Archeology of the Federsee Basin
The houses based on modern Stone Age and Bronze Age archeology findings at the Federsee offer a more scientifically sound view of the wet soil construction.
The prehistoric archeology of the Federsee Basin brings to light year after year new knowledge about the uniquely dense settlement of the area and the culture there, especially during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age phases, over a period of almost 4000 years. Since June 2011, three of the 19 Federsee settlement sites (including Bruckgraben 20, which is not to be classified as a settlement ) so far, have been on the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage as part of the Prehistoric pile dwellings program around the Alps . The main reason is that, due to the unique preservation conditions, especially for organic materials in the absence of air, they allow statements about the environment and economy, about living and eating habits, technology and other culturally-historically relevant questions in such early communities to a previously unknown extent like no other prehistoric sites. Prehistoric pile dwellings are therefore among the most important archaeological sources for early human history from the fifth to the first millennium BC. And nowhere else in the world is the development of Neolithic and Metal Age settlement communities so clearly visible as here. This applies above all to the particularly well-preserved and examined sites on the Federsee.
Overview of cultural times and prehistoric significance
Today's landscape character
The approx. 580 m above sea level. Federseer Ried, situated high above sea level (the term "Ried" in southern Germany mainly refers to the vegetation of a bog above ground , cf. Low German Reet ) is a tongue basin from the Rift Ice Age originally about 50 km² in size and over six meters deep, which was once nine tenths was covered with water. The previously much larger natural reservoir was then gradually filled in by sea clays and gravel, so that today it only has a free lake area of less than 1.5 km² and a depth of three meters.
Based on the former boundaries of the moorland determined by Karlhans Göttlich in 1970/72, it has a funnel-shaped spur to the northeast (measured from the edge of the lake) six kilometers long, three kilometers wide at the beginning and very narrow (300 m) at the end, and roughly one to the northwest five kilometers long, continuously narrow (approx. 300 m) foothills, which are possibly old glacier inflow zones. To the west, the basin widens to a bay about one kilometer deep and three kilometers long north-south, through which the Kanzach also flows. Before it was laid and canalised in a straight line in 1808/1809, it originally left the basin at the Vollochhof via a low drainage weir in the course of the second fall of the lake, but was then expanded into a west-east drainage channel with a weir to regulate the water level of the moor. The Obervolloch mill there had to be relocated to Untervolloch.
The Federsee lies on the main European watershed and drains both to the northwest into the Kanzach, whose narrow valley that runs through the hills connects to the Upper Danube, into which it flows after almost 20 km, and to the southeast via the canalised Federbach in the direction of Rissal and from there also into the Danube; there is an underground drain to Lake Constance and thus into the Rhine system via the Schussen spring, located on the southern edge a little outside the Federsee basin . The tributaries are also small - only a few small, partly not yet renatured streams such as the Taubriedbach, the Seekirchener Ach or the Buchauer Mühlbach.
The much more extensive southern Federsee basin, with the beet-shaped island of Buchau on the west side, about two kilometers long and a maximum of 700 m wide, is much wider and topographically much less structured, and today also shows least of its former moor character, apart from the nature reserve in the Egelsee-Ried. At an initial width of four kilometers, it ends after about seven kilometers in a corner, from which a small, west branching, about two kilometers long spur leads to the Schussenquelle. The landscape is dominated by the central Federsee, now between 0.90 and 2.80 m deep, with the extensive bog areas surrounding it. In addition to the siltation areas, there are relatively dry and lime-rich weathered soils on the young moraine in the south. In this area, the reed and wet vegetation changes into island-like coniferous forests.
Since it is a pronounced wetland, the economic use is mainly limited to extensive grazing. Except on the surrounding hills, arable farming is only possible in the dry south. Here are also the forest areas, which mainly consist of spruce forests.
Geographical and topographical situation
On the Federsee are, starting in the southwest and clockwise: Bad Buchau, Moosburg with Brackenhofen, Alleshausen , Seekirch , Tiefenbach and Oggelshausen . Also Kanzach , Allmannsweiler , Betzweiler and Dürnau be counted for Federsee area; they are part of Bad Buchau.
The illustration below, a postcard view of the Federsee Basin from the early 20th century - at that time the lake area was 1.52 km² (1911), about 15–20% larger than today - shows all neighboring communities and places with the exception of the southern end the immediate vicinity and with the exception of the southern end (Aichbühl, Schussenried , Riedschachen, Henauhof , Ödenbühl, Reichenbach) most of the geographical units referred to in the text with settlement finds (cf. also the aerial photo of the area from 2005). The light green areas surrounding the Federsee are consistently existing or former bog / reed (they roughly correspond to the brown ones in the aerial photo. In southern Germany, the term "reed" primarily refers to the surface vegetation of a bog , cf. Low German reed ).
The villages and farmsteads ( important prehistoric sites in brackets behind them ) are located
- partly like Bad Buchau on a mineral island, i.e. not formed by peat soil, but from rock, which was previously connected to the land (district Kappel) by a plank dam,
- partly like Alleshausen, Seekirch, Kappel, Kanzach, Henauhof, Seelenhof, Vollochhof and Moosburg on partly peninsula-like land ledges formed by old and young moraines or
- partly like Oggelshausen, Ahlen and Tiefenbach on the same land edges, i.e. earlier shores of the then much larger lake.
- The places in the surrounding hills such as Uttenweiler or Bad Schussenried are on moraine soil.
The basin is divided into these parts (clockwise, starting at the top right in the northeast):
- North-eastern reed: Ahlen (Ahwiesen), Alleshausen (Riedwiesen), Seekirch (Achwiesen). These and the stations Hartöschle, Ödenahlen, Stockwiesen, Grundwiesen, Floßwiesen, Innere Wiesen and Täschenwiesen are located on this long, funnel-shaped northeastern branch of the basin.
- Northwestern reed : Betzenweiler is located at the northern end of this very narrow spur .
- Central reed. with the Federsee in the middle: Tiefenbach , Oggelshausen , Bad Buchau (on the former island of the same name) lie on the edge (clockwise) , the island opposite on the Kappel shore with the Torwiesen and Bachwiesen stations between the two places on old moorland.
- Western Ried: Kanzach , Moosburg (on a mineral peninsula) and the Vollochhof and Seelenhofer Ried stations.
- Southern reed: Missing here in the illustration except for its northern half with Buchau and Oggelshausen. There are hardly any larger localities there, but the early discovery sites: Henauhof (on a mineral peninsula at the western end of the basin), plus outside the southern end of Bad Schussenried (the Schussenried culture was named after the place where it was found) with the Schussen spring and the districts of Aichbühl (named after the Aichbühler Group ) and Reichenbach. The locations Riedschachen, Ödenbühl, Dullenried, Egelsee and Taubried (all except the first still in the area of the illustration) are also located in the southern basin; other former reed areas are the Oggelshauser, Wilde and Steinhauser Ried. Individual finds from different time zones between the Middle Neolithic and Hallstatt periods are documented for all of these locations . On the western elevations of the southern basin there are some Late Bronze and Early Iron Age sites, especially 15 Hallstatt-period graves and a cremation grave of the Middle Bronze Age urn field culture near Reichenbach .
Temporal overview
The extremely diverse and rich finds in the Federsee Basin can be traced back to the extraordinary conservation conditions and range from the 7,000-year-old wheat grain to numerous dugout canoes and the Neolithic wheels to vessels that gave rise to the definition of several Upper Paleolithic cultures.
As early as the late Paleolithic , 11,000 BC Evidence of reindeer hunters at Federsee, traces of hunters, fishermen and collectors in the Mesolithic . In the end of the Mesolithic, in the second half of the 6th millennium BC, the so-called "Bad Buchauer Group" began to show the first signs of settling down ( Henauhof Nord II ).
A few early finds, which are assigned to the early to mid- Neolithic linear and stichbandkermischen culture, but for which there are currently no settlement sites and whose carriers may have only visited the area because of its abundance of game and fish, can be proven by stray finds for the middle of the 5th millennium. However, as in the entire Upper Swabian region east of the Hegau, no linear ceramics have been found so far . What was found is assigned to the later stitch band ceramics ( Riedschachen and Reichenbach ).
In the early Neolithic from around 4400 BC A discontinuous sequence of settlements spanning around 3800 years begins in the Federsee area, although there are several smaller gaps between the individual groups and two relatively large gaps between the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age and between the Middle and Late Bronze Age. Cord ceramics and bell beaker culture are completely absent.
The designations of Neolithic groups as "culture" or "group" are inconsistent in the literature. The article therefore follows the language used in the publications of the leading Federsee archaeologist H. Schlichtherle. In the following, culture groups are placed between quotation marks for a better overview, references appear in italics .
The prehistoric settlement phase ranges from the early Neolithic late “ Rössen culture ” and the “ Aichbühler group ” that followed it and initially mixed with it around 4400/4200 BC. Until the late Bronze Age cultural stage of the Buchau moated castle between approx. 1100 and 800 BC. BC, yes in remnants well into the early Celtic period ( Hallstatt D ) at the end of the 8th and 7th centuries BC, approx. 720 to 610 BC BC, with which the actual history of the wetland settlements on the Federsee ends. On the other hand, the history of settlement does not end at the edges of the basin and on the Buchau Island, because it reaches with fluctuating intensity and smaller and larger gaps until the beginning of the historically verifiable time in the 8th century AD and the legendary founding of the Buchau monastery by Adelindis .
Prehistoric and archaeological importance
General archaeological situation: The Federsee, south of the Danube in Upper Swabia , with its wide basin forms today as Federseeried with the Restfedersee in the middle, one of the largest contiguous moor areas in the south-west German Alpine foothills and has been considered the prehistoric moor region with the most archaeological findings since its first archaeological exploration in 1875 Wetland settlement and pile dwelling research in Europe. More than 20 settlements have been found in digested sludge and peat. Further, mainly island sites exist on the former island of Buchau as well as on the surrounding heights and on the edges of the old lake basin. Significant is the very good preservation of entire settlement areas, in particular their wooden architecture, which can often be dendrochronologically precisely dated, with numerous (> 40, the last only in 2012) dugout and six bicycle finds, boardwalks and walkways, fishing grounds and over 180 excavated houses with many individual finds ( e.g. ceramics, stoves, tools, weapons, jewelry, etc.). There are only two large bogs in the circumalpine region that have a similar, albeit smaller, find density: the Ljubljana Moor in Slovenia and the Wauwiler Moor in Switzerland. The large number of finds at the Federsee, in turn, has meant that the course of the regional settlement history from the Late Paleolithic to the Iron Age can be traced here by way of example.
Special diagnostic possibilities: "Because of the reliable determination of the age, the Federsee material is one of the most valuable ever from that time", so the statement of prehistorians of our time. This is especially true with regard to dendrochronology with its year-to-year age determination, provided that reference registers exist such as the Hohenheim tree ring calendar . Of particular importance is the development of building and village types and ceramics, which together with pollen analysis , moor geological , palaeozoological and bone findings allow important conclusions to be drawn about the social structure, the interactions with the surrounding local cultures, the subsistence strategies and economic forms of that time .
Another aspect is the effects of changes in the lake basin due to regressions and transgressions of the lake, which play an important role in the assessment of dynamic settlement processes and migrations in this area, because the Federsee covered the Würm after its formation in its later form at the end - Ice age 10,000 years ago an area of 32 km² and was thus the second largest standing water in southwest Germany. Even 200 years ago, before it began to be used extensively economically by cutting peat , it was still about eight and a half times as large as it is today (11 km² by 1.3 km²). For this reason alone, the long-running dispute as to whether it was about pile dwellings in the water or damp-ground structures on the fen is now over and obsolete, since both types of construction must have been advantageous at times, and even occurred in some cases side by side as a result of floods. Depending on the location of the bank and the elevation of the lake, island or bank edge situations of different structures have certainly developed or alternated at short intervals, whereby the bays that are particularly popular with the settlers have emerged again and again. (The well-known reconstructions in Unteruhldingen on Lake Constance suggest a picture that is not necessarily correct and compatible with the most modern research, concentrating exclusively on pile dwellings.) It is also noticeable that many settlements often only existed for a few decades, sometimes only for a few years discontinuous sequence, the cause of which is to be found in temporary floods, which, according to the archaeological findings, are also catastrophic floods. Responsible for this constantly observable mobility was probably also the periodic depletion of the soil, which caused shifting cultivation, despite the nutrient richness of fens and the fertilization by slash and burn .
In the archaeological finds from all phases of settlement in the Federsee Basin, extensive cultural contacts also show that the cultural development phases of the area could not have been a special case of a peripheral small landscape , despite the somewhat decentralized location . The Federsee, located near the upper Danube valley, was rather part of an east-west and north-south traffic axis leading along the Danube over the Alps and thus integrated into the extensive events of Central Europe.
Research history of the Federsee archeology
As is so often the case in archeology, the history of research depicts the intellectual-cultural, even, as in this case with a strange outlier in the Third Reich, the political-ideological change, in front of and in whose reference systems it took place and through their power constructs it was also funded. The two major research gaps are explained not least by such historical contexts: the first from around the turn of the century until after the First World War, the second after the end of the Second World War until the late 1970s.
The first research gap, which spanned the political turmoil before the First World War and up to its end, was at least halfway bridged by the active collecting activities of the dentist Heinrich Forschner , who was also honored for this by discovering an important one from him in 1920 gave its name to the early and middle Bronze Age settlement on the Federsee, especially since he secured its archaeological exploration by buying the site. The second gap, on the other hand, was absolutely and totally a consequence of the ideological Germanentümelenden (“noble Nordic savages” as builder) and ethnic abuse that was already seen in the 1920s with the first pile building construction in 1922 in the “Wilden Ried” and shortly afterwards on Lake Constance in Unteruhldingen , but especially during the Third Reich with the spring sea archeology. But she too is associated with a name Hans Reinerth .
Early phase
The archaeological research history of the prehistoric Federsee region begins in 1875 with the royal chief forester Eugen Frank. In peat digging , which at that time was increasingly used for burning peat extraction for economic reasons and assumed more and more industrial character, individual finds had already been made repeatedly, and the Schussen spring near Schussenried , located near the Federsee, had already been dug in 1866. The drainage of the site through branch channels also contributed to this, although it would later prove fatal for the archaeological situation. For the first time, Frank set about systematically researching the Federsee area and, given the circumstances at the time, also documenting it scientifically, publishing what he found and discussing it with other scientists. He soon drew parallels with the now so-called pile dwellings , which had also been found elsewhere in Switzerland, initially in 1853/54 on Lake Zurich and later on Lake Constance. The settlements of Aichbühl and Riedschachen , excavated between 1875 and 1877, were the first bog settlements ever to be considered from a scientific point of view.
Second phase: the 1920s
The next phase of the research activity is initiated by the dentist Heinrich Forschner , who initially concentrated on the prehistory of Upper Swabia and from 1906 began to compile a collection of finds, the majority of which came from the Federsee area and Upper Swabia. His collecting activity, which he carried out until his death in 1959, plays an important role in the research history of the Federsee area, because, especially in the years after the First World War, it forms the link between Eugen Frank's investigations and the scientific excavations of the Tübingen Institute for Prehistory that began after the war and marked the second important period of Federsee research in the 1920s. At that time, efforts were made to keep the loss of substance as low as possible due to the constant lowering of the groundwater in the bog, which had been triggered by new drainage ditches through the excavation area and reached a new high point from 1925 when the state peat works lowered the groundwater level again by one and a half meters, however massively endangered the Aichbühl and Riedschachen plants . Oscar Paret was mainly active as an excavator, supported by the chief forester Walter Staudacher and the state curator Peter Goessler , who from Stuttgart provided the financial and personnel resources as well as an albeit weak legal protection of the excavation area. A total of five settlements with well-preserved wooden architecture were excavated, measured and documented in a Europe-wide unique action, above all the so-called Buchau moated castle and the Dullenried settlement with its initially highly controversial chronological order, plus the Taubried settlement , which can be attributed to the " Schussenried culture " is. He was supported in this by August Gröber, who had already worked on the establishment of a Federseemuseum in Buchau at the beginning of the 20th century , which was then opened with the support of Walter Staudacher in the Buchau Castle of Thurn und Taxis in 1919 , and subsequently the archaeological one Has influenced research more than almost any other of its kind.
As director of the Tübingen Prehistoric Institute, Robert Rudolf Schmidt then provided the scientific foundation for the now large-scale excavation campaigns until 1930, in which the five settlements known up to now were examined using the latest excavation technology and accompanied by scientific methods, so that a dynamic picture of the settlement and landscape change emerged. Schmidt's assistants, among them Hans Reinerth , who was supposed to play an ideologically charged role of his own in the Third Reich, which disavowed Federsee research well after the end of World War II and hindered it so severely until the 1970s, dug on site . At the same time, however, a large collection of the finds arose in Tübingen, which were increasingly seen and interpreted in connection with those of the rest of Upper Swabia and the Swabian Alb. Schmidt was disempowered from 1929 and completely lost his functions and his professorship until 1934. Gustav Riek , who also sympathized with the Nazis, was appointed as his successor after Reinerth had accepted a chair in Berlin in 1934.
From the 1920s onwards, it became increasingly possible to use methodological and technical means to evaluate the finds and at the same time to impair the sites as little as possible, because important sites were largely destroyed by the early excavations because they were then used for the analysis shoveled off lost culture layers as a whole in order to expose the floors as directly as possible. The physicist Ernst Wall in particular was in the lead in evaluating the layers of the finds, and pollen analysis , peatland geology, dendrochronology , paleozoology and botany as well as photographic documentation were just a few of these new techniques that were used after the war using the radiocarbon method ( C14 ) and other scientific methods were added.
The ideological Nazi phase
In the years of National Socialism , Federsee research was then overshadowed by massive ideological interventions, which, however, had already been announced in the 1920s by popularizing romanticization and mythization. Hans Reinerth, who had orientated himself towards the NSDAP since 1931 , had completed an internship with Gustav Kossina during his studies in Berlin , where he got to know the term settlement archeology, which he later ideologically charged, not least under the influence of Alfred Rosenberg, and to the Federsee area which was now viewed and propagated as testimony to the “victorious Germanic expansion”, whose “old Germanic” architectural model was also formative for the culture of Troy and the Greeks, whereby he provided Rosenberg with the material for his crude ideological ideas (e . Ahnenerbe ), put up all sorts of absurd folk theories about the settlement of the Federsee Lake, but after 1945 and until his death in 1990 it was largely outlawed scientifically and therefore professionally. The last excavation campaign took place in 1937 and brought about the final breakthrough in dendrochronology .
The resumption of research in the 1970s and 1980s
Attempts had already been made in the 1950s to direct archaeological attention back to the Federsee, above all in 1958 with the comprehensive dissertation by Günther Krahe and in the 1960s by the research group around Ernst Wall, which mainly provided a detailed picture of the change between Created transgressions and siltations and thus also enabled new insights into the history of settlement. These activities also formed an important link between the pre-war and post-war studies and the field research that began in the late 1970s. But it was not until 1979, after exploratory excavations in 1975/76, which were intended to investigate the state of preservation of the Forschner settlement in particular , that the archaeological exploration of the Federsee area began again on a larger scale, when the State Monuments Office of Baden-Wuerttemberg partly supported the “Project Bodensee” by the German Research Foundation -Oberschwaben ”began with a systematic recording of the bank and moor settlements between Lake Constance and Lake Federsee. Since the last excavations were already 40 years ago and, moreover, only a small part of them had been published, and many documents were also considered lost or inaccessible due to the war and post-war conditions (the files and excavation documents of Reinerth, Forschner and Wall are now accessible), this company was At first extremely difficult, especially since the research group around Ernst Wall, to which the peat specialist Karlhans Göttlich and the pollen analyst Gerhard Gronbach belonged, had disbanded after 1970. In 1980, however, it was possible to locate the old sites again by means of drilling, to document their state of preservation, sometimes disastrous due to drying out, and to examine the Mudden with new methods. Overall, around 100 mostly multi-phase settlement areas were found in Upper Swabia and on Lake Constance. The project could be continued with the help of the DFG and the universities of Freiburg, Heidelberg and Hohenheim. The most important finding was new dating of the Federsee settlements, because it was recognized that they had to be set much earlier than previously thought and that the settlement phase spanned a period of at least 3300 years (now 3800 to 4000, if one includes the first signs of settlement from 4400 BC .) In addition, new cultural groups were identified and new sites discovered, in particular camp sites of the Middle and Early Neolithic "Rössen culture", the oldest finds from the Middle Neolithic, which above all represent a late stage of this culture. The Bronze Age settlement of Forschner has now also been examined more closely. In addition, new knowledge was gained about the history of the settlement, which was constantly determined by strong fluctuations in the water level, and the dispute about the terms pile dwellings versus wetland settlement on fen areas was shelved when it was found that the duration of settlement was often very short and that villages had been moved back and forth several times had to go back several times to older settlement areas, although depending on the local situation, both construction methods occurred at the same time.
Current research, world heritage
The investigations, which from 1980 onwards identified 19 bog settlements in addition to several settlement sites on the mineral soils, including on the island of Buchau, continue with continuous excavation campaigns up to the present day and are now largely carried out by Helmut Schlichtherle at the branch of the Baden-Württemberg State Monuments Office in Hemmenhofen looks after.
The Neolithic settlement history of the Federsee experienced significant additions through the discovery of new settlement areas. The processing of the early excavations from the 1920s and 1930s could be completed and supplemented by new excavation results, so that the "contaminated sites" of the Neolithic Federsee research are largely compensated. For the Metal Age period, mainly represented by the Buchau moated castle and the Forschner settlement, as well as the Hallstatt and Latène period finds, this did not and does not apply to this extent, so that the focus of future research work will be seen here.
On June 27, 2011, UNESCO recognized the “prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps” as a cross-border world cultural heritage , which meet the criteria of being “of exceptional universal value, authentic and unique”. Among the 111 sites selected (from around 900 European sites) there are also 18 German pile-dwelling / wetland settlements: 15 in Baden-Württemberg and three in Bavaria. In addition to the nine sites on the German shore of Lake Constance, Oberschwaben is represented by five sites, three of which are located directly on the Federsee ( Forschner settlement, Alleshausen-Grundwiesen, Alleshausen / Seekirch-Ödenahlen ), two others are very close to Schussenried ( Olzreute-Enzisholz ) and at the Schreckensee at Wolpertswende near Ravensburg in the middle Schussental. These and the other “normal” sites are also scientifically supervised and monitored by the “Laboratory for Wet Soil Archeology of the State Office for Monument Preservation in the Stuttgart Regional Council” in Hemmenhofen.
Settlement history basics
Preliminary remarks
Topicality
Cultural-historical representations, which are based primarily on archaeological findings, as is the rule in the written prehistory and partly in the early history, which is only fragmentarily documented in texts, can only be represented with the proviso that the findings can change significantly with each excavation and the previous descriptions “start to slide”, and can even become downright obsolete. Sometimes these new findings also lead to a scientific dispute about interpretation, which makes an especially encyclopedic presentation even more difficult. This situation is at least partially given in the Federsee archeology, in which new excavation campaigns are carried out practically every year with sometimes surprising results. It is attempted here to include such results as far as possible, but this is not always possible in a timely manner, so that initially the findings, cultural-historical references and classifications that have been published so far, which have been published so far, are first reported and gradually updated. if necessary.
Interpretation problems
The settlement history is examined by settlement archeology. Because the tangible legacies of a culture of which there are no or hardly any written records, as in prehistory and in some cases also in early history , i.e. no direct reference points for its structure, i.e. language, social stratifications, economy, culture, politics, religion etc., the archaeologist is dependent on conclusions by analogy here. This means that it must supplement part of these structural elements purely hypothetically, since they form a context within which the recovered artifacts once served their purpose and made their sense. For these reasons, it is unlikely that it will ever be possible to completely and, above all, correctly grasp the social, religious or even political history of a society under these limiting conditions. This also applies if, as here, due to the special nature of the find situation, a particularly large number of artifacts and natural evidence can be recorded. After extraction, for example through excavation, classification, analysis and dating of the finds, the main task of the archaeologist is, in particular - and most difficult - in prehistory, to subject them to a historically evaluating interpretation, such as the history of pile dwelling research at the Federsee is particularly extreme, can also be ideologically tinged and " folkish " falsified, but in any case how any interpretation within its respective hermeneutic circle is both individually tinged and time-bound. According to the prehistorian Hermann Müller-Karpe :
“The value systems expressed in historical phenomena and their structures represent an objective reality that is accessible to the subjective understanding supported by the personality of the historian, provided that the source base is sufficiently productive and the historian makes sufficient efforts to understand it For which a solid knowledge of facts as well as an intuitive sensitivity for the mental attitude of the historical counterpart is required. In the historical-scientific endeavors identified in this way, the point of view from which the historical phenomena are viewed and the selection and weighting that the historical facts are given for the resulting image of history are of importance. "
Spatial and temporal structure: overview
It should be noted that, above all, the links between settlement activity and climate change and landscape development are not easy and, in many cases, are still not completely clear, but are still an intensely discussed research topic. Thus, the facts presented below represent at best an intermediate state in the context of a constantly developing research process, but with a relative stability that has developed over several years against the background of the results from annual excavation campaigns.
Space: The climatically disadvantaged, but as a hunting area and geographically interesting area for transport, is now considered in research as a secondary area of the Neolithic settlement, but integrated into west-east and north-south traffic axes, especially depending on the favored areas of Lake Constance and other areas Southern Germany and the Upper Rhine . The settlers on the Upper Swabian lakes (including Lake Constance) and moors, however, are not among the oldest arable farmers in Europe, i.e. they are the bearers of the band ceramic culture with their typical long houses and their distinctive burial grounds including cultic and artistic legacies, because the Alpine foothills were off the beaten track on which in the 6th millennium BC BC this culture spread. Later, however, the Lake Constance area in particular, but also the neighboring cultural areas, repeatedly caused population pressure, which also had an impact on the Federsee area and which one tries to capture using various local and regional migration models.
Time: At the Federsee the inhabitants followed, apart from the sporadic flood phases - between the early Neolithic settlement beginning around 4300 BC. Chr. And the turn of the ages 7 larger T4 – T10 and some smaller ones -, the silting shore of the lake.
In the middle and late Neolithic phase between 4200 and 3550 B.C.E. Open up three discontinuous settlements (“Aichbühler Group”, “Schussenried Culture”, “Pfyn-Altheimer Group”). Between 3330 and 2800 in the course of the "Horgen culture" and the "Goldberg III group", however, the settlement events were determined by a stronger continuity. The use of a settlement chamber established itself first in the west, then in the north of the area, so that the settlement pattern in the early Neolithic was more episodic, in the late Neolithic it was continuous, until it broke off completely in the end neolithic for over 700 years and only again in the early to middle bronze age with the activities (from 1979) in the run-up to the Forschner settlement .
It has to be said that discontinuous patterns archaeologically only mean that connecting links have not yet been found. Also the causes, i.e. the strong end-neolithic climatic fluctuations after the end of the Atlantic , exhaustion of the arable soils (i.e. the soils on the surrounding moraines and muds , because the silting zones were never arable) or even the lack of preservation of finds (e.g. because of the late and probably also end neolithic preferred block construction, which leaves hardly any traces), cannot be clearly identified. Since hardly any oak was used in this period, for which there is a complete annual ring table for Central Europe over the last 10 millennia, dendrochronology hardly provides any information about the chronological sequence of this end-Neolithic epoch.
In the Metal Age, on the other hand, the moor was only present in three phases, namely from 1770 to 1489, from 990 to 860 and from 720 to 610 BC. Settled, but here a continuity of settlers on the surrounding mineral soils can be assumed, i.e. soils on islands or peripheral areas that do not primarily consist of peat, but of humus, sand, gravel and / or loess. 850 BC Chr. A climatic fluctuation with damp and cold weather combined with massive transgressions temporarily led to the abandonment of all bog settlements in southern Germany; however, local fishing facilities like the one at Oggelshausen were apparently continued for over a hundred years, as the remains of very small huts above the facilities show. But a sharp rise in the lake level around 500 BC BC, which was ten meters at Lake Constance, probably put an end to that too. Thus, in the almost 4000-year history of settlement of this relatively small wetland, a repeated change in the settlement and economic systems can be observed, each depending on climatic, sea-geographic, social and economic conditions, such as in the Metal Age on the one hand, where it there were only a few villages enclosed with strong palisades and wooden walls, and on the other hand the middle to late / end neolithic forms of settlement, which often had palisades, but by no means so well-fortified and significantly different from each other, especially since they are now preferred as street villages and no longer like previously impressed as relatively random clustered villages that only reappeared in the Bronze Age ("Siedlung Forschner", "Wasserburg Buchau"), as only they were sensible to be protected with the massive defensive systems that were then apparently necessary, whereby in these cases an internal structure was involved a kind of village square in the center.
Environment, climate and subsistence strategies
The regional and local prevailing subsistence strategy is often a consequence of the first two factors, although climatic influences in particular are difficult to weight and classify. However, cultures are also shaped by them and can only be represented in their immaterial forms such as art, religion or society if these connections are included. This applies not least to prehistoric and protohistoric periods, the conditions of which depend even more directly on climate and environment than is the case with today's cultures of the so-called 1st world (even if global warming has shown these relationships again in recent years made more conscious).
Environmental conditions and socio-economic consequences
Upper Paleolithic
Already about 20,000 years ago a basin was created on the edge of the Rheingletscher due to glacier moraines that were still crack-age , which, filled with glacier water, had developed into an approximately 50 km² ice rim lake, which in the late glacial was still about 30 km². The Federsee in its later geological, acoustic and then also culturally relevant form did not emerge until the end of the last Würm Ice Age around 11,500 to 10,000 years ago. Even then, however, hunters and gatherers of the Magdalenian age roamed the tundra forests of the Bölling Interstadial in search of prey. In the Alleröd Interstadial , they then concentrated entirely on the banks of the Federsee.
End of the Ice Age and Mesolithic
After the final retreat of the glacier at the beginning of the Holocene , the Federsee and its basin, as evidenced by numerous finds from storage areas (e.g. at the Schussen spring and on the numerous gravel knolls around the lake), were a preferred residence area for the last hunters and gatherers who visited the Wild through the valleys followed by the many glacier runoffs down to its pastures and watering places. For the Mesolithic , too , such storage areas with remains of huts as at the Henauhof-Nord II station by the "Bad Buchau group of the end Mesolithic" are occupied, which indicate an intensification of hunting use around the lake. Permanent settlements, on the other hand, are only detectable much later. At that time, pine and birch forests began to expand and replace the largely treeless Ice Age Parktundra . This in turn took away the reindeer and wild horses, which had previously been found in large herds, and instead, animals adapted to the forest such as deer, aurochs, beavers, wild boars, deer and elk migrated. The amount of game that could be hunted decreased so drastically, the living conditions of the endglacial hunters deteriorated dramatically and forced them to adapt their hunting behavior, in which the herd and driven hunt, which was practiced in large groups in extensive hunting expeditions, no longer played a role, but rather Hunting individual animals in dense forests, even small game, rodents and birds and with traps, which also led to corresponding changes in social structures towards small family groups. In the Mesolithic, storage areas were preferred on lakes and river banks, as fishing and the gathering of plants in the diet, such as the hazelnut harvests, which were favored by the expansion of the warmth-loving mixed deciduous forests, now played an increasingly important role. This also prepared the ground for the later adoption of Neolithic subsistence strategies, as the later line ceramics between 5800 and 4500 BC, who were not previously proven to be settlers in the Federsee area, were also prepared . Brought to Europe. In this Mesolithic period, pollen profiles also show the beginning of logging. Settlement focal points at that time were above all the southern (Aichbühler Bucht and Henauhof) and western banks (Moosburg, Vollochhof, Kappel) with their beach walls and shallow water zones, as they were mainly created there by the slow retreat of the lake, which were richly divided by peninsulas and bays however, the steep banks on the east side.
Neolithic
In the further course of the Holocene, with its main climatic phases preboreal , boreal , Atlantic and sub - Atlantic, the relatively shallow water increasingly silted up, but not continuously, but in an irregular sequence of flooding and silting up of the rather shallow, swampy and therefore highly susceptible lake basin. However, these processes also left numerous agriculturally useful soils on old and young moraines with isolated mineral islands, sediment and loess patches in the vicinity of the lake . At the same time, they also formed the starting point for the formation of the bogs, first as a low bog , later also as a raised bog , whose different consistency in the later Neolithic led to the construction of houses that often existed parallel to one another, depending on the wetness directly on the peat or with a pile grid as a substructure.
The dependence of the lakeshore and moorland settlement on favorable climates and lower or higher lake levels (transgressions T4 to T9) is clear in several cases, and the resulting loss of harvest, including the threat to existence, is compensated for by periodically increased hunting activities and relocations of settlements or their passages or longer periods Leaving. For example, from western Switzerland to Upper Swabia there was Piora II between 3500 and 3250 BC during the cold phase . BC an almost complete suspension of settlement activity, which was accompanied by increasing forest cover in the sense of forest regeneration, as pollen diagrams show. On the other hand, the end-Neolithic “ Horgen culture ” and the “ Goldberg III group ” that followed closely after a comparable climate deterioration reacted with a real innovation complex, which not only included the introduction of a completely new settlement scheme (street village type Seekirch), but also new techniques were used with wheel and wagon (and possibly also the hook plow, which was only documented from the Bronze Age ) with cattle as draft animals, which in turn, due to the increased livestock husbandry, led to the need to create stable boardwalks that led through the center of the village. However , it is unclear whether the social stratification that can be observed here is related to this. At the same time, with the rapidly increasing number of spindle whorls and the increased cultivation of flax, there are symptoms of an economic specialization that produced beyond its own needs and was therefore dependent on exchange and possibly later also trade. The buildings, which are now more and more structurally strongly diverging, which are interpreted as main and secondary villages, point in this direction.
Climatic conditions in the Federsee area
| series | Climate level |
Pollen zone |
Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Holocene | Subatlantic | X | 450 BC Until today |
| IX | |||
| Subboreal | VIII | 3,710-450 BC Chr. | |
| Atlantic | VII | 7,270-3,710 BC Chr. | |
| VI | |||
| Boreal | V | 8,690-7,270 BC Chr. | |
| Preboreal | IV | 9,610-8,690 BC Chr. | |
| Pleistocene | |||
| Younger dryas period | III | 10,730-9,700 ± 99 BC Chr. |
Relativity of climatic findings: Assuming exclusively climatic influences as the sole motivation for a cultural change is wrong, but they have always played an important role. Rather, climate events and cultural change intertwine, and in this interacting complex demographic and cultural-geographic movements, such as cultural diffusion , contact innovation or polycentric processes, are embedded in a potential innovation process. Such events, which are often strongly motivated by the climate, have to be backed up by large-scale findings from neighboring regions, such as those available in all of southwest Germany with Upper Swabia and Western Switzerland, especially since these "wet soil archives" can often be dated to within a few years and also reliable information about the deliver the respective climatic conditions. However, especially in the absence of such findings over a large area, between 2600 and 1800 BC. Chr. There are still gaps in the overall picture, and as in this case, reliable statements about the actual regional climatic conditions in the early and late Neolithic are not possible. Of course, this also applies to the respective ecological consequences in individual settlement landscapes as well as to the medium and long-term influence of various land use systems and their cycles.
Upper Swabian Late Neolithic: The climatic conditions at the relatively high altitude (578–650 meters above sea level ), also because of the rather cool, albeit shallow basin with its tendency to form cold air lakes, were less favorable than at the almost 200 m lower Lake Constance, in the Neckar basin or on the Upper Rhine , but on the other hand the lake basin was relatively conveniently located between the upper Danube and the valley of the Schussen , which leads south to Lake Constance. There were also several warm phases in the Holocene, which partially compensated for this shortcoming.
The climate in Central Europe was after the end of the warmest postglacial phase of the so-called Atlantic , i.e. between 4000 and 2400 BC. Chr., The period in which the stake villages were built especially in Switzerland, on Lake Constance and Lake Federsee, determined by violent and often short-term fluctuations, whereby at least in phases during the Middle Bronze Age settlement of Forschner a rather high solar activity played a role, which is associated with a slightly higher average temperature and increased rainfall. In any case, the previous settlement sites were apparently abandoned several times after heavy flooding, attested by layers of sediment and later also by colluvia ; the settlement pressure between 1900 and 1760 BC also seems to be Not to have been large, as the pollen analysis testifies to increasing forest cover in the area, which is only replaced by stronger clearings at the beginning of the Forschner settlement. From around 2000 BC Chr. Fully withdrawing subboreale cooling in Central Europe by about 2 to 2.5 ° C, v with a real drop in temperature around 1200. In connection with glacier advances from the Alps in the wake of the previous Piora fluctuation, the lakes' water level was low, and the peat bogs were dry during a dry phase around 1000 BC. BC even partially dried up. This temporarily low attractiveness of the Upper Swabian lakes for settlers could be responsible for the fact that between 2800 and 2200 BC. The Neolithic cultures of corded ceramics and the bell-beaker people did not reach the area and it was also between the late Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age between approx. 2500 and 1979/1767 BC. For about 700 years there was a real find gap at the Federsee.
Afterwards, new but differently structured lakeside settlements with strong protective structures such as the wooden wall of the Forschner settlement, which was unique at the time, were built, but this new beginning also ultimately failed because of the wetter and colder climate that existed for the period after 800 BC. Was characteristic and at that time put an end to the last larger settlement, the Buchau moated castle .
Shortly before 500 BC The level of Lake Constance rose quickly by ten meters, and the Iron Age lakeside settlements that still existed from the Hallstatt period were once again destroyed by another natural disaster. As at the Federsee, where the year 500 marked the complete end of the bog settlements, the population reached a low point, and only the warm valleys and the hinterland of Lake Constance remained populated.
The correlation of climate data and cultures at the Federsee results in the following finding ( K = cold snap):
Early Neolithic:
- K1 and K2 :. 4300-4100 BC Between K1 and K2 there is a slight temperature fluctuation of a few decades. After the end of K1, the Aichbühler group begins . (Dendrodat. 4229, with relatively uncertain dating of the duration of this group).
- K3: 3900-3780 BC Chr. The so-called. Piora cold phase I . It roughly coincides with the Schussenried culture . The Pfyn-Altheimer group lies in the following 250-year warmer period . Both groups had a duration of only about 100 years each.
- K4 and K5: 3500-3400 BC Both cold spells mark the first phase of the Piora fluctuation II (3500–3100 BC), because they follow one another closely. During this period the Federsee area is apparently not populated.
End Neolithic:
- K6: 3300-3200 BC The Horgen culture begins during this cold phase, which marks the end of the Piora II fluctuation, around 3300 BC. BC (Dendrodat 3334, a higher proportion of hunting during this phase is indicative) and extends with various settlements into the following longer warm phase until approx. 2900 BC. During this time, like the oldest settlement of the "Horgen culture", Torwiesen II. Shows the remarkable upheaval in the societal, economic and social conditions, not only at the Federsee, but in all of Upper Swabia with Lake Constance as well as in Switzerland . Overall, this was an exceptionally long and prosperous settlement phase
- K7: 2900-2450 BC During this relatively cold time the culturally very heterogeneous "Goldberg III group" existed.
Metal time:
- K8: This cold phase of around 200 years between 1400 and 1200 BC The early and middle Bronze Age settlement of Forschner continued. (Dendodat. 1767–1481 BC) an end.
- K9: The late Bronze Age moated castle Buchau. (1100–800 BC) was caused by the sharp cold depression of the Hallstatt period between 800 and 600 BC. Ended.
Historical time:
- K10, K11: This cold phase was followed by the optimum of the Roman times , which, however, again between 400 and 300 BC. Was interrupted by a cold snap of about one hundred years ( K10 ), in its core period from about 100 BC. And lasts until 400/500 AD, where it is replaced by the pessimum of the migration period ( K11 ), which in turn passed after some strong fluctuations from around 800/900 into the medieval warm period , where the actual historical period The period at the Federsee with the founding of the monastery begins after the end of the Roman period and the decline and disintegration of the Roman Empire in late antiquity and during the migration of the peoples , a relapse into prehistoric to prehistoric conditions. In this phase at the latest , the correlation between climate and cultural history postulated by Hubert Lamb is clear and can therefore also be assumed analogously for prehistoric and early historical periods, as the settlement history in the Federsee basin shows.
Main cultural indicators
Importance, evaluation, conservation
Significance and evaluation: In the narrower sense, cultural indicators are understood to be the tangible legacies of people from a certain group of the past, which is sometimes also referred to as archaeological culture . In prehistory they are the only witnesses of their existence, in early history the predominant witnesses of their existence, because if a society like here has left little or no written evidence, knowledge can be gained about its immaterial sphere of life, i.e. about its society, economy, trade, art, religion , about their life strategies in general, their thinking, their interaction, etc., if at all, can only be derived from such material finds. The possibilities of such research are, however, particularly in historical archeology, severely limited by the unrepresentative character of the surviving remains, as the products of the upper class are usually far overrepresented and conservation conditions, natural disasters, subsequent land use, etc. almost always allow only the most resistant objects to survive.
In this point, however, the find image differs considerably from wet soil archeology, because apart from the fact that an overrepresentation of the upper class finds actually only began slowly with the Bronze Age and its stratified society, not only are far more "ordinary" objects preserved here, especially such biological nature, due to the conservation peculiarities of the moor and the periodic destruction of settlements by flood disasters, there is now a far more complete cross-section of the human standard of living at that time than in graves and other, not so favored find situations. Dendrochronological, archaeobotanical and -zoological as well as anthracological and pedological- sedimentological findings are now far more possible and additionally complement the find picture.
Conservation conditions : In general, in areas with strongly acidic soils, such as those found in low and raised bogs , especially in basin areas such as here ( pH value between 2.5 and 5 for raised bogs and between 3 and 7.5 for fens), with very poor conservation conditions of bone material in burials are expected, since the bones, in contrast to the other milieu, for example in garbage pits, do not stay in the ground for very long and the lime in them dissolves.
On the other hand, the preservation conditions for organic material such as wood, textiles, leather, botanical remains, etc. are particularly good in this so-called wet soil management, as it occurs above all in wet soil settlements , because of the high concentration of humic acid , such as the excellently preserved wooden floors, wicker walls, Show posts, wheels or dugout canoes that have been preserved under the exclusion of air, especially since the Federsee area is a typical groundwater-fed moorland, the water level of which remains relatively constant, unless natural or artificial runoff provides drainage or, as here, climatic changes for periodic ones Transgression (T) of the central water bodies, of which there were six larger from the early Neolithic to the Hallstatt period (data before Chr., Each beginning of the transgression, rounded): approx. T4 4300, T5 3900, T6 3700, T7 2500, T8 1500 and T9 800. The remains of abandoned settlements were soon replaced by the rampant Vegetation covered and disappeared under a wet layer of peat up to 1.20 m thick, which, however, also reliably ensured a complete seal of air, which protected the biological materials from decay.
For the loess spots and mineral sprinkles, such as the island of Buchau, a 1.8 km long, 200–300 m wide, 45 hectare island, the situation is different, as is the case for the drained areas of the moor, where the wooden ones Remains disintegrate very quickly after contact with air, as the condition of the early excavations unfortunately clearly shows.
The ceramic is also well preserved , which was already in the fired form of the band ceramists who brought the firing process with them to Central and Western Europe and could not dissolve in the damp environment like the early pottery from the first oriental ceramic phase.
Settlements and house building
In terms of evidence, the timbers of houses, settlements, bridges and paths that have been preserved in the bog are the indicators that can best be assessed because they are most significant, and they are indispensable for dating . From 5300 BC In any case, settlement-related changes in the forest area can be determined (using C14 pollen diagrams calibrated over time ). The dendrochronology even delivers to the year exact felling dates of the timber when the sample fits into an existing tree-ring tables, especially in the Hohenheim tree ring calendar , the complete in April 2004 12.483 years ago to 10,480 v. In the Younger Dryas, making it the longest in the world.
Periodicity and dynamics of settlement development
Since the Mesolithic and up to the early Neolithic , however, there have been numerous stations that are apparently repeatedly or even permanently used, i.e. periodically used storage areas with smaller inventories, around the Federsee, but mainly for topographical reasons on its southern, western and northern shores. They lie on knolls and headlands, but also on slopes over lowlands, along a valley and on islands. There are over 100 relevant sources here. That the proximity to running water was important for the people of that time is shown by the fact that they preferred to camp near streams and springs even on the lake shore. The moor landscapes of the Federsee were, however, less suitable for early agriculture in the late Mesolithic, and as the tool inventory shows (arrowheads, harpoons etc.) hunting and fishing were probably primary, later and after the actual beginning of settlement in the middle Neolithic as additional, probably during cold phases even primary nutritional strategies are certainly necessary. Thus, in some cases, a Mesolithic character of the early small groups living here remained, and indeed well into the actual settlement phase, while in the wider area, mainly on the Danube, band ceramists already settled, but possibly also exerted a technological and cultural influence here. without this being archaeologically verifiable up to now. It is unclear why the ceramic long house , which served as a residential stable and was still common in the “Rössen culture”, was switched to smaller house types and whether there is social change behind it. One reason for this, however, could be that longhouses for the settlement of less stable soils, as has now been done not only on the lakes but as a whole due to advanced agricultural techniques, required a different, lighter type of construction, which was also easier to combine to form villages.
Characteristic for most of the Middle and Late Neolithic is also the mobility of the settlements . This resulted in a discontinuous sequence of different settlement patterns, often with only a short duration: Settlement chains in the early Neolithic and settlement clusters, some with street villages in the late Neolithic. They are attempted to be explained by various regional and local settlement and migration models that also take into account pure multi-phase settlement relocations, as happened again and again at the Federsee (for example in Aichbühl , Riedschachen II and Ödenahlen ), and which can be based on different motivations such as economic prosperity or hardship, high birth rates and population pressure, depletion of soils and other resources, armed conflicts and other social pressures as well as climatic reasons or flooding. The founding of nearby subsidiary settlements can also be explained in this way, which could have been caused by a more specialized economy compared to the general rural orientation of the main settlement (e.g. Taubried I, Hartöschle and Bachwiesen III, which was caused by less expensive and smaller buildings impress). Overall, there are still numerous questions about the background to the rapidly pulsating settlement dynamics, interrupted by major turning points, the engine of which is to be found in economic systems and their innovations (such as wheel and plow, horse, specializations, etc.), but also in climatic and demographic cycles.
Characteristic is the rather disordered, at best arranged in rows and built-up area with small, two-room houses in wood and clay construction with split and round timber and wicker walls as well as load-bearing posts. The floors consisted of lengthwise and crosswise wood with a clay spread. They were mostly repaired several times and sometimes reached a thickness of over half a meter. Outer walls consisted of round timber, partition walls were probably made of split boards and wicker walls with clay plaster. In the swampy terrain, the whole thing rested on stakes with carrying forks, on which in turn the cross bars for supporting the floor lay. This ensured a safe distance, especially in spring, when the meltwater rose by up to two meters, while the banks were mostly dry in winter and summer. With a stable peat subsoil, on the other hand, such support structures in stilts could be dispensed with and the floor would lie directly on the ground. Later, the block construction on a permanently stable base developed from this .
From 3500 BC Until the beginning of large-scale spruce afforestation, the beech was the predominant forest tree in the Federsee area. However, the preferred building material was not the not so suitable beech - the wood is very stable, but it shrinks a lot ( shrinkage ), is not stable after drying, also "works" more than other timber and is therefore and because of its susceptibility to fungi humid zones and not usable for outdoor applications - but the wood of the oak and ash, on the Federsee also the pine. Due to this specific use, the mixed oak forest around the Federsee went possibly from 4200 BC. BC, i.e. the beginning of the settlement period, slowly over into a beech forest, which became predominant from 3300 onwards. From the open settlements or only surrounded by fences around 4000 BC. Up to the fortified systems of the Bronze Age, which were built around 850 BC. B.C., an increasing fortification with palisades can be observed, whereby one can assume that the cause could lie in an increasing threat from outside, although there have always been villages that are not so protected. The type of development on the Federsee also changes and, following the pattern of the "Goldberg III group" in the Nördlinger Ries , deviates from that on Lake Constance, because from 3000 BC. They began to do without the ridge-supporting center post row, which had previously divided the interior, and the block construction soon began.
The Neolithic settlement scheme of the Aichbühl type was widespread throughout southern Germany on mineral soils and is traced back to the impulses of the Lengyel culture . Different construction quality and size of buildings can already be seen in this from 4400 to 3500 BC. During the period in the 3rd century BC, families can be drawn to the different economic significance, but still without a pronounced social stratification. Even then, the houses were generally provided with dome ovens and stoves. Several bays were populated at the same time early on, with the villages two and a half to five kilometers apart. The individual settlements presumably comprised 20 to 50 families, so that each population had a population of 100 to 300 people.
It was not until the end of the Neolithic that a completely new type of settlement appeared, with larger and smaller, sometimes three to four-room houses on both sides along a traffic axis, already indicating a hierarchy of society (street villages of the Seekirch- Stockwiesen type with houses up to 15 m long). This type is particularly well studied in Torwiesen II , a settlement of the "Horgen culture". There are now also main and sub-settlements, in the "Pfyn-Altheimer Group" even villages reinforced with palisades, as well as later in the Bronze Age the, however, now massively protected and isolated settlement of Forschner , which, however, like the later Bronze Age so-called "Wasserburg Buchau “Was laid out like a pile of villages. For the first half of the 3rd millennium in the "Goldberg III group" there are now also clearly stilt houses that were built over open water ( Seekirch-Achwiesen ). However, the settlements are still highly mobile, but with a continuity of the economic area. Fortified plank paths, which connect the villages with each other and with the mainland, are typical of the "Horgen culture" and also make sense from the first bike finds, which can be interpreted as the remains of carts pulled by cattle. A Middle Bronze Age, 800 m long plank path, spread in several construction phases over up to nine meters, which was built between 1514 and 1388 BC. Chr. And connected the island Buchau with the mainland, is proven for the settlement of Forschner . The houses themselves are residential and commercial units under one roof. Overall, the wide range of structural solutions with which the settlers were able to adapt to different, often extreme locations, is astonishing.
Local development patterns and cluster formation
The starting point for settlement activities on the Federsee were two old settlement cores from the Middle Neolithic : one on the Moosburg peninsula in the northwest, the other on the Henauhof peninsula in the southwest, which can possibly be supplemented by another core on the Aichbühler fields at the very southern end of the basin, which, however, has not yet produced any settlement finds, only scattered finds. From the Henauhof I station, which is also not yet demonstrable in terms of settlement, the settlers of the late “Rössen culture” could have advanced into the moor, although it is unclear to what extent they have already settled in wetlands. It is possible that at first there were only simple huts at seasonal fishing spots, as happened again at the end of the Feuchsiedel period at the Oggelshausen-Bruckgraben station between 721 and 621 BC. Chr.
With the beginning of real bog settlements, the settlement pattern changes, and the settlements are now distributed in the early "Aichbühl phase" with the eponymous , closely neighboring stations of Aichbühl and Riedschachen over the Henauhof / Taubried area and the Torwiesen / Bachwiesen area to northern Ried ( Ödenahlen ).
In the following phases of the Young Neolithic “Schussenried Culture” and the “Pfyn-Altheimer Group” the pattern intensified and settlement chains formed along the banks. However, for all three cultures, three separate settlements must be assumed, since forest regeneration is shown in the pollen diagrams in between. The fact that the same settlement locations were visited can be explained by particularly favorable local conditions. Even after the “Pfyn-Altheimer Group”, the climate depression of Piora II leads to a settlement gap of around three hundred years.
At the end of the Neolithic period , the villages of the "Horgen culture" are grouped closely around the island of Buchau, while the rest of the Federsee basin remains empty, apart from a few scattered finds. Likewise, in the "Goldberg III group" the settlements in the northern basin are clustered with a corresponding empty space in the remaining areas.
In the following Bronze Age there was only one now remarkably well-secured settlement: first the “Researcher Settlement”, then the “Wasserburg Buchau”. In the early Iron Age Hallstatt period, there were apparently only periodically used fishing and hunting huts that were only accessible by water. In addition, there were paths and bridges to the now exclusively inhabited island of Buchau (Dendrodat. 577 BC). This seems to have remained that way during the Laten period, because connections are very sparse.
In addition, different village and house types are being replaced (large and small houses, street and clustered villages, secured and unsecured, post or damp floor construction), but sometimes also exist side by side at the same time, whereby, above all, end-Neolithic the image of a pronounced, probably socio-economic established settlement dimorphism arises.
Why stilt houses?
Even if, in the modern scientific sense, this is generally understood to mean wetland settlements with and without pedestals, this question cannot be avoided. What motivated the people back then to build their houses in damp and / or at least temporarily flooded bank areas or even in the lake basin, when at the same time dry and stable building sites were preferred in almost all of Europe's landscapes?
One reason may have been that the Alpine foothills in the 6th and 5th millennium BC did not belong to the preferred settlement areas of the early arable farmers; and the band ceramics are therefore almost not represented there. Rather , the centers of the action, the Altsiedelland , lay outside of Upper Swabia and had spread along the Danube from east to west and north, but only to the south in the Balkans, east of the barrier of the Alps. Only when the settlement pressure became too strong could there have been a shift to peripheral areas such as the Federsee basin or the Lake Constance region, without this, however, answering the question of why people built in bogs or lakes and not on dry bank areas nearby.
Given these large-scale cultural prerequisites, there are five explanations, mainly oriented towards practical settlement :
- Increased need for security in times of high population pressure , since such periods with numerous migrating groups are always unsafe, even dangerous, and one had felt more protected in the shallow water area. Palisades, which can be proven early and later, also point in this direction. However, palisades could also have served to protect people and livestock as well as supplies from dangerous or predatory wild animals, of which primates, bison and brown bears as well as wild boars, foxes and wild cats have been proven.
- In bodies of water and in peat, structures are easier and faster to erect because posts can be pushed several meters into the ground without having to dig pits. The disadvantage was a limited service life of 2–20 years. Special knowledge was also required for this lightweight construction. On the other hand, it was easier to change location quickly, for example in the event of flooding.
- Especially in southern Germany, under the influence of the Lengyel culture, smaller houses had replaced the large and heavy long houses in the building tradition . But it is precisely at this point in time that the wetlands begin to be settled.
- In peripheral areas, especially in those with suboptimal settlement soils, hunting, fishing and collecting play an even bigger role in order to compensate for poor harvests. Fishermen also like to live close to the water.
- Lakes were ideal transport routes on which goods and people could easily be transported within the settlement area. The large number of dugout canoes discovered (over 40 so far) confirms this.
A predominantly cultural-historical explanation is also being discussed:
In the southern German Alpine foothills, Central European and Danube country cultural traditions were initially decisive, while the pile dwellings in the Swiss Central Plateau and in eastern France were under western European influence, while in northern Italy Mediterranean cultural traditions were effective, which were also effective on the way over the Alpine passes Cultural assets came north (a route that Ötzi also took between 3359 and 3105 BC, albeit in the opposite direction). Pile construction, which by no means occurs uniformly everywhere in the lake and moorland areas of Europe, is possibly an originally Mediterranean cultural tradition that started out from the bearers of the cardial culture of the Mediterranean area, gradually spread to the edges and from the Central and Eastern European cultures there, as the example of the Egolzwiler culture on Lake Zurich shows. In any case, the fact is that the first rural settlers in the Mediterranean region had a closer relationship with the water, because they immigrated on ships and colonized the coastal areas. Here you can find as early as 5300 BC Occasional settlements in inland lakes. Around 5000 BC The following cultural groups already experimented in the northern Italian alpine lakes with the construction of houses on the damp bank and in the water. But it wasn't until 4300 BC. The phenomenon of pile dwelling settlements began to spread around the Alps, and they can finally be archaeologically proven in more than 30 cultural groups, which, however, do not have a uniform cultural development.
Pottery, tools and means of transport
In terms of the find situation, and if one leaves aside the particularly significant and frequent structural remains of settlements as well as plant and animal remains (mostly from waste pits ) at the Federsee , they are the main material in archaeological findings, such as excavations or in field archeology ; and for the assessment of a cultural inventory they are often the only preserved and meaningful objects. This is especially true in moist soil sites because of the particularly good possibility here, due to the shielding in the sediment or peat, to date them precisely (± 10 years) by means of thermoluminescence (TL). This method can also be used for stone tools that have been in contact with fire, often used for flint pieces for better processing. Tiled clay from fireplaces and stoves, which were common in Federsee settlements, is another TL dating source.
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Ceramic: Especially when it is particularly well preserved, it is generally the main indicator when assigning Neolithic cultural groups due to its shape, production technique and decoration and is therefore often found in their names (e.g. ribbon, cord, line ribbon, Stitched ceramics, bell and funnel cup culture , urn field culture , cardial or imprint culture , dotted wave pottery / wave ceramics in the Sahara-Sudan Neolithic, etc.), especially when other features such as burials, megaliths or remains of settlements are either completely or largely missing. The earliest Neolithic is even called PPN (Pre Pottery Neolithic), as ceramics are still missing there. However, the potter's wheel did not come to Central Europe until the first millennium BC, while firing was found much earlier, for example among the line ceramists , who apparently brought the technique with them from the East, i.e. from the Balkans. It is also present in the subsequent Michelsberg culture , which developed roughly at the same time as the "Schussenried culture", which is documented at the Federsee and to which, as well as to the "Pfyn-Altheimer group", there are apparently relationships.
From the “Aichbühler Gruppe” onwards there are ceramic finds that, in their design, allow clear statements regarding the cultural assignment of the sites both on site and to the respective complexes prevailing in southern Germany, and which thus also prove the large-scale cultural exchange. On the other hand, there is a very high level of wood and stone processing, especially in the end neolithic stages of “Horgen Culture” and “Goldberg III Group”, but a poorly developed, mostly only functional pottery art.
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Tool inventory: simple tools and equipment. from Flint (also Flint, flint, chert called) as the already jungpaläolithisch already existing knock and anvil stones, scrapers , tips for arrows and spears, scratches, knife , dorsal blades , drill bits and stylus are neolithic often uncharacteristic, often artless, even simplest Chopper are proven. There are also plenty of raw flint tubers, kernels , flakes and semi-finished products.
More elaborately crafted, typically Neolithic tools , which were not intended for single use, are found in the inventory of hatchets , dechs , axes , sickles and harvest knives , on the other hand, show stone grinding and bores , microliths and careful shafts , for example with the help of the endneolithic tenon socket appearing for the first time. Ceramic spindle whorls already indicate a specialized textile production, which is also evidenced by textile scraps. Other devices typical of the Neolithic are grinding stones and net countersinks . A few jewelry objects, many wooden and a few bone tools complete the range of finds. A ground ax blade with a pierced neck is assigned to the Schussenried culture as a litter find .
If preserved, tools made of organic materials such as wood, horn or bones, which are particularly well preserved at the Federsee (except bones, which are found in large numbers in garbage pits ), are often more informative.
The inventory of tools from the Federsee Neolithic is generally diverse, but rather crude, especially for the simple stone tools. Tools with the elaborate stone cut or shank are relatively rare. There are a few characteristic tool types such as the "Aichbühler hammer ax".
Of Bronze Age artifacts , various Beilklingentypen (Randleistenbeil "type Buchau", probably a weapon, and a Absatzbeil by the Czech type with neck detail) and from the hoard spearheads, sickles were found in the area Federsee needles. A bronze bracelet was found at the Vollochhof .
Evaluation: Overall, the finds are less meaningful compared to other find complexes, especially those that are related to house construction, for example with regard to the use of bark and pitch for sealing or the artful layout of the house floors, which can be proven particularly well with excavation technology . It is noticeable that in the mineral area of the settlements, large amounts of late Paleolithic fire and rock tools were found, but hardly any purely Neolithic tools. Why this is so is unclear, but one reason may also lie in the fact that, as experimental archaeological investigations show, they were generally far more complex to produce (stone cut, microlithic combination tools, etc.) than the mostly rough, quickly cut Paleolithic and therefore treated more carefully could not be lost as easily on solid ground as on the bog ground. -
Means of transport: They always denote a fairly advanced level of technology, as well as boardwalks and walkways. The same applies to plows, which have not been directly proven at the Federsee. Suitable draft animals, first cattle, and later horses too, are essential for this.
Two types of finds are particularly noteworthy:- on the one hand the numerous dugout canoes. (up to ten meters in length), some with paddles, some of which indicate proper boat berths, as several boats aligned in the same direction were found next to each other in Bad Buchau (14C dating: 2138–1978 BC),
- to the other wheels. the first of which was in 1937 in the late Bronze Age moated castle Buchau. came to light. The full disk wheels of the late / end Neolithic settlement Stockwiesen, discovered in 1989 . near Seekirch around 2900 and the early to Middle Bronze Age settlement of Forschner. are even among the oldest in the world. Wheels and wagons and thus also the use of cattle as draft animals were probably introduced from the Danube region in the late to late Neolithic period together with other cultivation techniques such as a different range of useful plants and new harvesting techniques, as well as probably plowing . One consequence of this new technology was probably the increased construction of sometimes very wide boardwalks and footbridges between the individual settlements and their parts or between settlements.
Economy: Pets and Plants
The subsistence strategies, which are characterized by forest and field management , included the collection of wild fruit and wild herbs, particularly in the economically and agronomically less than optimal Federsee area with its sometimes problematic soils, as well as particularly intensive hazelnuts and water nuts that can only be used after heating . In addition, depending on the climatic environment, there were hunting and fishing in varying degrees. This is true until the end of the Neolithic and beyond. Which agricultural operating systems are the basis of the respective local structures of the different epochs, i.e. field- green fallow-change systems on constantly open areas, fertilization, etc., and how the social organization of the settlers was regulated in each case (individual leaders, heads of families / clans, stratified? ), this can only be ascertained to a very limited extent and with large question marks, even with well-examined and productive stations such as Torwiesen II of the “Horgen culture”. For the Neolithic farmer, two economic potentials were of particular importance, about which more detailed statements can be made: domestic animals, which were initially only kept in small numbers and sent to the forest pasture , and agriculture, until the introduction of cattle-raised Hook plow , probably as a hoe .
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Domestic animals: Osteological examinations of the garbage pits and ditches showed that hunting and fishing were predominant for the oldest settlement period. As the findings in Ödenahlen (“Pfyn-Altheimer Group”) show, with an already pronounced cattle industry, cattle were added later, and pigs in the end-Neolithic period (“Horgen culture”). In Ödenahlen a diet based on 30% cattle, 22% pigs and 10% small domestic ruminants (sheep and goats) can be demonstrated, rabbits and domestic poultry are still missing, bones from garbage pits are almost certainly from wild forms (rodents are because of their small size Cooking in garbage pits can hardly be detected in most cases). Hunting only provided a quarter of the food requirement there, fishing and bird hunting were insignificant. Domestic dogs seem to have always existed, but also as meat suppliers. In Torwiesen II, on the other hand, wild animals are archaeozoologically documented much more frequently than domestic animals, so that hunting and fishing must have been important here, a fact that can be explained by the deterioration in the climate of Piora II. The keeping of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs has been proven, although not operated on a large scale and mostly stabled outside of the settlement, as no increased amounts of phosphate were found here, such as those caused by dung. It is unclear here whether the horse bones are already domestic animals or the bones of wild horses.
In the area of Altheim culture , for the first time, domestic horses can also be found , which apparently originate from the eastern steppes and found a habitat in the increasingly larger, increasingly merging settlement chambers, i.e. open forest areas of southern Germany ( wasteland 25%). The presumably not one-sided livestock farming intensified accompanied by extensive clearing, mostly as slash and burn , in the Bronze Age. -
Crops: Pollen analyzes and paläoethnobotanische findings were young-to spätneolithisch the probably practiced only in summer cultivation of nude wheat as the main cereal, to einkorn , emmer , spelled , barley , flax and poppy , the latter probably the production of oil and poppy also for medicinal purposes. They used birch tar and resin as an adhesive, such as scarfs, and possibly as a kind of chewing gum (some with-preserved teeth marks on it) and bast for footwear. Flax was needed for textile production. Weed seeds were found remarkably often , which were probably collected and probably used for various purposes (medicinal, seasoning, etc.). In Torwiesen II , where it was even possible to prove the social status, which declined from the gate onwards, based on the archaeobotanical findings (decrease in cultivated plants and increase in forage plants), eight wild fruit species and nuts were found, which indicates an extensive collecting activity, which is probably like one appropriating economic form common, especially by women, children and young people. The cultivation areas and probably also forest areas were on the mainland and were assigned to the individual households.
From the Bronze Age on, spelled , millet and legumes are mainly found . The starchy water nuts, which are practically extinct here today, were also essential for nutrition . Despite agriculture, which now also included grazing , the collection of wild fruits, nuts, berries, stone and pome fruits (e.g. wild apples) and generally small oil-containing seeds initially played an important role. These were then gradually replaced by the cultivation of poppy seeds and linseed. In the Alleshausen-Grundwiesen settlement belonging to the end-Neolithic "Goldberg III Group" , which is of particular importance for research into the end-Neolithic environment and economy, grain pollen is even completely absent, only linseed can be found, possibly a sign of early specialization (textile production) and thus more complex economic structures. In the Bronze Age, spelled became the main crop.
Non-material culture
The indicators for this particularly interesting, but above all prehistorically also particularly elusive area have always been the subject of secondary conclusions, hypotheses and interpretations and are therefore particularly sensitive. The dispute over pile dwellings versus wetland settlements and the accompanying specific social interpretations illustrate this particularly impressively. Nevertheless, the find situation at the Federsee offers the archaeologist more extensive possibilities than usual because of the optimal conservation conditions prevailing there, with all the necessary reservations, the non-material culture of the people living there and its changes over the millennia, at least in rough outlines and with not too much unlikely to be sketched, even if the ideological colors of the Third Reich , which initially paralyzed research for a long time after the war, urge particular caution here.
art
Art has been one of the most important ways of human expression since ancient times. In the Stone Age context, practically all images and ornaments with often unknown or non-reconstructable content are assigned to the field of art. However, their function was certainly extremely diverse, as ethnohistorical analogies show. With the invention of ceramics in the Middle East around 8000 BC. In addition, new possibilities for artistic expression emerged in the Middle East. In addition to stone and clay figures, it is above all the shapes of the clay vessels with their decor.
However, the application of this term to prehistoric periods is generally tricky, as art in our modern understanding is only a concept of the late 18th and early 19th centuries AD. The idea of a generally valid art term that can be used for all times and works is outdated today. Although human artistic activity extends far into prehistoric times back (z. B. petroglyphs as in the Franco-Cantabrian rock art , idols , eg. The Venus figurines ), it is but always primarily cultic in its infancy (motivated even simple geometric forms had probably often sacred Meaning) and is often in a religious context. At most, when one thinks of decorated utensils and weapons, which were not uncommon in the Upper Paleolithic, one can think of certain status symbols or simply interpret them as the outflow of human creativity, jewelry and play, or as an expression of life strategy and coping with the environment .
The only potentially relevant shapes in this sense in the spring lake area are therefore jewelry, especially necklaces made of teeth, etc., as well as the decoration of the ceramics , the latter following more regional and ethno-specific traditions. However, there are sometimes significant differences. For example, the ceramics of the Middle Neolithic and here the "Rössen culture", but also those of the "Aichbühler Gruppe" and the "Schussenried culture", which belonged to the early Neolithic, are characterized by one thing, apart from the coarse utility ceramics diverse and varied design of the décor, as it can no longer be found in any epoch of the Neolithic and can even be used for the internal structure of the Middle Neolithic and the early Neolithic.
The subsequent late to late Neolithic cultural complexes “Pfyn-Altheimer Group”, “Horgen Culture” and the “Goldberg III Group”, on the other hand, are quite artless in their ceramics, the latter being decorated at most with textile unrolls, the previous two not at all , apart from occasional simple decorations on the edge, possibly with a symbolic character in the "Horgen culture", where only primitive forms were found in Dullenried . This relative artlessness is a general trend in Central, Northern and Western Europe in the late to late Neolithic. Corded ceramics as such also do not stand out due to their special artistic development.
It was not until the Bronze Age that efforts to decorate everyday objects such as ceramics and bronze vessels began again, and the Ancient and Middle Bronze Age cultures of Central Europe showed distinctive ways of decorating ceramics, jewelry, metal objects and weapons that were now on a par with those of the Aegean cultures, for example . as the so-called treasure find at the Buchau moated castle shows.
However, this trend stunted and impoverished or froze again during the Young Bronze Age . Nevertheless, one should not speak of art when referring to ceramics from those prehistoric phases, but rather of decorative traditions.
Religion and ritual
Potential prehistoric religions with their forms, rituals, myths, ideas and motivations are considered to be the most controversial subjects in religious and historical research (cf. Eliade, Jensen, Leroi-Gourhan , Ries, Schmidt, Tokarew and others).
Direct references to the cult and religion of the Neolithic pile dwelling settlements in the Alpine region and in particular on the Federsee, where burials are completely absent apart from the already Bronze Age skull find of the Wasserburg Buchau and later Iron Age barrows on the southwestern hills, are rare, so that one can compare here with analogies prehistoric, regional or large-scale neighboring and temporally similar cultures. This applies to jewelry, amulets and idols as well as to burials. Therefore, analogous to the few end-Neolithic grave finds in the Neckar and High Rhine regions, collective burials are assumed, since Neolithic burials in the Upper Swabian and Lake Constance regions are almost completely absent.
In western Switzerland was found menhirs , the contact to the megalithic suggest Western Europe and could be interpreted as ancestral figures. Remnants of wall paintings in white lime paint and sculptures (breasts, next to a primitive animal horn) were found on Lake Constance, reminiscent of ancient oriental models as a male-female dualism (e.g., although controversial, Catal Hüyük ). In any case, fertility cults , such as those described by Adolf Ellegard Jensen in Mythos and Cults in Primitive Peoples and The Dead Godhead , are to be expected in these early peasant cultures . The same applies to shamanistic remnants in the sense of Mircea Eliade, for example in shamanism and archaic ecstasy techniques . Likewise, there is likely to have been ancestor worship , as is typical for such early peasant cultures (see for example African religions ). Above all, idols and the cult of the dead could provide information here, but as I said, they are missing. Burial finds are generally rather rare, and in fact hardly ever occur neolithically at the Federsee; and from the early Neolithic in southwest Germany and far beyond, there are not even any larger cemeteries known for the “Rössen culture” with its distinctive cult of the dead. It is therefore assumed that the burial rites also changed in the early Neolithic period against the background of collective thinking and adapted locally to the specific conditions of a moor landscape, for example. In any case, the sparse findings generally indicate that single and multiple burials in settlement pits , but above all in earthworks, became the rule, as was known elsewhere, for example, by the “Rössen culture”, but which are missing (or can no longer be found in the peat area of the Federsee area) or have been destroyed by the acidic environment).
The same applies to the middle Neolithic , where only one reference to a burial ground was found for the whole of southern Germany, namely in 1964 near Ditzingen, near Stuttgart. Likewise, only two individual burials were found, both with food and drink as grave goods, which suggest a dedicated conception of the hereafter with a journey to the hereafter. This is an astonishing finding compared to the older Neolithic, where some large cemeteries were found, such as the one on the Viesenhäuser Hof near Stuttgart or the mass grave in Talheim .
Corded ceramic graves in the transition to the Bronze Age have not yet been found in the Federsee area, as have other evidence of this cultural stratum, although this culture mostly buried its dead in individual graves in the form of stool graves .
The subsequent Early Bronze Age bell beaker culture is also not documented for the Federsee region. The Buchau moated castle is attributed to the very diffuse urn field culture, of which there is also a cremation near Reichenbach. The Bruckgraben already belongs to the Hallstatt period, the potential findings of which would then lie under the town of Buchau and would therefore not be archaeologically accessible. However, between 1920 and 1938, during the first excavation, the skulls of six individuals, five children and adolescents and one woman, were discovered at regular intervals along the palisade, which contrary to current practice had not been burned. Injuries to the two surviving skulls indicate that they were inflicted on purpose and in an elevated position with a blunt or semi-sharp instrument, such as a club or a hoe, and that the skulls were then deposited at regular intervals. In the meantime, according to a new study in 1998, it is assumed that this may have been a matter of cultic or magical-ritual motivated acts, for example to deter or protect, which the composition of the group would also suggest. In fact, there is evidence in the later Bronze Age, for example in the Swabian and Franconian Alb , that human sacrifices were common, with the remains of women, children and young people typically predominating, as in the present case. Only in the Hallstatt period can be found on the forested southwestern heights of Federsee basin 15 burial mounds and a late Bronze Age cremation grave from the time the first Wasserburg settlement, although at Reichenbach already for the Middle Bronze Age settlement Forschner of pulses tumuli culture are accepted.
The late Bronze Age depot discovery made at the Wasserburg Buchau in 1927 with ring jewelery, hatchet and lance tip, which were quite valuable objects at the time, also points in a more cultic direction, because Bronze Age sacrifice deposits, for example in moors like here, were generally not uncommon. Above all, bodies of water and wet soil finds can be interpreted as naturally sacred places that seemed particularly suitable for cult activities. The finds from moors are assigned to a special category, especially since they still play a central role in popular belief today as areas that are scary and dangerous and are inhabited by powers whose goodwill must be bought. The flooding disasters on the Federsee, which often lead to the demolition of settlements, make such connections understandable, even if no further religious ideas can be inferred from them, apart from a general idea of natural spirits within the framework of a dualistic scheme, as they may be conveyed by some local legends.
society
For the first time since the Neolithic, prehistoric and early historical societies and their changes can be roughly reconstructed based on the local to regional finds. Andrew Sherratt has listed various pieces of evidence that can all be derived from the archaeological findings. In view of this theoretical background, the wetland settlements of the Alps and their foreland are nowadays considered to be a reflection of prehistoric social change because of the density of finds and the well-preserved settlement features.
In addition to the size and internal structure of the houses and the settlement complex, jewelry in particular is indicative of social differentiation. Mainly pierced teeth were found, but also a whole Bronze Age treasure find ( Wasserburg Buchau , 1927), which is very typical for the Bronze Age, especially in moor areas. The presence of weapons designed for combat, such as the swords developed from the double-edged dagger in the Bronze Age , is also characteristic. Equally important for the social structure of these early farming cultures is their subsistence strategy, which must be functionally determined and presuppose or generate certain social mechanisms. Finally, indicators that indicate trading are also important.
The character of all the finds, especially after the end of the late Middle Neolithic immigration phase, indicates a generally peaceful Neolithic peasant culture with, however, high mobility of the settlers and the different settlement patterns. Only the appearance of palisades, albeit light palisades, observed earlier elsewhere and sporadically in the “Rössen phase”, but especially as pronounced as in the Early to Middle Bronze Age settlement of Forschner and the Late Bronze Age Wasserburg Buchau , indicates a change here which, however, can also have something to do with protecting local residents from predators (e.g. bears, wildcats) and the supplies from animal feed in the pre-Bronze Age, or it can be seen as enclosing animal pens. It is unclear whether the later reinforcement of the protective structures has something to do with the roughly simultaneous appearance of the bell-beaker people who were often warlike after their grave goods, often weapons.
Several phases can be observed in the social development of the Federsee area , whereby it remains unclear whether each is based on immigration movements which, however , arise with the emergence of new technologies (e.g. bikes and wagons) and / or animal and plant domestications (e.g. . Horse) can be accepted whose porters introduced them to the Federsee area.
- In the first, still Mesolithic, Old and Middle Neolithic phase, there are social structures that are typical for hunters and gatherers, i.e. mainly small migrating groups due to the changed game population.
- The Middle Neolithic "Rössen culture". which has not yet been documented in terms of settlement in the Federsee area was still determined by the longhouse ceramics and its social implications of large individual farmsteads in settlement chambers.
- The next pattern , which largely determined the late Neolithic, is characterized by the change from the traditional longhouse ceramics that still prevailed in the “Rössen culture” to small individual farmsteads that were combined to form a village. This indicates a radical change in the social structure. In: the course of which the previously uniform cultural area of the band ceramists and the technically similar "Rössen culture", especially in southern Germany, disintegrated into several local groups with independent property. It is unclear, but it is conceivable whether the small groups had their own ethnically and linguistically based communication association, which was now also expressed in different ceramic ornaments.
The penetration into less agriculturally suitable, but also more usable areas due to advancing agricultural techniques, also forced by strongly increased population pressure, also resulted in a change in the economic concept, which in turn required increased mobility with houses that are not too expensive, especially on unsafe ground erected and could be left quickly, therefore only had to last a few years and not up to 60 years like longhouses. In general, an advance from dry slopes and plateaus to the moister valleys and lake shores can be observed, sometimes accompanied by an astonishing depopulation of the old habitats, such as in Hegau , whose depopulation is contrasted with the strong increase in population in Upper Swabia, especially in the Lake Constance area. Whether the exhaustion or runoff of the soil or rather increasing deforestation played a bigger role here is an open question; it is possible that both have worked together. In any case, such constraints obviously led initially to a social destabilization with migration of larger population groups and to the transition to newly structured forms of society with presumably increased inter-family cooperation, as can already be assumed in the "Aichbühler Group", where several house forecourts are connected to one another and thus formed a plank corridor between the houses that was used jointly, but not yet jointly built. This should later have led to complex community activities such as the building of hundreds of meters long boardwalks and footbridges and ultimately even to the craft-economic specialization (e.g. boat building) and trade with each other and with more distant communities (in the A piece of amber was even found in Buchau Wasserburg in 1925), as it had existed for flint for a long time. The so-called Feuersteinstrasse (Silexstrasse) on the Swabian Alb already proves this for the band ceramists, because Silex was mined there even then and then traded in an organized manner. Such a mechanism, together with the distinctive hierarchies in numerous peasant cultures around the world, can be observed in a similar way and can also be found, for example, in the approximately simultaneous north-west German funnel beaker culture of the early Neolithic. - However, the late / end Neolithic change in the type of settlement indicates the beginning of a strong social change. Now you can see three to four-room houses as economic units with a central fireplace on both sides of a traffic axis , as in Torwiesen II : the street villages of the Seekirch type. Already in the end-Neolithic "Horgen culture" in Torwiesen I. (cal RC 3336-3102), which has not yet been adequately recorded archaeologically , there is a street village, but not yet in the social differentiation as in Torwiesen II. Where the social gradation is particularly structurally specific is pronounced and has different economic and family relationships, because the most important families occupied the frontmost houses, the less important the middle field, the poorest the back end. In addition, there were individual small houses that were also inhabited and apparently housed specialized small businesses. In addition, there are now main and sub-settlements, possibly already with economic specialization as in Alleshausen-Grundwiesen. on flax cultivation, herding and hunting. In addition to a socio-economic differentiation, this also resulted in a segmentation and stratification of society. The fact that the individual houses apparently also had their own cultivation and forest areas on the mainland that they cultivated does not mean that a concept of real estate had already developed, but possibly a preliminary stage of it. These social changes were apparently due to innovative impulses from the Danube region , which brought among other things new textile techniques, the introduction of bicycles and wagons, a changed range of crops, new harvesting techniques and probably also the introduction of plowing.
- Both trends, hierarchization as well as specialization with division of labor, now steadily strengthened in the ensuing Bronze Age . As early as the beginning of the second millennium BC, in the transition to the early Bronze Age, there were significant changes in social structures and material cultures in Eastern, Western and Central Europe. Small, mutually competing genders with local leaders set up wide-ranging alliance systems, which were based not least on the acquisition and maintenance of certain symbols. In the course of this development a real upper class with a kind of chief system came into being. For the Federsee area, a strong reduction to a single settlement and a considerably increasing need for security are typical, which usually indicates an increased wealth within the settlement, but which is socially very unevenly distributed. (The depot find and the apparently ritual skull finds also point in this direction.) On the other hand, an increased threat from outside can also be derived from this, because especially for the “ urn field culture ” between 1250 and 650 BC. BC, the phase of the High Bronze Age, the emergence of strong protective structures, such as castles, is typical in eastern southern Germany especially in the early and middle phase, in the western mainly in the late phase. It can be interpreted as a consequence of the economic and social revolution of that epoch, for which, because of the numerous weapons in graves, for example, a distinct warrior nature can be assumed, which had its origin not least in the developing social upheavals.
Cultural sequence
Thus, in addition to the previous mainly phenomenologically grouped presentation according to subject matter ("Overview and Significance", "Research History" and "Settlement History Basics and Findings"), the relative-chronological sequence of the cultural groups archaeologically identifiable and distinguishable in the Federsee Basin and their special characteristics, Locations meant. Their position in the early, but above all the late Neolithic and later the Bronze and Iron Age context is described here in chronological order. A final look at the early Roman-Alamannic-Franconian and the historical epoch that began in the 8th century AD at the latest should round off the entire cultural sequence.
chronology
The archaeological cultural sequence of the European groups and cultures of the Neolithic period differs considerably from one another in the various regions. The following two tables provide an overview.
The first table shows the general differences in the period division into old, early, middle, young, late and end in the area of the Central and Northern European Meso- and Neolithic. The second lists the most important Neolithic individual cultures within this grid, in the context of which those of the Federsee are temporally embedded, from which they have received influences or to which they can be traced back directly or indirectly or for which they even, as in the case of the "Aichbühler Group" and the "Schussenried culture" were eponymous.
Table of the different Neolithic stadiums in different areas of Central and Northern Europe compared to the archaeologically common stadiums at the Federsee (descending in time from younger to older; southern Germany with Lake Constance area; central Germany is defined here geographically, not politically).
| Federsee | South Germany / Austria | Switzerland | Southern Scandinavia / Northern Germany | Central Germany |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late Neol .: End Neolithic | End Neolithic | Late Neolithic | Late / Middle Neolithic | Late Neolithic |
| Late Neol .: Early Neolithic | Early Neolithic | Early Neolithic | Middle / Early Neolithic | Middle Neolithic |
| Early Neolithic: Middle Neolithic | Middle Neolithic | Middle Neolithic | Late Mesolithic | Early Neolithic |
| Early Neolithic: Early Neolithic | Early Neolithic | Early Neolithic | Late Mesolithic | Early Neolithic |
Comparative tabular chronology of the Neolithic and its individual cultures: Central Europe and southern Scandinavia.
Transitional phase: Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic
terminology
For terminological problems, especially the periodic and its systematics, s. Prehistoric and early historical terminology and systematics . Locally modified periods of the Neolithic are given on the basis of Jens Lüning's system , according to which the Neolithic is divided into Early Neolithic , Middle Neolithic , Young Neolithic , Late Neolithic and End Neolithic . For specific periodization see the literature, especially von Schlichtherle, Keefer and Maier. In the following, the chronological classifications of archeology specified in the first of the two tables above and usual for the Federsee area are used. For the sake of clarity, some problematic terms that cannot be used in the Federsee area, such as the Epi- and End Paleolithic, are also listed.
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Chronology of the prehistoric cultural sequence of the Federsee Basin (current status according to Schlichtherle, 2009 and 2011/2012)
The times are all v. And relate locally to the Federsee, if cultures there are not detectable on southern Germany or central Europe. They are based locally on pollen findings, C14 ( radiocarbon dating : when you specify . Dat as a calibrated RC individual measurements), Thermolumineszenzdatierung and especially dendrochronology ( ". Dendrodat" "Dendro" or). At sites of discovery, apart from very early ( Henauhof ) and late ( Oggelshausen-Bruckgraben ) exceptions, only those with evidence of settlement are mentioned. The Roman numerals refer to the end of excavation different stations in the same district or hall or a Won . WKE = World Heritage Site by UNESCO Stone age
Paleolithic
Late / End Paleolithic
Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
Early to Middle Mesolithic ( Holocene ): 8000 to approx. 5700
> T1 approx. 6950
End Mesolithic (up to 5400) with transition to the Old Neolithic (5400–5000)
Neolithic
Early Neolithic 5400 to 4400
A. Early Neolithic 5400 to 5000
B. Middle Neolithic 5000 to 4400
Late Neolithic 4400 to 2300
A. Early Neolithic 4400 to 3500
> T4 approx. 4300
K3 3900-3780
> T5 approx. 3900
> T6 approx. 3700
K6 3300-3200
K7 2900-2450 > T7 approx. 2700
First big gap in the settlement: Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age , at least 700 years Metal time
Bronze age
From approx. 2300 to 800 with strong regional fluctuations
K8 1400–1200 > T8 approx. 1500 Second large gap in the
> T9 approx. 800 Iron age
From approx. 800 with strong regional fluctuations
K10 400–300 Historic time
K11 400–800 AD
These two phases are hardly written, only archaeologically documented and have predominantly prehistoric features.
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- For a unified understanding of the late Upper Paleolithic , the cultures at the end of the Ice Age in Central Europe are often referred to as the Late Paleolithic . It begins with the significant global warming around 12,500 BC. Chr. ( Meiendorf-Interstadial ) However, the demarcation between the Early and Late Paleolithic is not uniform in the German-speaking area, and it must therefore be determined regionally in each case, provided that find inventories and their correlation with climatic data allow this. If this is not the case, the generic term Upper Paleolithic is generally used.
- The so-called End Paleolithic is a term used by some prehistorians to describe the late phase in Bavaria between the warm phase of the Alleröd Interstadial (11,400–10,730) and the beginning Mesolithic. However, since there is a lack of characteristic find inventories that are widespread in small areas and that could give the name, the remains of that time are only subsumed under these terms. The duration of this end Paleolithic is limited to the transition from the end of the last Ice Age to the post-Ice Age rewarming of the Preboreal 9600 to 8700 BC. During this time the glaciers retreated, but the warming climate was still interspersed with cold phases. The demarcation to the Mesolithic is fluid. The end Paleolithic is completed by groups of dorsal tips and stem tip groups , which merge seamlessly into the Mesolithic.
- As the final paleolithic stage, the Epipalaeolithic refers to areas of the Mediterranean region free of the Ice Age, but above all to North Africa and the Middle East , where it refers to finds dating from between 20,000 BP and the beginning of the Neolithic around 8000 BC. Or later. The term covers only partially with what in Europe under Mesolithic is understood and is mainly due to the sharp increase in Mikrolithengeräte and the use of rubbing and grinding stones characterized, for the Early Neolithic PPN is typical stage in which the local Natufien transferred to the Neolithic. The term does not apply to Europe.
- The Central European Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) is divided into the Early Mesolithic (9600-7000/6500 BC) and the Late Mesolithic (approx. 7000/6500–5500 / 4500 BC ), primarily through different equipment inserts, so-called microliths . It is used to describe the post-glacial culture of hunters and gatherers in Europe (and almost only there), and regionally quite different between 9600/8000 and 5500/4000 BC. The beginning of the period is thus determined climatologically, the end by the locally very different beginning of animal husbandry and early agriculture. The question of whether the Mesolithic is an independent cultural epoch that can be separated from the Paleolithic or whether it should be included in an Epipalaeolithic that is not only valid for the Mediterranean region (but which can start there as early as 20,000 BP ) is still controversial today. The common denominator is that the Mesolithic can be described as the initial period of all-round exploitation of nature by humans, which was promoted or even caused by the climatic changes and the rise in sea level by 120 m and the necessary change in subsistence strategies. Typical for this are huge piles of mussels and snail shells on the coasts and the banks of the inland waters as a sign that every existing source of food had to be used. They are actually considered to be the guiding paradigm of the Mesolithic; they may be a sign of a nutritional crisis, because the preferred diet by shellfish is extremely expensive (52,267 oysters or 156,800 cockles or 31,360 limpets correspond to the nutritional value of a deer).
Cultural symbols at the Federsee
As early as the late Paleolithic from 10,000 BC and the Mesolithic period , hunters and gatherers from the late Magdalenian period stayed on the Federseeufer for a period of three thousand years , as evidenced by the numerous hunting and resting places, especially on gravel knolls on the lakeshore at that time, such as the Aichbühler Bay found fireplaces, hazel bars, bark strips and tools, so that one can speak of a hunter's retreat. At Henauhof northwest , such a storage area could be examined more closely.
For the early Mesolithic (8000 to 7700 BC) over 100 sites around the lake are documented. The dense area surrounding the lake apparently offered the best conditions for hunting, gathering and fishing. At that time the use of the area seems to have intensified, but declined again in the late Mesolithic (5800 to 5000 BC), although around 5500 the band ceramists immigrated from the east into Central Europe. The number of sites has been reduced significantly to a tenth of the previous one for that time. In the former south-western bank area at today's Henauhof , several layers of finds from the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic are documented, including in particular slaughterhouse waste and bone implements protected in the sediment, which extend into the Middle Neolithic. However, as in the late Paleolithic, the stone tools remain of poor quality and roughly correspond to those of the Magdalenian with a strong microlithic impact, as is typical for combination tools (saws, sickles, harpoons), shafts as well as needles, burins, arrowheads, etc.
As one of the very few human remains of the Late Paleolithic as a whole, a human tooth came to light in the Henauhof West area in 1989 . The Mesolithic traces are assigned to Beuronia (7700 to 5800 BC). In Henauhof Nord II , a late Mesolithic net swimmer made of birch bark was found.
Neolithic
Overview of the cultural periods
The Neolithic Age is subdivided differently in the individual areas of Europe (see tables above) . Its beginning in southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria is called the Early Neolithic, in central Germany (here in the purely geographical sense of the low mountain range ) it is called the Early Neolithic. At the same time, the late Mesolithic was still held in northern Germany. In the following, the periodization according to Keefer and Schlichtherle is used, as this also specifically includes the Federsee and adapts the periodization to the conditions there. For example, the Early Neolithic and Middle Neolithic are listed here as subgroups of the Early Neolithic , since the former is culturally only sparsely occupied by late Mesolithic hunter groups and the latter is largely found to be empty. The colonization of the territory does not begin until the late Neolithic one, which in this region by the archaeologists to better differentiation of six successive in different sequences following cultural groups in juveniles and Neolithic period was divided, though in the usual periodization by Jens Lüning juveniles, late and End Neolithic represent separate, unassociated stages.
Early Neolithic:
- The early Neolithic stage of the Early Neolithic includes La Hoguette and the band ceramics on the Federsee, which can only be documented in uncertain traces . It begins in southern Germany around 5700 and extends to around 4800 BC. BC, at the Federsee from about 5400 to 5000. With Henauhof-Nord II , the so-called “Bad Buchauer Group” can be found here, albeit poorly documented, which is still culturally assigned to the end Mesolithic (see above).
- The Middle Neolithic stage of the Early Neolithic includes the cultures " Großgartacher Gruppe " and " Hinkelstein ", which do not occur on the Federsee. This phase begins around 5000 and extends to around 4400 BC. Chr.
Late Neolithic:
- The early Neolithic period of the late Neolithic that followed extends from 4400 to 3500 BC. And includes the late "Rössener culture", the "Aichbühler group", "Schussenrieder culture" and "Pfyn-Altheimer group".
- The end Neolithic stage of the Late Neolithic in southern Germany ranges from 3500 to 2300 BC. And includes "Horgen culture" and "Goldberg III group" at the Federsee. After that, the early phase of the Bronze Age begins here .
Early Neolithic
The Early Neolithic is divided into an early Neolithic and a Middle Neolithic phase, of which the first has not yet been documented at the Federsee, the second only weakly and, if so, then in a late or transitional stage to the following “Aichbühler Group”.
Early Neolithic
Ribbon ceramics : So far, there have not been any finds that could be reliably assigned to prove that the Federsee area could have been culturally involved during this early Neolithic period. However, isolated old ceramic finds (near Reichenbach) and more recent ceramic findings indicate at least that linear and stitch band ceramists could have been involved in the first conquest of the Federsee, or at least stayed there.
End Mesolithic remains apparently continued to exist, as the finds of the so-called Bad Buchau group show. The Federsee was evidently a retreat for post-glacial hunters, in which they lived, while north of the Danube in the Ulm area, carriers of the oldest band ceramics already settled, which like the La Hoguette group , the earliest Neolithic culture in Central Europe, has not been proven in the Federsee area ( but probably for the Lake Constance area in Hegau ). In the zone between the Ulm area and Hegau, on the other hand, there are still no finds of band ceramics. It is therefore unclear how the land grabbing took place here in detail. Individual surface finds do not yet provide a conclusive overall picture.
Middle Neolithic
Overall, the archaeological evidence for this phase between 5000 and 4500 at the Federsee is sparse.
The abandonment of numerous settlement areas in southern Germany north of the Danube, some of which had been in use for 200 years or more, at the beginning of the 5th millennium marked a diversification and finally the end of the regional groups of ceramic tapes. Locally very different, sometimes very small-scale developments lead to the emergence of new cultural groups in which the previous ceramic indicators such as burials, ceramics, house building, tools, etc. change. At the same time, new settlement areas such as floodplains and lake shores are being occupied.
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Rössen culture and Epirössen phase: The Federseemoor was only archaeologically verifiable in the second half of the 5th millennium BC. Colonized by people who belonged to the late phase of the " Rössen culture ", at least the findings from Henauhof I and ceramic finds with a characteristic deeply engraved pattern, plus finds in Taubenried III - II , Ödenbühl ( Netzsenker ) and Riedschachen indicate the existence of a settlement Suspect damp settlement. Their remains, i.e. the palisades and longhouses that are typical here as well as burial fields, have not yet been found. However, due to the location of the finds, it seems to have been pure bog settlements back then (which would basically rule out long houses, for example).
The same applies to a potential “Epirössen phase”, which partially already overlaps with the “Aichbühler Group”.
Late Neolithic
The Late Neolithic is divided into a Early Neolithic and an End Neolithic phase. In his at the Federsee from 4400 to 2300 BC After the potential Espirössen phase, 5 separate cultural groups could be identified: the "Aichbühler group", "Schussenrieder culture", the "Pfyn-Altheimer group" of Upper Swabia, the "Horgen culture" and the "Goldberg III" Group".
Early Neolithic
After the "Rössen culture" had died out in the middle of the 5th millennium, this phase was marked by the emergence of numerous small-scale cultural groups. Each of these small groups also has several characteristics of the subsequent large Neolithic groups in different ways. In the meantime, copper technology is becoming important in Eastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe , and the Neolithic is already ending here. However, since the turn of the 5th to the 4th millennium, the south-west German cultural groups were also familiar with the copper technique (i.e. casting and hammering), possibly as a result of a wave of colonization spreading up the Danube, after the band ceramics, i.e. the second wave of colonization that now reached south-west Germany the Lengyel culture could have been involved, the westernmost branch of which is the Aichbühler culture of the Federsee. There is speculation about potential cultural influences from the so-called "ceramic Wauwil group " coming from the south . In addition to technological innovations in the stocking ( interim fodder ), it could above all have conveyed changes in arable farming methods, in particular naked wheat , which is much more readily usable due to the greater solubility of the grains from the husks when ripe , which is now increasingly detectable on Lake Constance.
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Aichbühler Group: It dates between 4300 and 4200 BC. BC, is only occupied at the Federsee and is rated as the westernmost part of the late Lengyel culture , whereby local epic elements may have played a role. The term “Aichbühler Gruppe” as used today and no longer in the ideologically distorted Reinerthian sense was coined in 1967 by the Cologne prehistorian Jens Lüning . From 4200 BC BC, in the final phase of the Atlantic , the first two house findings are visible with this culture at the Federsee, namely at the place where it was named Aichbühl and in Riedschachen I (presumably up to six houses), both discovered in 1875 and excavated in the 1920s, later also at the sites of Henauhof I and possibly Ahwiesen and Torwiesen ( probes ). The village of Aichbühl , it was unfortified, occupies a special position as the only completely excavated and fully explored bog village, besides the directly neighboring Riedschachen I , also the only one of its kind from this cultural layer to date. There were 23 single-storey houses (each approx. 8 × 5 m) with wooden floors made of round or semicircular trunks, with plank and wicker walls as well as wood-covered forecourts, which possibly once joined together to form a kind of village street. When the ground was wet, substructures in the form of pile gratings were occasionally necessary. The interiors were divided into two parts with a small anteroom for the arched, walled-over (wickerwork with clay coat) oven in the manner of a commercial kitchen and a larger main room with a fireplace. However, the houses do not all seem to have been built at the same time; one rather assumes a three-phase settlement structure. The basic food was arable farming ( barley , husk and durum wheat ) as well as animal husbandry and fishing; but relatively little is known about it. Slender battle axes (Aichbühl hammer ax), which are very similar to those of the Lengyel culture, are striking. Ceramic finds, mostly cups, show features of the Michelsberg and Altheim cultures and were apparently sometimes painted white.
However, the Aichbühler Moordorf in particular played an ideologically questionable role during the Nazi era, as it, initiated above all by Hans Reinerth, was transfigured into an old Germanic house-building tradition that had spread as far as the Aegean Sea. They even wanted to have a central “driver's house” (house 15), next to it a “assembly hall” (house 17). The other findings were also corrected in such a way. -
Schussenried culture: eponymous for this between 3955 and 3870 BC. BC (Dendrodaten) on the Federsee in parts of Baden-Württemberg between 3900 and 3500, especially in Upper Swabia, the culture (or "group") that was largely destroyed by drainage today was the Riedschachen II site in the district of Schussenried at the southern end of the Federsee basin When Eugen Frank discovered the first wooden structure in this settlement in 1875, he called it "Schussenried Pile Building" and thus adopted the term coined by the Swiss archaeologist Ferdinand Keller after the discovery of the pile dwellings on Lake Zurich in 1853/54, which later repeatedly gave rise to violent controversies gave. In 1960 the prehistorian Jürgen Driehaus introduced the term “Schussenried Culture”.
From the old excavation carried out by Reinerth in the 1930s, we now know the layout of the Taubried I site with 22 one- and two- room smaller, post-built houses that formed an irregular clustered village without a palisade but with a gable facing towards a street. The largely adornment-free ceramic suggests a dating of Taubried at the end of the Schussenried complex.
Further evidence (besides Taubried I ) for this culture, which only lasted about 100 years, with a total of three settlement remains (and four other sites that could possibly have been other settlement sites) are:- in the northern basin of the hamlet (two or three small houses) Alleshausen-Hartöschle. with a dendro date 4045 BC Chr .;
- in the southern basin near the island of Buchau: Bachwiesen I. with five pile dwellings (Dendrodat. 3975), the inhabitants of which were mainly hunting for wild animals and used the lake, and in the Bachwiesen II. the latter was actually original but unstable in an emergency excavation in 2005 and pile dwellings that were flooded and collapsed resulted in what was probably a dramatic situation at the time, but which has now resulted in a rich yield of bones, ceramics, jewelry and tools.
- The “Aichbühler Group” was apparently partly continued in the “Schussenried Culture” without any direct relationships being established; there are also close ties to the Michelsberg culture . Ceramic dating showed the beginning of the 4th millennium. It is presumed that the “Schussenried culture” was the result of a second Lengyelization push, which started with potential migration phenomena from the Ulm area, reached the Federsee (Dendrodat. From 3930) and from there the Hornstaader Group on Lake Constance with effects as far as Lake Zurich . A transgression of the Federsee (T5) closes this relatively short period. What happened during the next hundred years up to the “Pfyn-Altheimer Group” is unclear. Findings of pollen and dendrops suggestive of forest regeneration suggest a phase with few settlements between 3850 and 3750.
In Riedschachen II , too , the prehistoric finds of the archaeologists were ideologically layered in the 1930s by interpreting the mix of house types in Riedschachen II as the result of the mixing of house-building traditions of "Nordic" immigrant settlers with the "Western" indigenous population, after the doctor and prehistoric Alfred Alfred Schliz had invented a pile-dwelling breed as early as the turn of the century.
Both the “Aichbühler Gruppe” and the “Schussenried Culture” fall into a period of climate depression ( Piora I ), which could explain the heavily exploited components of the subsistence strategy that can be observed in some areas, as in other lake settlement regions (increased occurrence of network sinks ).
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Pfyn / Altheimer Group: The 1981 at Ödenahlen. But also in Switzerland, in Upper Swabia and Bavaria between 3750 and 3400 proven "Pfyn-Altheimer" settlement phase falls in all of Upper Swabia and in contrast to the two previous ones in a period of optimal climatic conditions around 3700 BC. Beginning early subboreal . Flourishing agriculture and livestock farming, significant cattle farming and the dominance of naked wheat cultivation can be observed. Horse keeping is becoming common. In this group, the cultural characteristics of the northern Swiss Pfyn group - they were the first copper foundries - mix with those of the Bavarian Altheimer group , which represented the first Chalcolithic culture there. The phase ended at the Upper Swabian lakes with the climate depression of Piora II around 3600 BC. And the transgression T6 (Dendrodat. 3696). Settlement on the shores of Lake Constance, however, only comes to a standstill 150 years later.
Typical for the group are undecorated vessels roughened by the application of silt. The typical ceramics of this group have already been demonstrated in Bachwiesen I.
In the up to one meter thick cultural layer in Ödenahlen , 10 to 20 houses were found both at ground level and 4 × 6 m in size on approximately 80 cm stilts. There was a palisade, the first village fence on the Federsee. Ödenahlen is the only fully excavated settlement site of this group on the Federsee; Litter finds, for example near Alleshausen and emergency excavations on Bachwiesen II and Riedschachen III , however, suggest more. There are now three settlements of this group on the Federsee. Their exact form of settlement could not yet be determined. The first construction phase is between 3719 and 3688 BC. BC (Dendrodat.) All datable construction phases lie within a century between 3745 and 3650 BC. Chr.
The biggest settlement of the "Pfyn-Altheimer group" was in Sipplingen and included 100 to 150 homes. For the more recent phase of this culture, however, there was no evidence in Upper Swabia with a declining settlement density (low point 3400) up to the transition to the end of the Neolithic.
End Neolithic
Typical of this late and final phase of the southern German Neolithic, called the "End Neolithic" according to Jürgen Driehaus (1960) and RA Maier (1964), is that the different cultures and groups now mix in such a way that there were no closed cultures that could be clearly separated from each other gave more. Rather, the impression arises of a few large-scale phenomena that dominate the picture with their shapes and inventories, but influence each other in such a way that almost every location has a different inventory composition. This phase is mainly defined by the fact that copper technology, which had previously been used for half a century, is now interrupted for just as long, but wood and stone processing has reached a very high level, while pottery is now rather underestimated is only handled functionally, not decorative.
In addition, a completely new type of settlement now appears in the end of the Neolithic, because now larger, three to four-room houses equipped with a central fireplace are lined up on both sides of a central, also hierarchically defined traffic axis designed as a plank path and no longer as two-room wood and clay as in the previous Young Neolithic. Buildings of relatively egalitarian family groups arranged in rows, mostly without palisades. In addition, there are now main and sub-settlements, but with a concentration on only one single settlement chamber.
The end-Neolithic processes are also embedded in an extensive innovation process that can be traced back at least in part to impulses from the Danube region and that includes, among other things, new textile techniques, the introduction of bicycles and wagons, a changed range of crops, new harvesting techniques and probably the introduction of plowing.
The two main groups at Federsee are the “Horgen culture” with a noticeable concentration of settlements around the island of Buchau with the “Am Bahndamm” plank path, which leads to a settlement that has not yet been discovered, and the “Goldberg III group” with one Massing in the northern Federseeried. The 45 hectare island area of Buchau is only likely to have provided sufficient pasture and cultivation area for a small settlement community, but it was very suitable as a starting area for fishing and wild-hunting activities.
Dendrochronologically, it can be concluded that it was a matter of a settlement of the respective settlement chambers lasting several generations, in which this was gradually relocated. In the late Neolithic, the Federseeufer were no longer occupied at points that were far apart from one another, as was the case in the early Neolithic, but there is now a new settlement behavior, with a spatial concentration of several settlements, which also has a clear economic differentiation into large and small houses as well as main and Show sub-settlements, which may also have been due to economic reasons. Typical of the new settlement behavior of the end neolithic is now a relatively frequent and highly mobile relocation of the settlement location, but in the long term within the same settlement territory, so that real clusters of localities develop.
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Horgen culture: The five settlements of the older "Horgen culture" grouped around the island of Buchau, defined by their characteristic thick-walled and at best roughly decorated ceramics, also fell into the last climate depression of Piora II. This settlement phase, which lasted around 400 years, may also be included the oldest bike find in Europe, (according to more recent dating, however, only around 2890 and thus Goldberg III).
- The first settlement of the "Horgen culture" was found in Dullenried as early as the 1920s . with eight, however, very small, heap-like grouped huts, initially thought to be primitive (and round), typologically dated to 3150. The settlement probably belongs to the area around the Horgen settlements around the island of Buchau.
- In Torwiesen II , a whole street village of this culture, which existed only for a few years, was excavated in 2005 with twelve large, single-storey houses (only house 1 was built as a pile building) and three smaller single-chamber houses (approx. 215 to 250 residents) directly on the former bank, the first representative of a street village of the Seekirch type. It is now showing for the first time a pronounced settlement dimorphism , which should intensify from now on and is considered a sign of social change, in which large peasant family units stand next to poorer small or single livelihoods with a predominantly hunting to mixed subsistence, if not immigrants has acted. Possibly there was an economic dependency on the three richer houses at the entrance to the village in the sense of a partially economically and kinship-regulated society, which, however, apparently follows different cultural traditions when building its houses, because there are one- and two-aisled structures, regardless of the House size. The village community did not form a technologically and typologically uniform society, for example in the sense of a tribe or clan, as also culturally different individual finds show (e.g. spindle whorls ), but different family groups and possibly even individuals lived together in the village, who shared a common territorial structure and social order. So here you have a firmly established social order with a social gradient, in which the construction of the road and bridge were joint tasks. From the village entrance to the rear, a sloping social gradation can be seen in terms of the size of the houses and timber quality as well as the quality of the few and in some cases poorly preserved individual finds, of which the ceramics in particular show influences from Baden culture . The settlement, which was once on a peninsula, was economically independent and was connected to the mainland via a boardwalk (Dendrodat. 3281) and a well-constructed bridge and could be dendrochronologically dated to 3283/3278 BC. BC (3270 the village was probably already a desert ), the so-called "railway embankment", however, only with RC dating to 3010-2890.
- In 2007 a new settlement of this culture came to light: Bachwiesen III . It is about 20 to 50 years older (Dendrodat. 3334–3304) than the neighboring Torwiesen II. (Dendrodat. 3279) station, like this one in a narrow point between the island and the mainland and apparently not yet laid out as an end-Neolithic street village, rather it seems the three two-aisled houses excavated so far to have been single pile dwellings on a common bank platform. The found material points to the older stage of the "Horgen culture". What was striking was the careful carpentry work on the piles, as it appears here for the first time, because in the early Neolithic, natural forks were mostly used as cross-beam-bearing structures. The three excavated houses (there may be more) were of different sizes: 4 by 10–12 m, 5 by 8–10 m, and 2.5 by 5.8 m, the sides in wickerwork and clay plastering. The first two houses are likely to have been pile dwellings, the third probably a damp ground structure, so that different uses can be assumed. Presumably it is a rather irregular settlement and not a street village.
Numerous individual finds. could be recovered, which formally indicate contacts to surrounding cultures and allow a classification in the early Horgen culture: for example Horgen ceramics, spindle whorls, antler and bone tools, wooden tools such as spears, hoes and possibly arrows, textile scraps, rock tools ( Net countersinks, hatchets, head and grinding stones, grinding plates), finally devices made of flint (chips), a probably imported rock crystal. This spectrum of finds thus proves domestic kitchen activities, various domestic and hunting equipment production, textile production and long-distance trade in the Danube region, the Alps and the Aargau . In addition to coprolites, numerous remains of seeds and fruits were found: on cultivated plants (especially house 3) naked wheat, barley, flax, opium poppies, peas, on wild plants: berries, water and hazelnuts, wild apples. Most of the animal remains were fish and wild animal remains, which speaks in favor of a subsistence strategy that is predominantly exploited by wild animals, as can generally be seen during the Piora II cold phase. The dendro and RC data were: House 1: RC 3365–3098 and 3362–3104 cal BC, House 1/2: 3320 (Dendro), 3334, 3306 (Dendro), House 2: 3308 ± 1 (Dendro) . - Another small pile dwelling settlement of this closely neighboring group of settlements from the early and late Neolithic was identified in 2010 as Bachwiesen IV . In the two excavated houses it shows the character of a stilt house with fireplace and belongs to the period 3330–3150. It is unclear whether this is a development on the edge of a regular street village or isolated houses. This newly discovered settlement belongs to the group of settlements of the "Horgen culture" around Bad Buchau with a series of houses of different sizes between 25–50 and 5–14 m², which, however, must have all been inhabited due to the rubbish and tools found .
- The Seekirch-Stockwiesen settlement, which gave its name to the new village structure and was discovered in 1989, presented a completely different picture . which was therefore initially assigned to the following “Goldberg III group”, until a C14 dating showed that it dates back to 2890 BC. Was classified. The houses, built in post construction with wicker walls and provided with several fireplaces, measured some 5 × 15 m. The lack of clay construction and the wooden floor are a clear difference compared to the previous culture phases.
The organization of the village also seems to have been very different, because the eleven houses documented so far were all aligned along a paved street. Even with the gate meadows. a similar house appeared.
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Goldberg III group: The strange designation Goldberg III was coined in 1937 by the Frankfurt prehistorian Gerhard Bersu as an analogy to the Goldberg site in Nördlinger Ries , where he dug with interruptions from 1911 to 1929 and whose level III was considered by some prehistorians as his own, with the Cham culture was understood as a related cultural stage, the name of which was then transferred to other sites.
The three settlements discovered in the Federsee area and all apparently located at the northern end in a single settlement chamber near Alleshausen and Seekirch (the southern lakeshore now remains free of settlement) of this previously unknown level could be traced back to the period between 2890 and 2505 BC. BC (C14), although the end is uncertain until now. These are the sites Alleshausen-Grundwiesen (Dendro 2870/2865 BC) and Alleshausen-Täschenwiesen (Dendro 2890 BC) as well as Seekirch-Achwiesen , which probably once fell victim to a fire and therefore produced particularly rich finds . Small houses (3 × 5 m) about the size of the Dullenried houses were found in the first two places , some of them in 1985/86 in the log house technique , which was first documented here in the late Neolithic and was actually only typical of the Late Bronze Age , without load-bearing posts as before, but with a beating floor directly on the peat. However, in Seekirch-Achwiesen there were also houses in the old technology, probably even as pile dwellings standing in the water.
In addition to numerous device and ceramic finds (especially highly differentiated tools made of bones and deer antlers), fragments of wooden disc wheels have also been recovered in Seekirch-Achwiesen and Alleshausen-Grundwiesen , which are among the oldest in the Swiss-southwest German Alpine region and probably parts of two or more four-wheeled carts. In their construction they differ from the other European types and are very similar to those of the Swiss lakeside settlements. A remarkable finding is available for the economy in Alleshausen-Grundwiesen , where almost no grain pollen or remains were found in the 1.2 m thick settlement deposits, but large quantities of flax, which together with the disc wheel finds (transport) may be a sign of the beginning economic specialization of Main and sub-settlements on flax cultivation, herding and hunting (bone findings) could be. This may also explain the end-Neolithic settlement shift to the north and west of the reed, with its soils better suited for flax cultivation. The role of this commercial differentiation became more and more important. The trigger for this changing economic mode could possibly have been the last, drier and cooler climate depression Piora II, which had already determined the "Horgen culture" and which possibly forced closer economic integration and cooperation, including goods traffic that was dependent on good roads and transport options, such as this Then it became typical for the Bronze Age with its already very complex road constructions in this area, which in the northern foothills of the Alps were also long-distance traffic routes in the sense of roads that went far beyond the local network of roads. This very decisive economic change with its also socially important differentiations, which in particular characterize the following Bronze Age with the emergence of an economy-controlling upper class with an increasing monopoly of violence , which presumably already began in the Copper Age, thus already took place in the end of the Neolithic against the background of this finding situation, which implies a multi-level settlement hierarchy Origin.
Transition problems: Some cultural phenomena of the end-Neolithic "Goldberg III group", such as the incipient hierarchization and segmentation as well as the economic specialization (e.g. Alleshausen-Grundwiesen ), are probably signs of a late transition phase towards the early Bronze Age evaluate. This also applies to the analogous changes in construction, as shown in the street village of Seekirch and in Bad Buchau-Torwiesen II . There was clearly an innovation process brought in from outside from the central Danube region with new technologies (plow, wagon) and new crops. Nevertheless, the fact remains that the two most important end-Neolithic cultural groups, corded ceramics and bell beaker cultures, are completely absent here, although they were widespread over large parts of Europe at this stage, the corded ceramics also on the shores of Lake Constance (again largely absent on the Danube). The previously grown cultural boundaries were practically eliminated, so that the end Neolithic in the Federsee area and in Upper Swabia as a whole is best defined using this negative criterion, especially since both cultures have strongly influenced each other over the course of their duration, especially during the second half of the 3rd millennium v. They therefore have a formative significance in the emergence of the following Early Bronze Age, albeit in different ways, since they were in this period between 2700 and 2200 BC. Developed a real cultural continuum. It is now even assumed that the "Goldberg III Group" hindered the spread of Corded Ceramics in Upper Swabia and that it then spread from the southwest over the Upper Rhine , possibly even from Lake Zurich into the area.
The final phase of the Neolithic, the transition from the Late Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age, is still largely in the dark here, because between the Danube and Lake Constance we know all in all, apart from the area between Lake Constance and the Swiss Plateau , where there were numerous pile dwellings between 2700 and 2400, Hardly any finds of the corded ceramics (only Hornstaad-Schlössle I, 2690/2666), the duration of which overlap with the "Goldberg III group", and not a single find of the subsequent bell beaker culture, which at least in parts could have been strongly nomadic and probably consisted of immigrants who later mixed with the settled farmers. It is unclear whether this large find gap of over 700 years, namely from 2500 (last dendro date of the Seekirch wheels) to 1979 (dendrodating of dugout canoes: reintroduction of verifiable activities still without evidence of settlement) and 1767 (earliest dendro date of the Forschner settlement ) means that the Federsee area in this period was possibly not or hardly populated because of the climatic depression at that time, which made the area interesting for the particularly promising hunting here, possibly only with temporary camps. Why the potential remains have not yet been found or whether they even exist is an open question. However, in 2004/05 two dugouts were recovered from an emergency excavation in Bad Buchau, and the calibrated C14 date of one was 2138–1978 BC. The five and ten meter long boats lay in the same direction with the bow to the bank, in the vicinity there were wooden poles and rinsing fringes, which were like a culture layer, including a stake, so that the assumption is that it could be an early Bronze Age boat mooring trade near a former Federsee tributary. However, a possibly associated settlement was not found.
Metal time
The 3rd to 1st millennium BC Chr. In Europe is characterized by dramatic changes in culture, economy and society, which were already announced in late to end neolithic times. In contrast to earlier times, however, it is now assumed that the Metal Age in Europe is not a sequential development of Mediterranean processes, but is an independently developed indigenous phenomenon with local innovations, although there have of course also been influences from the Mediterranean region, which have meanwhile become significant but is considered to be rather low. Rather, the European Metal Age emerged from the European Copper Age and carried on independent end-Neolithic developments. In the end, a number of own social, material and immaterial forms of culture developed.
The connection between the end-Neolithic and the Metal Age culture has so far been completely absent at the Federsee, unless the late Neolithic phase of the “Horgen culture” and the “Goldberg III group” are included, which already have clear economic and social trends in this direction exhibit. On the other hand, at the end of the Neolithic, the copper technology that had previously existed locally for several centuries will completely break down for the next 500 years.
Bronze age
The Stone Age settlement behavior continued on the shores of the Upper Swabian lakes and Lake Constance in the Bronze Age. During this time the so-called pile dwellings, i.e. wet-soil settlements in the broader sense, reached their structural climax. They end around the same time, probably due to sudden flooding (T9), because both in Switzerland and in the Upper Swabian region are the last dendro data in 850 and 848 BC. Occupied. In addition, there is a covering alluvial layer in many settlements. Since such long-lasting transgressions still prevented a continuous settlement of the bank areas, as it did in the Neolithic, such settlements only existed periodically and sometimes only in one settlement chamber, as on the Federsee, in an apparently central, strongly secured position with a longer settlement continuity.
An important feature of such settlements, however, is their range of bronzes; they were mostly made there and are found in large numbers, either because they could not be taken along in the event of sudden floods or because they were sacrifices, as the abundant evidence from the depot finds for the Bronze Age , including the find made in 1927, suggest at the Wasserburg Buchau (ring jewelry, hatchet and lance tip). This is especially true for wet soil and bog sites, which may have been understood as nature sacred places. This situation changes significantly in southern Germany in the Iron Age in particular, because metal deposits hardly occur here. For the Federsee as well as for the entire area between the Danube and Lake Constance, it is remarkable that there is a gap here , which extends from the late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age and in which there are no finds of both corded ceramics and the bell-cup culture . The early and above all Middle Bronze Age settlement of Forschner and the Late Bronze Age moated castle Buchau are the only places of settlement that have been found on the Federsee for this epoch. Overall, the Bronze Age settlement resulted in the final development of an open cultural landscape and the creation of pastures outside of the previously mostly common forest pastures .
Early and Middle Bronze Age: Forschner settlement
The Forschner settlement , named after its discoverer and known for its probes since 1920 , which covers approximately 10,000 m² (World Heritage core zone today 3.52 ha), was probably located on a headland in the southern Federseeried and remained the only wetland settlement in the Federseemoor of its time; There is also no evidence of mineral soil settlements in the area. The first traces of settlement in this most strongly fortified wetland settlement in the entire northern Alpine foothills date back to the Early Bronze Age and are based on dendrodata from dugouts in the area of the later researcher settlement (1979, 1963 and 1819 BC); however, the focus is on the Middle Bronze Age. The complex, which is heavily fortified with a palisade and an additional wooden defensive wall, is the only fortress settlement of the Middle Bronze Age that has been preserved in the moor north of the Alps. Most of the finds belong to the tumulus culture and suggest a wide range of long-distance contacts, for example through trade, as the ceramic finds in particular show. The unique and cluster-like settlement structure with its palisades shows parallels to the Danube region and is culturally associated with the Middle Bronze Age stage of the Heuneburg (15th to 13th century BC) on the Upper Danube (distance as the crow flies northeast: ten kilometers). whose finds, however, show that their Bronze Age settlement began at the earliest with the most recent phase of the Forschner settlement.
The area contains three settlements extending over 270 years with major interruptions, which were largely verified dendrochronologically:
- The first, SF1 , is from the early Bronze Age; it lasted from 1767 to 1730 BC. BC and was ended by a transgression that cleared the settlement almost completely. The area enclosed by palisades covers 0.83 ha, with an interior area of 0.45 ha. There are 30 house floor plans between 30 and 35 m² floor space.
- The potential second settlement phase Sf2 is only poorly documented and dates from 1610–1600 BC. At the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. The settlement phase Sf2 can only be proven by a few dendrochronologically dated oak posts. The few buildings could, however, also belong to the third settlement phase.
- The third phase Nf3 finally dates from 1519 to 1481 BC. BC, also had a double weir system, which enclosed a total of 1.32 hectares. It was also ended by a transgression (T8). Then began in 1480 BC In the entire northern Alpine region there was a gap in the pile dwelling settlement that lasted until 1050 BC. Lasted and was accompanied by an advance of the Alpine glaciers, which is known as the Löbben fluctuation.
Overall, the dendrochronology showed very precise dates: The oldest oak there began in 1955 BC. To grow, 1492 BC. The last tree was felled. Most of the building stock belongs to the 18th century BC, a time from which no settlements were known until now. The three settlements are, however, very unevenly preserved, since from the 16th century BC the block construction prevailed, which, as there are no posts, leaves no traces in the ground, so that in the 2nd and especially the 3rd phase house types are barely discernible . The older settlement, on the other hand, was soon flooded by a rise in the Federsee.
Three settlement phases can also be identified on the basis of the house types. The older settlement Sf1, which was already surrounded by an outer palisade and an inner wooden defensive wall, was erected with post structures on swell wood frames. It is still unclear whether there was an independent settlement before Nf1.
In 1994 an 800 m long, nine meter wide plank road leading to the southeast was discovered, which connected the island to the mainland and which was run in four stages between 1514 and 1388 BC. BC, that is, Sf3 was built in the third settlement period, apparently to relocate the Forschner settlement to the mineral island after a climatic rise in the water level. This island settlement survived the end of the Forschner settlement by 100 years and existed for about 20 years, possibly in competition with it.
There are three clan groups that have followed different building traditions. With 8 to 15 houses per group, there was a total of 30 to 35 houses with a settlement community of 200 to 300 people. A high degree of organization must be assumed in this, as the planning and construction of the defense systems already show, which in comparison to the earlier Neolithic systems require a much more precise preliminary planning, evidence of an apparently now important need for security. Higher-level organizational structures such as a chief rule cannot yet be derived from the settlement structure.
The range of finds in the Forschner settlement mainly includes utility ceramics, plus a few bronzes, antler, bone and flint artifacts . The finds come mainly from the detritus zone between the wooden wall and the inner palisade. The ceramics have different cultural references to the tumulus culture and accordingly point to different cultural entanglements and trade relations, especially to the south towards Upper Bavaria. This is not surprising, given that the Federsee is located at the interface of two supraregional important communication axes of the southwest German Alpine foothills, namely the eastern Danube route and the southern route Schussental - Alpine Rhine Valley , which connects Upper Swabia with the transalpine region. Southwestern contacts, on the other hand, are less pronounced and do not cross the Upper Rhine.
Late Bronze Age: Buchau moated castle
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The Forschner settlement is believed to be the last Middle Bronze Age settlement around 1350 BC. Have been abandoned. Until construction work began in the late Bronze Age moated castle Buchau around 1058 BC. BC there is now a gap of about 300 years, which does not mean, however, that the area was completely empty, because there are some stray finds for this period; and the pollen diagrams also show the presence of settlement-indicating plants. The later moated castle also has an environment of individual finds and, like the Forschner settlement , also seems to have had a counterpart on the island of Buchau. However, there are no known real late Bronze Age mineral soil settlements in the vicinity of the Federsee.
The "Wasserburg", which is the only one that has been fully investigated to this day, is only 400 m away from the Forschner settlement in the late Bronze Age bog settlement in the Egelseer Ried and Taubried areas east of Buchau and is culturally and geographically oriented south and east. It is assigned to the urn field culture and was also strongly fortified. A dendro date obtained from a dugout paddle resulted in 872 BC. The houses were mostly built using log construction technology on low moorland , and in both settlements, both Forschner and Buchau, the buildings are arranged in several loose groups, which may represent multiple farms from various family associations and represent settlement hierarchies. This is what distinguishes the "Wasserburg" from the settlements at the same time on Lake Constance and in Switzerland, where you usually find narrow rows of houses. Also in this period there was probably a boardwalk over the moor.
It is doubtful, however, whether, as von Reinerth, who gave it its strongly ideologically disguised name as early as the 1920s, it was possible to distinguish an older settlement from a younger one. Both were therefore between 1100 and 800 BC. BC, although there seems to have been a construction-free period of 100 to 150 years between the two construction phases. Both together covered an area of 118 by 151 m and were surrounded by a palisade with 15,000 pine poles, in which there were two passages.
The older village comprised almost 50 single-room houses and huts. The village appears to have been destroyed by fire, and there were clear signs of flooding, which may have made the area uninhabitable.
The younger village consisted of nine large, three-winged farmsteads with farm buildings, which were oriented towards the center, where there seems to have been a village square, all using log construction. On the edge of the settlement on the palisade there was a layer of finds up to 80 cm thick with numerous well-preserved vessels and bronzes (as well as six skulls). The interlinking of this finding of the rinsing edge with the predominantly mineral (> 70%) lime or the predominantly organic (> 30%) Lebermudde led to scientific controversy at that time: island or moor settlement. However, the history of the settlement is probably more complex than the two-phase structure of Reinerth reflects, who here possibly did not separate differently oriented houses from different construction phases in terms of excavation technology. Noteworthy are the skulls found on the outer wall in the 1920s, which point to ritual killings, as can be proven at other sites of the late Bronze Age ( see above Religion ).
In economic terms, there is a large variety of cultivated plants, which, in contrast to the previous Neolithic, marks an epochal change in agriculture, as can also be found in the foothills of the Alps and which suggests an intensification of plowing. Other indicators also point to heavy deforestation in the Federsee area.
The Buchau moated castle , like most of the Late Bronze Age bank settlements, ends in a deterioration in the climate that occurs dendrochronologically between 850 and 750 BC. Can be proven (last dendro date 862 BC). There was a downward trend in the settlement indicators with reforestation, and there are indications of extensive flooding around the moated castle with a ridge around the moated castle that is up to 80 cm thick and wide and contains numerous finds and is filled with lake sediments (T9).
Iron age
| Central European Iron Age | |
|---|---|
| Hallstatt period | |
| Ha C | 800-620 BC Chr. |
| Ha D1-D3 | 620-450 BC Chr. |
| La Tène time | |
| LT A | 450-380 BC Chr. |
| LT B | 380-250 BC Chr. |
| LT C | 250-150 BC Chr. |
| LT D | 150-15 BC Chr./ 0 |
The Transgression T9 that followed the end of the Buchau moated castle expanded the water surface of the lake to an extraordinary extent and covered previously cultivated land. However, the pollen diagrams continue to show a settlement of the lake basin one last time, but from now on without pile construction or damp settlements.
Hallstatt D (Oggelshausen-Bruckgraben and Buchau):
The only site of discovery for this period is in the Oggelshauser Ried on the southern Federsee, where Iron Age pile structures and settlement residues came to light in the shallow water of an old stream mouth. The remains were identified as very small stilt houses that had been built over fishing facilities, the tail units of which converged under the huts like a funnel. Ceramic finds showed that people lived here at least seasonally. The facilities, of which up to seven were found and which were provided with a boardwalk and a bridge to the island of Buchau, apparently served primarily to catch pike and as a hunting base. The tail units, which were elaborately built with boards, posts and bars, were up to 20 m long and were probably used more for commercial and less for private purposes. Their wood could be used for dating (dendrochronology and C14) and showed that the tail unit, which was repaired several times, was between 720 and 610 BC for over 100 years. Must have been in operation and possibly dates back to the Late Bronze Age. The bridge even gave a dendro date of 577 BC. In the meantime, the focus of the settlement had long since shifted to the island of Buchau and to the south-western bank, under whose current buildings the main Hallstatt settlement was located, as isolated finds suggest, and which thus extends into the early Celtic period . In the meantime, some Hallstatt-era burial mound groups have also been discovered on the edge of the southern Federsee basin, which had burials from the younger and older Hallstatt times (C to D2), including a wagon grave .
La Tène time:
This phase is characterized by the transition from prehistory to early history.
The early La Tène settlement with an RC dating to 405 BC Was evidently only slightly pronounced. It intensified somewhat towards the end of the early sub-Atlantic . The settlement activities in the Middle and Late Latène Period seem to have shifted towards the west when the island of Buchau lost importance, where individual finds suggest a Middle Latene period mineral soil settlement , possibly a trading depot; The dating of dugouts also point in this direction, and the lake seems to have continued to be important as a fishing ground. A deposit from the 1st century BC BC in the Vollocher Ried with 130 bronze and iron objects indicates an early settlement of the area of Kappel on the old bank edge of the Federsee. There were also remains of a Viereckschanze and manor houses presumably from the vicinity of Heuneburg, which is only ten kilometers away . Thus, the Federsee Basin seems to have been located on a traffic axis leading south from there.
Linguistic traces of the Latène period Celts can be found in the Federsee basin and in the surrounding area, especially in place and field names. The name “Federsee”, for example, is almost certainly of Celtic origin and describes “Marschland, Sumpf, Moor” (Celt .: pheder ). The same applies to place names. In Taubried, the Celtic word dubr for “water” has probably been preserved, in Henauhof the Celtic word kewen for “ mountain hump ” etc. (cf. Federsee and Federseebecken .)
Mythological traces , even if not in the ideologically motivated Reinerthian sense, but as archetypal human memory patterns, for example after Carl Gustav Jung , Joseph Campbell and Claude Lévi-Strauss , can perhaps be found in the saga of the sunken city, which has been preserved in several versions in the Federsee region and a reminder of settlements devoured by lake transgressions, such as the last Bronze Age settlement, the Buchau moated castle , which, according to the richness of the rinsing fringes, was possibly abandoned in the middle of the 9th century BC in the course of the particularly dramatic transgression T9, after which the residents settled retreated to the already existing island settlement, at the same time the end of all prehistoric wetland settlements and thus an event so significant that it should have left deep marks in the memory of the local population. (See Federsee and Federseebecken .) Since all later settlements were located on mineral soils on the island of Buchau or on the edge of the basin, they were, if at all, far less affected by the flooding of the lake than the old wetland settlements, for which this was often the case in the Neolithic the downfall meant, this legend must refer to a relatively early period in which people still settled in the Ried.
Appendix: Historical time
This is where the transition from early history to history takes place. However, this is fluid and by no means continuous, but rather characterized by regressions, especially at the end of the Roman era and the subsequent migration period .
Linguistically , this trace, which has been preserved in place and field names as well as in archaeological finds, leads to Celtic remains from the Hallstatt and Latène times, to Old High German - Alamannic (especially in field and water names) and a few Latin remains to Middle High German , where most of the place names are are then first attested.
Pollen analysis shows a strong opening of the landscape away from isolated settlement chambers, as confirmed by the increased formation of colluvia , which is particularly effective in unprotected soil surfaces, i.e. in the absence of vegetation. The further development up to the founding of the monastery on the island of Buchau around 770 AD is characterized by moderate settlement activities. Deforestation reached its greatest extent in the course of the medieval land development .
Roman times
The Romans ruled the area between the end of the 1st and the beginning of the 5th century AD and called it Germania superior . Between 260 and 280 the land north of the Danube ( Dekumatland ) was cleared by Roman troops ( Limesfall ) and the military border was moved back to Rhenus ( Rhine ) and Danubius ( Danube ).
The Federsee Basin seems to have been climatically determined by the pessimum of the migration period from 400 AD . In addition to a moderate cooling, which was associated with a glacier advance from the Alps between 500 and 700 AD (so-called Göschen cold phase II), there was above all a dry phase, which was caused by the sharp decline in colluvia formation between 300 and 500 AD makes noticeable. In Central Asia, this massive drought triggered a migration of the equestrian nomads ( Huns ) living there to the west, which is seen as the impetus for the subsequent migration of peoples.
The Federsee basin seems to have had a rather weak local significance in this phase and the preceding Roman phase, as a few finds on the island of Buchau and oak stakes near Seekirch suggest, which probably belonged to a landing stage and dendrochronologically dated to 180 AD were. On the north side of the lake, due to the remains of a road embankment, a Roman road is also suspected, which led from Lake Constance to Emerkingen or Rississen on the southern edge of the Danube valley, about 35 km southwest of Ulm and also forked at the Schussen spring, with a western branch to Mengen- Ennetach north of the Ablach river. At all of these locations there were Roman auxiliary forts , which were connected to the legionary and naval base of Bregenz ( Brigantium ), which was destroyed by the Alemanni in 233 and 259/260 AD, but later rebuilt by the Roman-Celtic population. In the second half of the 5th century, the Alemanni finally took over the city.
In the wider area of the Federsee area, especially south of Schussenried and Reichenbach am Heuberg as well as east in the direction of Biberach, Roman villas and small village settlements were found, as they were then everywhere in Roman-ruled southern Germany beyond the Rhaetian Limes .
Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages
Historical situation: It is one of the most troubled and poorly documented in early European history, and its effects also reached the Federsee area. This epoch begins with the so-called migration period . The cause of the migratory movements of numerous ethnic groups, which began gradually in the 4th century and lasted over 200 years until the 6th century, is controversial. According to Malcolm Todd , “it was not caused by a sudden change in living conditions or a renewed influx of races. Its causes, however, lie much more in the complex network of relationships that linked many of the barbaric peoples with the Mediterranean great power Rome ”.
However, it may have played a not insignificant role that after a favorable climatic phase, the "optimum of Roman times", initially due to the favorable economic consequences for population increase and then due to the worsening climate known as the "pessimum of the migration period" (cooling, drying of the steppes ) came to a corresponding large-scale migration pressure with a chain reaction of population shifts, which overlapped with the simultaneous disintegration of the Roman Empire and in the course of which initially Eurasian riding nomads ( Huns / Avars / Sarmatians ) penetrated westward due to the drying up of their pastures and so did those there Previously resident ethnic groups, i.e. Slavs , Goths , Vandals , Franks , Saxons , Lombards , Burgundies , etc., pushed further west, the Alamanni in turn from their settlement area originally between the upper reaches of the Elbe and the Roman provincial border to Wes and moved south to the Dekumatland now abandoned by the Romans . The Germanic invaders gradually took over the Roman provincial administration and came to terms with the landowners there. After the political and military influence of Rome dwindled more and more, Western Europe became a mosaic of tribal armies, tribes that settled new territories and local provincial Roman administrative units, which they partially took over or even allowed to continue to work.
The following situation arises locally in relation to the Federsee area:
- Alamanni : Until around 280 their settlement area, which possibly extended with that of the Suebi to the Baltic Sea coast,shiftedto the southwest. From the 4th century onwards, the Alemanni were evidently pushed south by the Franks, who in turn could have avoided thewestwardmigration of the Saxons towards the British Isles. The Alemanni, a coarse group of Germanic tribes (hence the name), who only formed regional and local petty lords, especially with fortified hilltop settlements, are only sparsely documented in the Federsee region. Apart from a potential Alemannic skeleton grave near Schammach, little was found locally. In south-west Germany, however, Alemannic row graves and fortified hill settlements are relatively common. They also took over vacant Roman estates.
- Merovingians : From the early 5th century to 751 the Merovingians began to establish the Franconian Empire , they became Christianized, and Clovis I conquered the Alemannic region of Swabia in 502. However, there is little evidence of this in the Federsee region. A dugout canoe from the raft meadows near Seekirch isfrom the Merovingian period in 670 AD. An Alemannic-Merovingian row grave field near Kanzach shows the settlement of the Federsee region during the Merovingian period, whereby the Alemannic population was integrated into power politics. Merovingian and Carolingian settlement finds in the urban area of Buchau may have been cut.
In this phase, after the relapse into prehistoric to early historical conditions during the decline of the Roman Empire and the turmoil of the migration period, the final transition to historicity takes place.
After the Merovingians, the historical epoch of transition from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages in the Gallic-Germanic area is also called the Merovingian period .
-
Carolingians and the early Middle Ages : The Carolingians ousted the last Merovingian kings in the first half of the 8th century, and Pippin the Younger was crowned king of the entire Frankish Empire in 751.
With the legendary Franconian-Carolingian foundation of the Buchau women's monastery around 770 by the Franconian count couple Hatto and Adelindis , the history of the Federsee area finally flows into the main stream of cultural history in Central Europe.
Documents are documented in that period, among other things in monastic title deeds and name evidence z. B. 700 Schussenried , 805 Seekirch , 817 Betzenweiler , 819 and 857 Buchau monastery , 839 Reichenbach (Bad Schussenried) (see Federsee and Federseebecken ).
High Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages until today
From the High Middle Ages on, there are numerous documents relating to the individual villages in the area. Buchau is first mentioned in a document as a village 1014/1022.
In the late Middle Ages from the 13th century to the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Buchau was one of the smallest free imperial cities in terms of area , thanks to its island location, which was only lost with the lake felling that began at the end of the 18th century, even without walls and towers.
There is now increasing documentary evidence, expanded by urban archaeological excavations and individual finds for the entire period in the urban area of Bad Buchau and other localities on the edge of the Federsee basin.
The Federsee area is now fully integrated into the changing history and culture of Upper Swabia .
See also
Literature and Sources
Quotation abbreviations for the same author and different source in italics at the end of the reference.
- General and special reference and basic works as well as special topics (religion and art)
- Brockhaus encyclopedia in 24 volumes. 19th edition. FA Brockhaus, Mannheim 1994, ISBN 3-7653-1200-2 .
- Manfred KH Eggert : Prehistoric Archeology. Concepts and Methods. 4th edition. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, Tübingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8252-3696-0 .
- Mircea Eliade : History of Religious Ideas. 4 Vols., Vol. 1., Herder Verlag, Freiburg 1978, ISBN 3-451-05274-1 .
- Mircea Eliade: Shamanism and shamanic ecstasy technique . Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-518-27726-X .
- Herder Lexicon of Biology . 8 vols., Spektrum Akad. Verlag, Heidelberg 1994, ISBN 3-86025-156-2 .
- Emil Hoffmann: Lexicon of the Stone Age. Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-42125-3 .
- Adolf Ellegard Jensen : Myth and cult among primitive peoples. Religious studies. dtv, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-423-04567-1 .
- Adolf Ellegard Jensen: The slain deity. World view of an early culture. W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1966.
- André Leroi-Gourhan : The religions of prehistory. Paleolithic. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1981, ISBN 3-518-11073-X .
- André Leroi-Gourhan: Prehistoric Art. The origins of art in Europe. 3. Edition. Herder publishing house, Freiburg i. Br. 1975, ISBN 3-451-16281-4 .
- Julien Ries : Origin of Religions. Pattloch Verlag, Augsburg 1993, ISBN 3-629-00078-9 .
- Klaus Schmidt: You built the first temple. The enigmatic sanctuary of the Stone Age hunters. Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-53500-3 .
- Sergei Alexandrowitsch Tokarew : Religion in the history of peoples. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1968.
- The New Encyclopædia Britannica . 15th edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago 1993, ISBN 0-85229-571-5 .
- Older literature and overviews (alphabetical)
- Bernd Becker: Dendrochronology. In: Erwin Keefer (ed.): The search for the past. 120 years of archeology at the Federsee. Catalog for the exhibition, Württembergisches Landesmuseum Stuttgart, 1992, ISBN 3-929055-22-8 , p. 60 f. K-WLM
- Norbert Benecke : Man and his pets. The story of a relationship that goes back thousands of years. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8062-1105-1 .
- André Billamboz: The wood of the pile dwellings. In: Helmut Schlichtherle (Hrsg.): Pile dwellings around the Alps. Pp. 108-114. Archeology in Germany (special issue) / Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8062-1146-9 . AiD
- Barry Cunliffe (ed.): Illustrated pre- and early history of Europe. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-593-35562-0 .
- Lutz Fiedler, Gaëlle Rosendahl, Wilfried Rosendahl: Paleolithic from A to Z. WBG, Darmstadt 2011, ISBN 978-3-534-23050-1 .
- Joachim Hahn : Recognition and determination of stone and bone artifacts. Introduction to artifact morphology. Archaeologica Venatoria e. V., Institute for Prehistory of the University of Tübingen, Tübingen 1993, ISBN 3-921618-31-2 .
- Claus-Peter Hutter (eds.), Alois Kapfer, Werner Konold: Lakes, ponds, ponds and other still waters. Recognize, define and protect biotopes. Weitbrecht Verlag, Stuttgart and Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-522-72020-2 .
- Albrecht Jockenhövel: Protection and Representation: Building Castles - An Innovation in Settlement. In: Bronze Age in Germany. Special issue 1994: Archeology in Germany. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8062-1110-8 , pp. 22-26.
- Albrecht Jockenhövel: Living by the lake - »Bronze Age pile dwellings«. In: Bronze Age in Germany. Special issue 1994: Archeology in Germany. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8062-1110-8 , pp. 27-29.
- Albrecht Jockenhövel: Peasants and Warriors, Artists and Traders - Bronze Age Society. In: Bronze Age in Germany. Special issue 1994: Archeology in Germany. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8062-1110-8 , pp. 45-47.
- Erwin Keefer (ed.): The search for the past. 120 years of archeology at the Federsee. Catalog for the exhibition, Württembergisches Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-929055-22-8 , p. 62. K-WLM
- Erwin Keefer: Stone Age. Collections of the Württembergisches Landesmuseum, vol. 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8062-1106-X . WLM
- Erwin Keefer: Bruno Huber and the moated palisades. In: Erwin Keefer (ed.): The search for the past. 120 years of archeology at the Federsee. Catalog for the exhibition, Württembergisches Landesmuseum Stuttgart, 1992, ISBN 3-929055-22-8 , p. 62. K-WLM
- Erwin Keefer: The "Researcher Settlement" - the last relic of Bronze Age settlement on the Federsee. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg , 13th year, 1984, issue 3, pp. 90–95. ( PDF; 6.6 MB )
- C.-J. Child: The last hunters. Henauhof Nord II and the end Mesolithic in Baden-Württemberg. Materialh. Arch. Baden-Württemberg 39 (Stuttgart 1997).
- Wolf Kubach: buried, sunk, burned - sacrificial finds and cult sites. In: Bronze Age in Germany. Special issue 1994: Archeology in Germany. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8062-1110-8 , pp. 65-74.
- State Office for Monument Preservation Baden-Württemberg (Ed.): Unesco World Heritage: Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps in Baden-Württemberg. Text: Sabine Hagmann, Helmut Schlichtherle, State Office for the Preservation of Monuments in the Stuttgart Regional Council, Hemmenhofen Office 2011. LADPf
- Helga Liese-Kleiber: pollen analysis. In: Erwin Keefer (ed.): The search for the past. 120 years of archeology at the Federsee. Catalog for the exhibition, Württembergisches Landesmuseum Stuttgart, 1992, ISBN 3-929055-22-8 , p. 55 f. K-WLM
- Jens Lüning , Petar Stehli: The ceramic tape in Central Europe: from the natural to the cultural landscape. In: Spectrum of Science (Ed.): Settlements of the Stone Age . Spectrum-der Wissenschaft-Verlagsges., Heidelberg 1989, ISBN 3-922508-48-0 , pp. 110-120. SdW
- Hansjürgen Müller-Beck (Ed.): Prehistory in Baden-Württemberg. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0217-6 .
- Hansjürgen Müller-Beck (Ed.): The beginnings of art in the heart of Europe . In: The beginnings of art 30,000 years ago. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0508-6 , pp. 9-23.
- Hermann Müller-Karpe : Basics of early human history. Vol. 1: From the beginnings to the 3rd millennium BC Chr. Vol. 2: 2nd millennium BC. Chr. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1309-7 .
- Daphne Nash: Historical Archeology. In: Andrew Sherratt (Ed.): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archeology . Christian Verlag, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-88472-035-X , p. 43 ff.
- Ernst Probst : Germany in the Stone Age. Hunters, fishermen and farmers between the North Sea coast and the Alps. C. Bertelsmann Verlag, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-570-02669-8 .
- Helmut Schlichtherle : pile dwellings: the early settlement of the Alpine foothills . In: Spectrum of Science (Ed.): Settlements of the Stone Age . Spectrum-der Wissenschaft-Verlagsges., Heidelberg 1989, ISBN 3-922508-48-0 , pp. 140-153. SdW
- Helmut Schlichtherle: The Federsee, the richest bog of pile dwelling research. In: Helmut Schlichtherle (Hrsg.): Pile dwellings around the Alps. Archeology in Germany (special issue). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8062-1146-9 , pp. 91-99. AiD
- Helmut Schlichtherle: The Federsee, the richest bog of pile dwelling research. In: Helmut Schlichtherle (Hrsg.): Pile dwellings around the Alps . Archeology in Germany (special issue). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8062-1146-9 , pp. 7-14. AiD
- Klaus Schmidt : You built the first temple. The enigmatic sanctuary of the Stone Age hunters. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-53500-3 .
- Andrew Sherratt (Ed.): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archeology. Christian Verlag, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-88472-035-X .
- Important and more recent literature on detailed questions (chronologically from 2001)
- Helmut Schlichtherle: A Mesolithic hazelnut layer in the Taubried II station in the southern Federseemoor. In: B. Gehlen, M. Heinen, A. Tillmann (Eds.): Zeit-Raum. Commemorative letter for Wolfgang Taute. Arch. Ber. 14. Verlag Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-7749-3023-6 , pp. 613-618.
- Helmut Schlichtherle: The Neolithic bike finds from the Federsee and their cultural and historical significance. In: Joachim Köninger, M. Mainberger, H. Schlichtherle, M. Vosteen (eds.): Loop, sledge, wheel and carriage. On the question of early means of transport north of the Alps. Hemmenhofen scripts 3. Janus Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 2002, pp. 9-34. [3] (PDF; 905 kB) SchRad
- Helmut Schlichtherle: Prehistoric settlements, boardwalks and fishing facilities. Advances in archaeological research on the Federsee. (Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg 31). 2002, pp. 115-121. [4] (PDF; 15.2 MB) SchFisch
- Joachim Köninger: Oggelshausen- Bruckgraben - Finds and findings from an Iron Age fishing facility in the southern Federseeried, Gde. Oggelshausen, Kr. Biberach. In: Jahrb. Heimat- u. Antiquity Heidenheim ad Brenz. 9, 2001/2002, pp. 33-56.
- Helmut Schlichtherle: Archaeological Reservation Formation: Research into Find Landscapes and Land Acquisition Using the Example of the Federsee. In: Arch. Nachrichtenbl. 8, 2003, pp. 179-188.
- Helmut Schlichtherle: Big houses - small houses. Archaeological findings on the Neolithic settlement change at the Federsee. In: Economic and ecological change at the prehistoric Federsee. (Hemmenhofen scripts 5). Janus Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 2004, pp. 13-56. SchHaus
- Helmut Schlichtherle, Annemarie Feldtkeller, Ursula Maier, Edith Schmidt, Karlheinz Steppan: Economic and ecological change at the prehistoric Federsee. Archaeological and scientific research. (Hemmenhofen scripts 5). Freiburg i. Br., 2004. SchÖko
- Helmut Schlichtherle: The Federsee. Dorado of research. In: Arch. Excavations in Germany. 2005, pp. 38-40.
- Helmut Schlichtherle: A new settlement chamber in the western Federseeried and its importance for understanding Neolithic settlement systems. In: J. Biel, Jörg Heiligmann , D. Krausse (Hrsg.): Landesarchäologie. Festschrift Dieter Planck for his 65th birthday. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg 100). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2331-6 , pp. 61-86. SchSiedl
- Helmut Schlichtherle: The archaeological find landscape of the Federsee basin and the Forschner settlement. Settlement history, research history and conception of the new investigations. In: The Early and Middle Bronze Age "Researcher Settlement" in the Federseemoor. Findings and dendrochronology. (Settlement archeology in the foothills of the Alps XI. Research report. Pre- and early history Baden-Württemberg 113). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2335-4 , pp. 9-70. SchForsch
- André Billamboz: Annual ring studies in the Forschner settlement and other Bronze Age and Iron Age wetland settlements in southwest Germany. Statements of applied dendrochronology in wet soil archeology. In: The Early and Middle Bronze Age "Researcher Settlement" in the Federseemoor. Findings and dendrochronology. (Settlement archeology in the foothills of the Alps XI. Forschungs. Ber. Vorund. Prehistory Baden-Württemberg 113). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2335-4 , pp. 399-555.
- André Billamboz, Joachim Köninger, Helmut Schlichtherle, Wolfgang Torke: Summary. In: The Early and Middle Bronze Age "Researcher Settlement" in the Federseemoor. Findings and dendrochronology. (Settlement archeology in the foothills of the Alps XI. Forschungs. Ber. Vorund. Prehistory Baden-Württemberg 113). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2335-4 , pp. 557-563.
- Joachim Köninger, Helmut Schlichtherle: The Forschner settlement in the settlement archeological context of the northern Alpine foothills. In: The Early and Middle Bronze Age "Researcher Settlement" in the Federseemoor. Findings and dendrochronology. (Settlement archeology in the foothills of the Alps XI. Forschungs. Ber. Vorund. Prehistory Baden-Württemberg 113). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2335-4 , pp. 361-397.
- Wolfgang Torke with contributions by J. Köninger: The excavations in the Forschner settlement. Stratigraphy, building findings and building structures. In: The Early and Middle Bronze Age "Researcher Settlement" in the Federseemoor. Findings and dendrochronology. (Settlement archeology in the foothills of the Alps XI. Forschungs. Ber. Vorund. Prehistory Baden-Württemberg 113). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2335-4 , pp. 71-360.
- U. Maier, Ch. Herbig: Archaeobotanical area studies in the end-neolithic settlement Torwiesen II. In: Helmut Schlichtherle, R. Vogt, U. Maier (Ch. Herbig), E. Schmidt, K. Ismail-Meyer, M. Kühn, L Wick, A. Dufraisse: The end-neolithic moor settlement Bad Buchau-Torwiesen II on the Federsee. Volume 1: Scientific investigations. (Hemmenhofen scripts 9). Janus Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 2011, ISSN 1437-8620 , pp. 81-280.
- Helmut Schlichtherle, N. Bleicher, A. Dufraisse, P. Kieselbach, U. Maier, E. Schmidt, E. Stephan, R. Vogt: Bad Buchau - Torwiesen II: Building structures and municipal waste as indicators of the social structure and economic mode of an end-Neolithic settlement on Federsee. In: E. Claßen, T. Doppler, B. Ramminger (Eds.): Family - Relatives - Social Structures: Social archaeological research on Neolithic findings. (Focus on the Neolithic, Ber. AG Neolithic 1). Welt und Erde Verlag, Kerpen-Loog 2010, ISBN 978-3-938078-07-5 , pp. 157-178. SchBau
- Helmut Schlichtherle, U. Maier, E. Stephan: Bachwiesen IV, a new settlement of the end-Neolithic Horgen culture in the Federseemoor. Bad Buchau, Biberach district. (Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 2010). Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2499-3 , pp. 89-94. SchHorg
- I. Matuschik, Ch. Strahm, Beat Eberschweiler, Gerhard Fingerlin, A. Hafner, M. Kinsky, M. Mainberger, G. Schöbel (eds.): Networks. Aspects of settlement archaeological research. (Festschr. Schlichtherle for his 60th birthday). avori Verlag, Freiburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-935737-13-5 .
- Wighart von Koenigswald : Living Ice Age. Changing climate and fauna, 2nd edition. WBG, Darmstadt 2010, ISBN 978-3-534-23752-4 .
- Helmut Schlichtherle, R. Vogt, U. Maier (Ch. Herbig), E. Schmidt, K. Ismail-Meyer, M. Kühn, L. Wick, A. Dufraisse: The end-Neolithic moor settlement Bad Buchau-Torwiesen II on the Federsee. Volume 1: Scientific investigations. (Hemmenhofen scripts 9). Janus Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 2011. SchTorw
- Christiane Ana Buhl: About murder, modeling and fashion. The cult of the human skull in the Bronze Age. In: Alfried Wieczorek , Wilfried Rosendahl (ed.): Skull cult. Head and skull in human cultural history. Accompanying volume for the special exhibition of the same name in the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museum Mannheim 2011/12. Schnell und Steiner publishing house, Regensburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-7954-2454-1 , pp. 69–73.
- Helmut Schlichtherle: Comments on the climate and cultural change in the south-west German Alpine foothills in the 4th – 3rd Jt. V. Chr. In: Falko Daim , Detlef Gronenborn, Rainer Schreg (eds.): Strategies for survival. Environmental crises and how to deal with them. RGZM conferences 11 (Mainz 2011). Schnell & Steiner publishing house, Regensburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-7954-2478-7 , pp. 155–167. Schclima
- Helmut Schlichtherle: L'histoire des occupations palustres dans le bassin du Federsee (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) . Unpublished 2012. Schrfrz
Web links
- Office for Monument Preservation in Stuttgart: [5]
- Federseemuseum website
- Landscape profile of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation
- Map No. 179 (Ulm) of the Geographical Land Survey natural spatial structure (PDF; 5.0 MB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Keefer, K-WLM 1992, p. 69 ff.
- ↑ LADPf, pp. 4 f., 50.
- ↑ a b Brockhaus Encyclopedia: German Dictionary, Vol. 28, p. 2785.
- ↑ Today's sea dimensions according to the map layer Standing Waters 1: 200,000 of the LUBW on the Geoportal Baden-Württemberg ( references ).
- ↑ Keefer, K-WLM 1992, p. 87; Schlichtherle, SchForsch, maps p. 18–23.
- ↑ Landscape profile of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, 2009, SchForsch, 2009, maps, pp. 18–23.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, map p. 23.
- ↑ Keefer, K-WLM 1992, p. 6.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 91.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1997, p. 91.
- ↑ Billamboz et al. a., 2009, p. 557.
- ↑ Keefer, K-WLM, p. 54.
- ↑ Cf. on the importance of Billamboz: Tree ring investigations . (2009) pp. 399-565.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchSiedl 2009, pp. 79–83.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 45, Fig. 19.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 126.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, pp. 91 ff., 98 ff .; Keefer, K-WLM 1992, pp. 58 f., 103; Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 143 ff .; SchFisch 2002, p. 120; SchForsch 2009, pp. 12–45.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchFisch 2002, p. 120; SchForsch 2009, pp. 12–16.
- ↑ Complete presentation in: Keefer, K-WLM 1992; Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 142 ff .; SchForsch 2009, pp. 9–12.
- ^ Günther Krahe: The prehistoric settlement in Upper Swabia in Württemberg (Tübingen, July 24, 1958), unpublished
- ↑ a b Schlichtherle, SchFisch 2002, p. 116 f.
- ↑ a b Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 93.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, pp. 9–12; AiD 1997, pp. 91-99; SdW 1989, pp. 10 ff., 140-153.
- ↑ [1] and: State Office for Monument Preservation Baden-Württemberg (ed.): Unesco World Heritage: Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps and on Lake Constance. Brochure, Stuttgart 2011 (LADPf).
- ↑ Sherratt / Nash, p. 43.
- ↑ Britannica, Vol. 20, pp. 578 f.
- ↑ For the overall problem, see also Müller-Karpe, Vol. 1, pp. IX-XV.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchKlima 2011, pp. 155 f., 164.
- ↑ Probst, pp. 253 f., 256-264.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 141; Map s. Probst, p. 249.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, 2012 unpublished .; SchForsch 2009, pp. 12-17; SchSiedl 2009, pp. 75–83.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, pp. 141, 145; SchForsch, 2009, pp. 14, 17.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchFisch 2002, p. 119 f.
- ↑ Lamb, p. 163.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, unpublished. 2012; SchForsch, 2009, pp. 12-16.
- ↑ The following information is largely based on a current work by Helmut Schlichtherle: Comments on climate and cultural change in the south-west German Alpine foothills in the 4th – 3rd centuries. Millennium BC Chr. SchKlima 2011, pp. 155–167.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 127 f., Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 12 f., 16, 24.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 190; Cunliffe / Mithen, pp. 88-92; v. Koenigswald, pp. 148-155, 160-163.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, pp. 16, 24.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchFisch 2002, p. 115 ff .; unpublished 2012.
- ↑ See Fig. 3 in Schlichtherle, SchKlima 2012, p. 161.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 32 ff.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchKlima 2011, p. 163 f.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 70-76; Schlichtherle, unpublished. 2012.
- ↑ Billamboz et al. a., p. 563.
- ↑ Lamb, p. 358 ff .; Schwarzbach, p. 112 ff.
- ↑ a b Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 17.
- ↑ Billamboz et al. a. P. 563.
- ↑ Lamb, pp. 158, 163, 167.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchKlima 2012, pp. 156–159, Fig. 2, p. 157; Billamboz, 2009, p. 498.
- ↑ Billamboz, 2009, pp. 477, 498 ff .; Lamb, pp. 142-181.
- ↑ Egger, p. 12, 310-318.
- ↑ Sherratt, p. 43.
- ↑ See, for example, the articles in the Hemmenhofer Scripts 9 published by the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments in Baden-Württemberg in 2011: The end-neolithic moor settlements Bad-Buchau-Torwiesen II am Federsee. ISSN 1437-8620 .
- ↑ See Hutter et al. a., pp. 32, 82 f .; Herder Lex. Biol. Vol. 4, pp. 291 f., Vol. 8, p. 227 f .; Hoffmann, pp. 128, 267 ff.
- ↑ Keefer / Liese-Kleiber, K-WLM 1992, pp. 86, 88 f.
- ↑ For the possible building and settlement findings in wet soil settlements, see z. B. the articles in the volume Settlement Archeology in the Alpine Foreland XI published by the State Office for Monument Preservation Baden-Württemberg in 2009 . The Early and Middle Bronze Age "Researcher Settlement" in the Federseemoor. Findings and dendrochronology. Research Ber. Before u. Mornings Baden-Württemberg 113, pp. 399-555. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2335-4 . Examples of this are the articles SchSiedl , SchHorg , SchBau and SchFisch and Schlichtherle in SdW 1989 and AiD 1997.
- ↑ Müller-Beck / Hahn, p. 369; Müller-Beck, Urgeschichte, p. 403 f.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 90 ff.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 114.
- ↑ a b Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 128.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchSiedl 2009, pp. 77–83.
- ↑ See Keefer, K-WLM 1992, p. 88 f: Vegetation history of the Federsee basin in the pollen picture.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 148 f.
- ↑ map s. Probst, p. 287.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, pp. 140–153; Schlichterle, unpublished. 2012.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchBau 2010, pp. 157–178, 164–170.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchFisch 2002, pp. 115–121, p. 120, Fig. 8; SchForsch 2009, p. 37, Fig. 12.
- ↑ a b c d Schlichtherle, unpublished. 2012.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchSiedl 2009, p. 74 ff.
- ↑ Cunliffe / Whittle, p. 178.
- ↑ a b Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 11 ff.
- ↑ Keefer / Kokabi, K-WLM 1992, p. 92.
- ↑ Schlichtherle / Hagmann, 2011, LADPf p. 14 f.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 374 f .; Sherratt / Burleigh, p. 426 ff.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 237 f.
- ^ Probst, p. 320.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 148 f.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 138-142, 161 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, pp. 25 ff., SchTorw 2011, pp. 20–25.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, pp. 29, 33 f.
- ↑ Find overview s. Schlichtherle, SchForsch, 2009, cards 1–6, figs. 4–6, pp. 17–39, 8, 9, 13–15; SchBau, 2010, pp. 161–164.
- ↑ For details see p. Rooster.
- ↑ Keefer, K-WLM 1992, p. 72; WLM 1993, p. 164; Schlichtherle, unpublished, 2012, SchFisch 2002, pp. 115–121.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchBau 2010, p. 174.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 152; For details on domestication see p. Benecke, pp. 208-310, 356-389; Schlichtherle, SchBau, 2010, pp. 167–170.
- ↑ Schlichtherle / Hagmann LADPf, 2011, p. 40.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 151 f .; AiD 1997, p. 96; unpublished 2012; Keefer / Maier, K-WLM 1992, pp. 88-92; Schlichtherle, SchBau 2010, pp. 164–170.
- ↑ Keefer, K-WLM 1992, pp. 45-48, 69, 72 f .; Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 8; SchForsch 2009, p. 10.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, pp. 9-14.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 222 ff.
- ↑ Brockhaus Vol. 12, p. 601; see. about André Leroi-Gourhan : The religions of prehistory. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1981 and others
- ↑ Müller-Beck, Kunst, pp. 18-22.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 115, 120, 138, 140 f.
- ↑ Müller-Karpe, Vol. 2, p. 45.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 336.
- ↑ Hoffmann, pp. 19 f., 180, 310, 324, 340; Keefer, K-WLM 1992, pp. 67, 79 (review); Probst, pp. 295, 310, 344, 355 f., 359, 367; Müller-Karpe, Vol. 2, pp. 153, 290 f.
- ↑ Eliade, Jensen, Leroi-Gourhan, Ries, Schmidt, Tokarew and others
- ↑ a b Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 32 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 14.
- ↑ Britannica, Vol. 26, p. 69; Schmidt, p. 54.
- ^ Cunliffe, p. 156.
- ↑ Probst, pp. 309, 342, 353, 357, 366, 371 .; Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 23.
- ^ Probst, p. 296.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 106-109, 115, 128.
- ↑ Buhl, p. 70 ff.
- ↑ Kubach, p. 73 f.
- ↑ Billamboz et al. a., Abstract, 2009, p. 563.
- ↑ Müller-Karpe, vol. 2, p. 130 f.
- ↑ Kubach, pp. 65-74.
- ↑ Sherratt, p. 407 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 141 f.
- ↑ Kubach, pp. 65 ff., 69.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchSiedl 2009, p. 78.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 169 f.
- ↑ a b Probst, p. 309.
- ↑ Keefer, K-WLM 1992, p. 25.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, pp. 140–153; Probst, p. 336.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchBau 2010, p. 173 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchBau 2010, pp. 157–177, unpublished. 2012.
- ↑ Jockenhövel, p. 45 ff .; Cunliffe / Sherratt, p. 310 f.
- ↑ Jockenhövel, AiD, 1994, p. 22 ff.
- ↑ Cunliffe / Harding, pp. 341, 371.
- ↑ Compiled from Probst 1991, p. 226; Schlichtherle, 2009, SchForsch., P. 14; Schlichtherle / Hagmann, 2011, LADPf, p. 12 f.
- ↑ Jens Lüning: New thoughts on naming the Neolithic periods. In: Germania. Volume 74/1, 1996, pp. 233-237 ( online ).
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, pp. 143-150, 1989; Keefer / Schlichtherle, K-WLM, pp. 78-82, 1992; Maier, pp. 88-92 f., 103, 1992; Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 14.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 73 ff., 1993.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 127 f.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 70 ff.
- ↑ Fiedler u. a., p. 173.
- ↑ Fiedler, p. 113.
- ↑ Fiedler u. a., p. 237 ff .; Hoffmann, p. 258 ff .; Cunliffe / Mithen, pp. 93-103, 122-128.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 73 ff .; Schlichtherle, 2012 unpublished.
- ↑ Probst, pp. 113, 180, 182 f.
- ↑ a b Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, pp. 16–27.
- ^ Probst, p. 226.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, overview p. 171; Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, pp. 12–45.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 92 f.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 110.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 93; SchForsch 2009, p. 27; Keefer, K-WLM 1992, pp. 72 f., 79 f .; Probst, pp. 292-296.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 234 f.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 123 ff.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 27 f .; Hoffmann, p. 18 f.
- ↑ Hoffmann, p. 168 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 146; AiD 1997, p. 93; Keefer / Schlichtherle K-WLM p. 80; Keefer WLM 1993, pp. 135-138; Probst, p. 309 f .; Hoffmann, p. 18 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 29 f .; Hoffmann, p. 340 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchSiedl 2009, p. 63 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, Arch. Ausgr. 2005/5, pp. 38-40.
- ↑ Keefer / Schlichtherle K-WLM 1992, p. 80 f .; Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 93 f .; Keefer, WLM 1993, pp. 138-148; Probst, p. 342 ff .; Schlichtherle unpublished 2012.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch, 2009, p. 30 ff.
- ↑ Keefer / Schlichtherle, K-WLM 1992, p. 81; Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 146 f .; AiD 1997, p. 94 f .; Probst, pp. 353-359.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 32.
- ↑ a b Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 161 f.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 161 f .; Hoffmann, p. 180; Schlichtherle, unpublished. 2012.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 32 ff .; SchBau, 2010, p. 174.
- ↑ Schlichtherle [2] (PDF; 905 kB)
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchSiedl 2009, p. 63; SchTorw 2011, p. 26 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchBau, 2010, p. 170 ff.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchFisch 2002, pp. 115–121; Arch. Ausgr. 2005/5, pp. 38-40; unpublished 2012; Maier et al. a., Hemmenhofer Skripte 9, 2011, p. 115 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchSiedl 2009, pp. 65–74.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchHorg 2010, pp. 89–92.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, AiD 1997, p. 95; Probst, p. 366 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 33 f., SchSiedl 2009, p. 76.
- ↑ Billamboz et al. a., 2009, p. 562.
- ↑ Keefer / Schlichtherle, K-WLM 1992, p. 82; SdW 189, p. 147 f .; AiD 1997, p. 96 ff .; SchFisch 2002, p. 118 f .; unpublished 2012; Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 164 f .; Probst, p. 371; Cunliffe / Sherratt, pp. 229, 276 ff .; Jockenhövel, AiD 1994, p. 45 ff.
- ↑ Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 166.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 34.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SdW 1989, p. 143; Keefer, WLM 1993, p. 166 f.
- ↑ Keefer / Schlichtherle, K-WLM 1992, p. 83; Probst, pp. 407-411.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, Arch. Ausgr. 2005/5, pp. 38-40; unpublished 2012.
- ^ Britannica, Vol. 18, p. 596.
- ↑ Jockenhövel, p. 27 ff .; Kubach, pp. 65-74.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, K-WLM 1992, p. 82 f .; AiD 1997, p. 99.
- ↑ a b Schlichtherle, SchFisch 2002, p. 119.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 34 f .; Torke / Köninger 2009, pp. 74 ff., 262–276.
- ↑ Köninger / Schlichtherle, 2009, p. 377.
- ↑ Billamboz, 2009, pp. 433 f., 491-504; Billamboz et al. a., 2009, p. 560 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle / Hagmann, LADPf 2011, p. 38 f.
- ↑ Köninger / Schlichtherle 2009, p. 371 ff.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, K-WLM 1992, p. 82; AiD 1997, p. 98 f .; SdW 1989, p. 148; unpublished 2012; Keefer, K-WLM 1992, pp. 84 f .; Torke / Köninger, 2009, pp. 272–276.
- ↑ Köninger / Schlichtherle, 2009, pp. 381–390.
- ↑ Köninger / Schlichtherle, 2009, p. 390 ff.
- ↑ Mineral soils have an organic content of less than 30%.
- ↑ Keefer, K-WLM 1992, p. 69.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, K-WLM 1992, p. 82; AiD, p. 98 f .; Keefer, K-WLM, p. 69 ff .; Schlichtherle, 2009, SchForsch pp. 40–43.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchlForsch 2009, p. 41 ff.
- ↑ Data from the timetable in The World of the Celts. Centers of power. Treasures of art. Thorbecke, 2012, ISBN 3799507523 , p. 524 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 43 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchFisch 2002, p. 119 f .; Arch. Ausgr. 2005/5, pp. 38-40; unpublished 2012.
- ↑ a b c d Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 44 f.
- ↑ Eggert, p. 11 f.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 17, Fig. 3.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, p. 45.
- ↑ Schlichtherle, SchForsch 2009, Fig. 3, p. 17.
- ↑ a b Lamb, p. 176 ff.
- ↑ In Cunliffe, p. 491 ff., Cunliffe / Todd, p. 495 ff.
- ↑ Cunliffe / Todd, p. 496 f.
- ↑ Sherratt, pp. 296-301.
- ↑ Cunliffe, p. 518 ff.
- ↑ Cunliffe / Todd, p. 518 f.
- ↑ A distinction was made between Alemanni and Suebi up to around 500 , the latter possibly being an essential part of the Alamann tribal union. From the 6th century, however, the two names are expressly passed down as having the same meaning. The Suebi name then prevailed later when the settlement area of the Alamanni, which until then had been called Alamannia , became the Duchy of Swabia . Instead, the name "Alamanne" later became synonymous with "German" in the Romance languages .
