Brown ragwort
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Brown Ragwort ( Ophrys fusca ) |
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The Brown orchid ( Ophrys fusca ) is a very diverse kind in the genre of Ragwurzen ( Ophrys ) in the family of orchid plants (Orchidaceae). In the past, around 50 different subspecies or varieties (Varietas) were described of this species, which are now considered by scientific authors either as species, subspecies or mostly as a synonym .
The chromosome number of the brown ragwort 2n = 36, less often 72 or 76.
Two subspecies should be considered here first:
Ophrys fusca subsp. fusca
description
This herbaceous perennial plant reaches heights of between 10 and 40 centimeters. The inflorescence consists of two to nine, but sometimes up to 14 flowers . The lip is dark brown to black violet and the narrow edge is hairless and there are longitudinal furrows at the base. It blooms from December to June. The plant uses Peckham's mimicry and mimics the appearance of female yellow-footed sand bees ( Andrena flavipes ) in order to attract males to pollinate. The following pollinators are mentioned: the sand bee ( Andrena nigroaenea ) and the spring silk bee ( Colletes cunicularius ).
Location and distribution
This orchid can be found in light forests, garrigues , grasslands and on former cultivated land with calcareous soils up to a maximum height of 1400 m above sea level. NN . The distribution area extends over the Mediterranean area .
variability
This subspecies is also diverse. There are different flower sizes, lip colors and flowering times. Some forms also have a gray lip and bloom until April or not until May. The individual forms are only properly separated from one another if they appear together. Otherwise it is very difficult to determine.
Ophrys fusca subsp. vasconica
This subspecies is partly also regarded as an independent species Ophrys vasconica (O. Danesch & E. Danesch) P. Delforge 1991 and then runs under the common name Gascogne Ragwurz . But some authors also call it Ophrys fusca subsp. fusca posed.
description
This herbaceous perennial plant reaches heights of between 10 and 20 centimeters. The inflorescence consists of six flowers . The lip appears black-purple. The mark is usually brown or purple in color, but it can also be lightly marbled.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.
distribution
This subspecies, which blooms from April to May, is found in the south of France .
More subspecies
According to R. Govaerts, in addition to Ophrys fusca subsp. fusca recognized the following subspecies:
- Beetle Ragwurz ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Blitopertha (Paulus & Gack) Faurh. & HAPedersen ): It occurs from the Aegean islands to southwestern Turkey. Blithoperta lineolata is named as pollinator .
- Small-flowered brown ragwort ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Cinereophila (Paulus & Gack) Faurh. ): It occurs from southern Greece to northern Syria. As pollinators are Andrena cinereophila and Andrena tomora subsp. called parvula .
- Ophrys fusca subsp. durieui (Rchb.f.) Soó : It occurs in southern Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. It is also viewed by some authors as an independent species: Ophrys atlantica Munby .
- Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor (Desf.) K. Richt . : It occurs in the Mediterranean region from Portugal and Algeria to Turkey. It is considered by some authors as a separate species: Ophrys iricolor Desf.
- Ophrys fusca subsp. pallida (Raf.) EGCamus : It occurs in northwestern Sicily and Algeria. It is considered by some authors as a separate species: Ophrys pallida Raf.
Baumann, Künkele and Lorenz name further subspecies: R. Govaerts puts these all together with Ophrys fusca subsp. fusca , with the exception of Ophrys fusca subsp. obaesa . He counts the latter among Ophrys fusca subsp. pallida .
- Cyrenaica Ragwurz ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Akhadarensis B. Baumann & H.Baumann ): It occurs in Libya and in the Cyrenaica.
- Attaviros ragwurz ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Attaviria (D. Rückbr., U. Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker) Kreutz ): It occurs on Rhodes and in southwestern Turkey.
- Double Crescent Ragwort ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Bilunulata (Risso) Kreutz ): It occurs in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, southern France, Italy and Sicily. The following pollinators were observed: Andrena flavipes , Andrena florentina and Andrena vulpecula .
- Cypress Ragwort ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Funerea (Viv.) Arcang. ): It occurs in the western Mediterranean region east to the Ionian Islands and northwestern Greece. The following pollinators were observed: Andrena flavipes , Andrena fabrella and Andrena wilkella .
- Leukas-Ragwurz ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Leucadica (Renz) H. Kretzschmar ): It occurs on the Ionian Islands, in Greece, in the Aegean Sea and in southwestern Turkey. The following pollinators were observed: Andrena flavipes and Andrena creberrima .
- Lead-colored ragwort ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Obaesa (Lojac.) EGCamus ): It occurs in Sicily and perhaps also in Tunisia. Andrena flavipes was observed as a pollinator .
- Phaselis ragwurz ( Ophrys fusca subsp. Phaseliana (D. Rückbr. & U. Rückbr.) Kreutz ): It occurs in the Aegean Sea and in southwestern Turkey.
literature
- Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids, the wild species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Mosaik Verlag 1986, ISBN 3-576-10559-X
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Ophrys fusca at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Andrena flavipes (Andrenidae) - pseudo-population on Ophrys fusca (Orchidaceae), pollinating and pollination. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. With video. IWF Knowledge and Media GmbH
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele and Richard Lorenz: Orchids of Europe with adjacent areas . Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, pages 156-160.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Ophrys fusca. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- ^ Ophrys vasconica at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
