Boris Andreevich Pilnjak

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Boris Pilnjak (no year)
The Volga falls into the Caspian Sea , translation 1930

Boris Pilnyak ( Russian : Борис Андреевич Пильняк , actually Boris Andreyevich Wogau ; born September 29 . Jul / 11. October  1894 greg. In Mozhaisk ; † 21st April 1938 in Moscow ) was a Soviet Russian-speaking writers.

Life

Pilnjak was born the son of a veterinarian. His father was of Volga German descent, but assimilated in his Russian environment; the mother came from a Saratov merchant family.

He spent childhood and youth in the Russian cities of Saratov, Bogorodsk , Nizhny Novgorod and Kolomna . He made his first attempts at writing at the age of nine, and in March 1909 a magazine published an early work. In 1913 he graduated from the secondary school in Nizhny Novgorod, in 1920 he graduated from the Moscow Business Academy.

He began his writing career in 1915 when a number of magazines published short stories. Since then he has been using the pseudonym Pilnjak - a regional expression for forest workers. In 1918 his first collection of short stories was published under the title With the Last Steamer ( С последним пароходом ). He even thought of this first-not much, just the stories about the canyon ( Над оврагом ) and death ( Смерти ) later he closed regularly in total expenditure of his works one.

Pilnjak described the anthology of the past ( Быльё ) from 1920 as the "first volume of stories about the Soviet revolution in the RSFSR ". Several stories from this work were included as independent chapters in the novel Nacktes Jahr ( Голый год ) published in 1922 . In 1922, with the approval of the Bolshevik cultural politicians, he went to Berlin to persuade writers who had emigrated there to return to Soviet Russia. He stayed with Alexei Remisow , one of the more prominent emigrants who, however, ignored the offer to return.

In 1926, Pilnjak first aroused the displeasure of the party leadership around Stalin , because in his story The story of the non- extinguished moon ( Повесть непогашенной луны ) he picked up the rumor that the death of army leader Mikhail Frunse during a gastric operation had been deliberately brought to Stalin as a result of secret instruction to Stalin. In 1929 his story Mahogany (Krasnoje Derewo) , which describes life in the Russian provinces, fell victim to censorship in the Soviet Union. The case was discussed internationally; Maxim Gorki and Henri Guilbeaux interfered.

In 1934 Pilnjak was one of the authors of a joint publication under Maxim Gorky as editor, which glorified the forced labor in the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal and which was distributed to the participants of the 17th party congress of the CPSU. In 1937 the book was banned in the Soviet Union and withdrawn from circulation.

Pilnjak was arrested on October 28, 1937 and sentenced to death on April 21, 1938 by the Military Chamber of the Supreme Court of the USSR on bogus charges (espionage for Japan) for crimes against the Soviet state. He was also accused of being a Trotskyist ; in fact he had been on friendly terms with Lev Trotsky . The sentence was carried out by shooting in Moscow on the same day. According to research by the Russian Memorial Society , Pilnjak's remains are in a mass grave set up by the NKVD's central apparatus at kilometer 24 on Kaluga Chaussee ( Калужское шоссе ) near the former Moscow sovkhoz Kommunarka ( Коммунарка ), along with those of around 6,500 other victims of Stalin Terror. Executed members of the Soviet elite were buried in this place.

Reception in Russia

The story of the unextinguished moon was one of the first texts to circulate in Soviet samizdat since the late 1950s . Pilnjak was rehabilitated as a victim of the Stalin era in 1956. However, the first selection of his works after his death in the Soviet Union was not made until 1976 - the Central Committee of the CPSU had decided in 1956 that Pilnjak's works were out of date and that publication would only be considered after twenty years.

The manuscript for his last novel Der Salzspeicher , in which he outlined a successful communist revolution from the point of view of the common population, was saved by his first wife Maria Sokolowa and only made available to the public in 1964 in the course of the brief liberalization in the USSR. The first full publication took place in Russia only in 1990.

A comprehensive edition of Pilnjak's letters appeared in 2010 (see below Pis'ma v 2 tomach , 758 letters, about 430 of which were first published).

Pilnjak is mentioned repeatedly in both the memoirs of Ilja Ehrenburg ( People - Years - Lives ) and Victor Serges ( Memories of a Revolutionary ). He was friends with Serge.

Works

Early on in the sights of the Soviet censorship authorities , Pilnjak was one of the first Soviet writers to take advantage of the Tamizdat option : although the author lived in Soviet Russia, some of his works were published by Russian publishers in exile in Berlin in the 1920s.

Published in the Soviet Union

  • Death lures ( Смертельное манит ) (1921, already confiscated in 1922 by the OGPU's political control)
  • Machines and wolves ( Машины и волки ) (1925)
  • The story of the non- extinguished moon ( Повесть непогашенной луны ) (1926 in «Новый мир», 1926, № 5)
  • The Volga falls into the Caspian Sea ( Волга впадает в Каспийское море ) (1930)
    • The Volga falls into the Caspian Sea . Translation Erwin Honig. In it: Karl Radek : Boris Pilnjak's position in Soviet Russian literature , pp. V – XXIII. Berlin: New German Publishing House, 1930
  • OKAY (American novel) ( О'КЭЙ (Американский роман) ) (1933)

Published in the Tamisdat

  • What has been ( Быльё ); Reval 1922
  • Pansy ( Иван-да-Марья ); Berlin, SJ Grschebin, 1922
  • Naked Year ( Голый год ); Berlin, SJ Grschebin, 1922
  • The snowflake ( Метелинка ); Berlin, Ogonki, 1923
  • Mahogany ( Красное дерево ); Berlin, Petropolis, 1929
  • Kick into life ( Штосс в жизнь ); Berlin, Petropolis 1929

Published posthumously

  • The salt store ( Соляной амбар ), 1990. German: Leipzig, 1993; ISBN 3-378-00543-2 .
  • Dagmar Kassek (Ed.): Boris Pilnjak. "... be honest with me and Russia". Letters and documents ; Frankfurt a. M. 1994; ISBN 3-518-40649-3 .
  • Eleven chapters of a classic report ( Одиннадцать глав классического повествования ), 1989. German: Die Doppelganger ; 1998, ISBN 3-518-41004-0 .
  • BA Pil'njak. Pis'ma v 2 tomach. T. I: 1906-1922. T. II: 1923-1937 . Sostavlenie, podgotovka teksta, predislovie i primečanija KB Andronikasvili i D. Kassek. Moskva: IMLI RAN, 2010.
  • Mahagoni: Erzählungen , Nördlingen: Greno 1988, ISBN 978-3-89190-241-7 , series Die Other Bibliothek .

literature

  • Reinhard Damerau: Boris Pil'njak's image of history and man: biographical and thematic investigations ; Eastern European studies at the universities of the State of Hesse 2/11; Giessen: W. Schmitz, 1976
  • Adelheid Schramm: The early novels of BA Pil'njak: an investigation into the "ornamental prose" of the twenties ; Forum Slavicum 44; Munich: Fink, 1976
  • Peter A. Jensen: Nature as code: the achievement of Boris Pilnjak, 1915-1924 ; Studier / Københavns Universitets Slaviske Institute 6; Copenhagen; Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1979
  • Gary Browning: Boris Pilniak: scythian at a typewriter ; Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1985; ISBN 0-88233-888-9
  • Mary Ann Nicholas: Boris Pilniak's modernist prose: reader, writer and image ; Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University (Diss.), 1988
  • Hee-Sok Kim: Procedure and intention of the combinatorial in BA Pilnjak's story “Ivan da Marja” ; Munich: Sagner, 1989; ISBN 3-87690-453-6
  • Woo-Seob Yun: Studies on Boris Pilnjak's Krasnoe derevo and Volga vpadaet v Kaspijskoe more ; Munich: Sagner, 1993; ISBN 3-87690-465-X
  • Institut Mirovoj Literatury Imeni AM Gor'kogo (Ed.): Boris Pil'njak: opyt segodnjasnego proctenija; (po materialam naucnoj konferencii, posvjascennoj 100-letiju so dnja rozdenija pisatelja) ; Moscow: Nasledie, 1995
  • Witali Schentalinski : The risen word. Persecuted Russian writers in their final letters, poems, and records. Translated from the Russian by Bernd Rullkötter. Bergisch Gladbach: Gustav Lübbe 1996, pp. 269-316; ISBN 3-7857-0848-3
  • Natalie Kromm: Boris Pil'njak's poetics of self-quotation in the 30s ; Slavic literatures 34; Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2005; ISBN 3-631-54071-X
  • Andrey Bogen: "Narrative forms with Boris Pilnjak in the context of the Russian classical tradition"; Hamburg 2012.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vstreči s prošlym. Vypusk 7. Moscow 1990, pp. 176, 189.
  2. ↑ Wolfgang Kasack : Lexicon of Russian Literature from 1917 (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 451). Kröner, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-520-45101-8 , p. 223.
  3. ^ Henri Guilbeaux: The Boris Pilniak case. Die Weltbühne 1929, II. Hj., Pp. 588-592
  4. ↑ Boris Frezinskij: Pisateli i sovetskie voždi. Moscow 2008, p. 72.
  5. ↑ Alexander Nikolajewitsch Jakowlew (Ed.): Власть и художественная интеллигенция. Документы ЦК РКП (б) - ВКП (б), ВЧК - ОГПУ - НКВД о культурной политике. 1917-1953 ; Материк Moscow 2002; ISBN 5-85646-040-5
personal data
SURNAME Pilnjak, Boris Andrejewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Борис Андреевич Пильняк; Wogau, Boris Andrejewitsch (real name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian author and poet
DATE OF BIRTH October 11, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH Moshaisk near Moscow
DATE OF DEATH April 21, 1938
Place of death Moscow