Bohoričica
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The Bohoričica or the Bohorič alphabet was an orthography that was authoritative for the Slovenian language between the 16th and 19th centuries .
Origins
It is named after Adam Bohorič , who codified the alphabet in his book Articae Horulae Succisivae . This was printed in 1583 and published in 1584.
In doing so, Bohorič resorted to the spelling used by the Lutheran preacher Primož Trubar in the catechism in the Windischn language , the first printed work in the Slovene language (cf. Windisch ). However, Trubar had not developed consistent rules and often used alternative spellings for the same word.
features
The alphabet consists of 25 letters (including 3 digraphs ) in the following order:
abdefghijklmnopr ſ ſh s sh tuvz zh
The Bohoričica differs from the modern Slovenian alphabet in the following letters:
| Capitals | Minuscule | IPA | Modern Slovenian |
|---|---|---|---|
| Z | z | / ts / | c |
| ZH | zh | / tʃ / | č |
| S, Ş | ſ | / s / | s |
| SH, ŞH | ſh | / ʃ / | š |
| S. | s | / z / | z |
| SH | sh | / ʒ / | ž |
(In these cases, the Bohoričicalautwert is based on German usage).
In the early Bohoričica, some letters had ambiguous capitals:
- I was the capitalized form of i and j
- V was the uppercase form of u and v
- S was the uppercase form of s and ſ
- SH was the uppercase form of sh and ſh .
There were other differences to modern Slovenian spelling. The Schwa before the syllable R was strictly written with the letter E, while in modern Slovenian the E is omitted (except at the end of the word): The Slovenian name for the city of Trieste , Trst , was thus written as Terſt , the word for place became as terg (instead of the modern trg ) etc. One-letter prepositions such as v (in), s / z (with / from) or k / g (to) were written with an apostrophe: Hence the expression "in Laibach " spelled as "v'Ljubljani" instead of the modern Slovenian "v Ljubljani", "to me" would be "k'meni", instead of modern "k meni" etc.
Historical development
Medieval Slovenian language certificates are rare. The beginning of the Slovene written language is set with the Reformation and for this a standard first had to be developed.
The Bohoričica was codified in 1583/84 by the Protestant author Adam Bohorič in his book Articae horulae succisivae , which is considered the first grammar of the Slovene language. It is based on the German script that Primož Trubar had used for Slovenian since 1555. The differences between Bohoričica and Trubar's original use of the German script are partly due to influences by Sebastjan Krelj and Jurij Dalmatin . Dalmatin's Slovenian first publication of the entire Bible also made use of the Bohoričica.
Although the Counter-Reformation completely wiped out the Protestant religious community in the Slovene-speaking area , the spelling was adopted by Catholic authors, in particular the Catholic Bishop of Laibach Thomas Chrön (term of office 1597-1630). Very few literary texts were written in the Slovene language in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Nevertheless, the Bohoričica remained in use during this time. For example, all Slovenian names in Valvasor's book Die Ehre des Hertzogthums Crain were written in this way.
With the revival of Slovene literature in the late 18th century, the Bohoričica became popular. During this phase it was modernized on the initiative of the philologists Marko Pohlin and Jurij Japelj . At the end of the 18th century it was fully accepted by the intellectuals of the Enlightenment around Sigmund Zois . With the authors Anton Tomaž Linhart and Valentin Vodnik , it became an established tool of literary expression again.
The Bohoričica had been able to prevail, but suffered from a number of restrictions:
- Slovenian has eight vowels, but Bohoričica only has five vowel signs (this sub-definition it shares with modern Slovenian spelling).
- The combination "sh" can in rare cases be ambiguous when the sounds s and h follow one another (as in Slovenian shujšati : decrease ).
- Like modern spelling, it does not lay down the length of the vowel.
- Likewise (as in modern writing) there is no information about the accent.
replacement
The Bohoričica was not questioned until the 1820s. Then there were several attempts to replace them with phonetic alphabets. The two most famous attempts were in 1824 by Peter Dajnko ( Dajnica ) and in 1825 by Fran Metelko ( Metelčica ).
Although these attempts received significant support from the philologist Jernej Kopitar , they met with strong rejection from romantic intellectuals around Matija Čop and France Prešeren . A debate ensued over this which was called the Slovenian ABC War ( Slovenian slovenska abecedna vojna ). In the mid-1830s, Bohoričica supporters prevailed over innovators, thanks in part to the support of the Czech linguist František Čelakovský .
However, criticism of the Bohoričica never stopped. In the 1840s, the editor Janez Bleiweis therefore proposed a slightly modified version of the Gajica , a then new spelling of the Croatian language that made use of Latin and was based on the Czech spelling, as a compromise . Bleiweis introduced this spelling in his magazine Kmetijske in rokodelske novice ( News for farmers and craftsmen ). This solution was very well received, and between 1848 and 1850 the Gajica completely replaced the Bohoričica.
Attempts at resuscitation
Since early computer systems could not handle diacritics very well, in the early computer age there were suggestions to rewrite them based on the Bohoričica. In the 1990s, authors from the Revija SRP magazine took up the suggestion to rewrite č š ž as ch sh zh . However, this was hardly noticed; č š ž are entered as csz when in doubt .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Irena Eiselt: Zimske urice proste. In: DEDI - enciklopedija naravne in Kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem. Retrieved March 7, 2015 (Slovenian).
- ↑ limited preview in the Google book search
- ↑ limited preview in the Google book search
