Log cabin
A block house or cabin is in block construction erected building with walls of superposed, raw or processed tree trunks .
Origin and development
The first houses in the construction method that were actually only typical of the late Bronze Age can be found in Europe as early as the end Neolithic in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC 2880 and 2505 BC. BC, on the Federsee in the settlements Alleshausen-Grundwiesen and -Täschenwiesen, which belong to the so-called Goldberg III group (see Archeology of the Federsee Basin ). The modern log house is a further development of this original form and stands next to the historically older post construction - whereby a layering of trunk layers between posts forms a possible transition form. The half-timbered house is a further development of the log house .
Log cabin construction
In the construction, a distinction is made between different techniques in the preparation of the logs, in the layering of the logs, in the execution of the corners and the integration of the inner walls. Furthermore, the use of posts on doors, windows or in long walls, the longitudinal connection of two logs and the saddle-up of the rafters - directly on the wall, on the ceiling joists or using purlins .
material
You build log houses
- uncut trunks that are peeled ("natural trunk construction")
- Only beams sawn to the wall thickness on both sides or hewn using a wide carpenter's ax
- Completely profile-milled logs with standard dimensions, which allow the logs to be stacked on top of one another like in a construction kit (modern block construction)
The beams are secured at regular intervals with large wooden dowels . The trunks or beams placed on top of one another were previously sealed with moss , sheep's wool or linen . The sawn / hewn logs are partly provided with a rounding or longitudinal groove from pin to pin at the top and bottom, which the sealing material (originally moss) takes up. For houses made from industrially formed beams, excellent, fire-resistant register profiles can be created that make dowelling unnecessary and can also accommodate permanently elastic sealing tape. In this way, the thermal qualities of solid wood can be used with contemporary insulation.
Sometimes the custom-fit adaptation of the trunk layers is dispensed with and larger quantities of mostly synthetic sealant are used. In relevant brochures this is called chinker after English. chink called 'crack, joint'.
Parallel scribing
Parallel scribing (full) scribing is the process of transferring the contour of the lower trunk to the upper one, if pre-milled bars in standard dimensions are not used. Based on this crack, the next upper trunk is worked out. A special circle is used for this purpose , which ideally guarantees vertical guidance when marking with an integrated spirit level. The circle (English scriber ) also supports the elaboration of the corners, if you use non-standardized logs that can be prepared using a template.
Corner connections
There is a particularly large number of techniques in the execution of the corners, the shot , anciently the room from which the name ' carpenter ' is derived. They reveal the handwriting and skills of a carpenter.
With the saddle notch design ( interlocking ), notches are made in the trunk above and below. In the case of combed block buildings, the ends of the timber protrude ; in the case of combed buildings, the ends are shortened flush. With the Canadian saddle notch design, the top of the trunk becomes a wedge in the area of the notch. This wedge has no point, but a saddle. The upper trunk can slip if the lower one becomes smaller in diameter. With the round notch , the trunk at the top is given a notch that matches the trunk below. Overlapping requires the trunk to be laterally tapered and recesses at the top and bottom of the trunk on the ridge. Galvanizing as dovetail connections are used for sawn or hewn beams and are often carried out without a protrusion. A trunk forms exactly a dovetail that is inclined in both directions. This locks the logs in both directions, which is of course not possible when connecting boards with several tenons on one board. In addition, additional joints can be built in to improve the tightness.
In the Alps usual the ornamental shotgun , Malschrot or Klingschrot in which into account brains - especially when engaging the partitions in the outer wall - to ornaments like crosses, hearts, churches, houses or other images are worked out fine clean. Each bar is given a different symbol. In the Bavarian-Salzburg-Tyrolean area, carpentry reaches one of its highest forms.
The Enkelkattsknut is one of the corner connections commonly used in Swedish log cabin construction (others: Rännknut, Dubbelkattsknut ). It consists of a double-cut entanglement with a pin that is conical on one side and is offset to the outside. It is relatively complex to manufacture and was therefore mainly used for residential buildings, where better sealing against drafts was important.
Round notch (Au, Vorarlberg)
Galvanizing in dovetail (Austria)
Inclined swallowing (Nadăşa, Romania)
Azekurazukuri / 校 倉 造 (Todaiji, Japan)
Joint sealing of the spruce rounds with moss (Austria)
Malschrot in Upper Austria
Log houses in America
In North America, log cabins were only built by some of the first settlers, although the building material (tree trunks) could be found on site and was obtained from clearing forest areas. Especially Finnish and Swedish immigrants and later also Germans were the first settlers to use this construction technique. Immigrants from several other countries soon followed suit, but immigrants from England, for example, rarely used this construction method.
Log houses in modern times
Nowadays, log construction is mainly used as a construction technique for prefabricated houses . The construction of the walls varies from classic round logs to square timber or modern, multi-layer glued individual lamellas.
A log house can be a simple tool shed, a garden shed / sauna or a complete house. However, today's block of flats only partially correspond to the original block house construction. Almost 70% of the log houses built today are industrially prefabricated. There are now alternatives to conventional house building.
development
The log house is now an alternative when building your own house. The walls, the ceilings and the roof are mostly made of softwood . Among other things, polar pine wood has proven to be a suitable building material in this area, as it has self-regulating insulating properties, which are important for the temperature in the house.
Log houses are also often referred to as allergy-free houses because they have a considerably lower dust content than conventional buildings and, thanks to their comfortable climate with a light softwood scent, should ensure a pleasant sense of well-being.
Over the years, the assembly technology has continuously developed and in recent times block houses are available in a wide variety of designs, from kit with completely sanded, sealed and numbered planks, to bare bones, to fully erected houses. When building log houses, a distinction is made between the various processes in the preparation of the logs and the saddle-up of the rafters on the wall, on ceiling beams or using purlins.
In 1996, a proportion of timber construction of 12 percent was determined for completed residential buildings. This rose continuously to 13 percent by 2007. In the case of completed non-residential buildings, the proportion rose from 11.8 percent in 1996 to 16.8 percent in 2007. For 2008, the BDZ determined an increase of a further 0.5 percent to 13.5 percent for residential buildings made of wood .
Thermal insulation
In 2010, the German Solid Timber and Block House Association (DMBV) confirmed the strict guidelines of the EnEV 2007 even for a single-shell wall with a diameter of at least 20 cm. However, the EnEV has now been tightened. With additional insulation, thermal insulation values can be achieved that energy-efficient houses have.
literature
- CA Weslager: The log cabin in America; from pioneer days to the present . Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ 1969.
- Jan-Ove Jansson: Log house construction. Traditional techniques from Sweden . German edition: Verlag Th.Schäfer, Hannover, 2006, ISBN 3-87870-863-7
- Marc Wilhelm Lennartz: Log houses. Solid wooden houses for living and living . Callwey Verlag , Munich, 2010, ISBN 978-3-7667-1855-6
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Helmut Schlichtherle: The Federsee, the richest bog of pile dwelling research. In: Pfahlbauten around the Alps , p. 96 ff. Archeology in Germany, special issue 1997. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8062-1146-9 .
- ↑ Carpenter techniques on burgseite.com, accessed on August 23, 2019
- ↑ Ornaments. Tyrolean education server, archived from the original on November 6, 2002 ; accessed on January 5, 2009 (some examples of paint from the Tyrolean region).
- ^ National Park Service: The Log Cabin Tradition
- ↑ Tagesspiegel: Wooden houses - "I think I live in the forest"
- ↑ Interesting facts about log houses