Bremen citizens, bronze statue of King Gustav II Adolf by Benedict Fogelberg , base made of gabbro granite by Alexander Schröder , from September 4, 1856 to June 12, 1942 ("Metal donation")
- Teichmann fountain , a boat with Mercury , Neptune and mermaids as a replacement for an old pump, donated by the businessman Gustav Adolph Teichmann († 1892), bronze sculpture by Rudolf Maison , from November 28, 1899 to 1940 ("metal donation")
- Wilhadibrunnen for the first bishop of Bremen Willehad between town hall and cathedral, bronze figure and stone basin / plinth by Richard Neumann, from 1880 to 1940 ("metal donation")
Cathedral stair sweeping
The cathedral stair sweeping is an old Bremen custom. Afterwards, men who are still unmarried on the day of their 30th birthday have to sweep the stairs in front of the cathedral until a virgin kisses them free.
Monument protection
The following buildings are currently under monument protection :
- The Bremen Town Hall and the New Town Hall
- The Bremen Cathedral
- The cathedral island with the rectory, plastic and concert hall
- Domshof 8/9: Bremer Bank from 1904
- Domshof 11: Facade of the Schmidt house , ex house from 1857
- Domshof 25: Deutsche Bank from 1891
→ See the list of cultural monuments in Bremen-Mitte
The buildings
| No. | Building today | from | planner | Immediately before | From ... to |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-7 | The cathedral | 1060 | - | two half-timbered houses five stalls |
until 1817 until 1834 |
| 8 9 |
ex. Bremer Bank / Commerzbank 2013: Domshof 8-12 GmbH with Manufactum department store from 2016 |
1904 |
Albert Dunkel Diedrich Tölken Reconstruction from 2015: Frank Tappermann |
St. Petri Orphanage 4-g. Residential / office building |
1785-1902 1871-1902 |
| 10 12 |
Bremer Bank / Commerzbank | 1979 | Dietrich / Herrmann | 4-gu a. Wätjen house 6-g. Commercial building |
1809-1976 1960-1978 |
| 11 | Bank facade house Schmidt |
1857 1982 |
Dietrich Herrmann |
4-g. Commercial building | until 1978 from 1982 |
| 14 15 16 |
Ibero-America Bank today commercial building |
1971 | Hans Budde | 3-g., U. a. Furniture magazine 4 g. Neo-Renaissance house 4-g., U. a. Schaer's coffee house |
1851-1944 1897-1944 1838-1944 |
| 17th | Deutsche Schifffahrtsbank | 1953 1956 |
Friedrich Schumacher Walter Görig |
2-g., U. a. Hotel City of Frankfurt | 1757-1944 |
| 18 19 20 |
German mortgage bank | 1954 | Walter Görig / Erdmann | Life Insurance Bank 3-g. Residential / office building 2-g. Hotel Zum Lindenhof |
1895-1944 1820-1944 1823-1944 |
| 21st | Bremer Treuhand office building | 1960 | Herbert Anker | 3-g. baroque "Caesar" house | 1768-1960 |
| 21 a | Deutsche Bank | 1965 | Günther Albrecht | 2-g. Museum of Müller | 1875-1942 |
| 22 22 23 24 25 |
Deutsche Bank | 1891 | Design: Martens Execution: Rauschenberg |
3-g. Residential building, then the “Börsen-Halle” inn 4-g. Residential / commercial building 4-g. Residential / commercial building 3-g. Residential / commercial building |
1769-1889 1864-1889 1837-1889 1871-1889 |
| 26-28 | Bremer Landesbank | 1972–2013 from 2016 |
Gerhard Müller-Menckens / Rehberg Caruso St. John Architects, London |
initially three rectories 5-g. "Rutenhof" |
until 1873 1875–1968 |
| 29 30 |
Bremer Landesbank | 1972–2013 from 2016 |
s. O. | 4-g. Shop / residential building conversion to Bank Loose & Co |
1858-1890 1890-1968 |
| without | new town hall | 1913 | Gabriel von Seidl |
Palatium town house |
1290-1817 1819-1909 |
literature
- Wilhelm Lührs : The Domshof. History of a place in Bremen . 2nd unchanged edition. Hauschild Verlag , Bremen 1987, ISBN 3-920699-87-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ New building of the Bremer Landesbank at Domshof ( Memento from June 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Bremer Landesbank: News about the new building from 2011 ) (PDF; 6 MB)
- ↑ Excellent architecture . In: Weser-Kurier of November 18, 2018, p. 8.
- ↑ Town Hall in the monument database of the LfD
- ^ Cathedral in the monument database of the LfD
- ↑ Cathedral Island in the monument database of the LfD
- ↑ Bremer Bank in the monument database of the LfD
- ^ House Schmidt in the monument database of the LfD
- ↑ Deutsche Bank in the monument database of the LfD
Web links
- Weser-Kurier: The Bremer-Domshof through the ages , picture gallery
- Bremen-Tourismus.de: Weekly market on the Domshof
Coordinates: 53 ° 4 ′ 35 " N , 8 ° 48 ′ 34.2" E