Ragwurzen

Ragwurzen
	Wasp ragwort ( Ophrys tenthredinifera )
Systematics
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Orchidoideae
Tribe :	Orchideae
Sub tribus :	Orchidinae
Genre :	Ragwurzen
Scientific name
	Ophrys
	L.

The Ragwurzen ( Ophrys ), also Kerfstendel called, form a plant genus in the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). They occur mainly around the Mediterranean and survive the dry summer with the help of an underground tuber. For pollination, the flowers attract male insects through the production of fragrances and an insect-like appearance, which transfer pollen when they attempt to copulate with the flowers. The genus includes 10 to 350 species , depending on the view .

description

Illustration of Ophrys sphegodes from illustrations of the basic forms of orchid species occurring in Germany and the neighboring areas , panel 09

Vegetative characteristics

The Ragwort species are relatively small, perennial , herbaceous plants . They usually reach heights of 10 to 40 centimeters, but there are also flowering specimens that are only 5 centimeters high, other species reach up to 90 centimeters. With an underground tuber , they survive the unfavorable season. During the growing season, this tuber is replaced by one, rarely two new ones. The tubers are round to slightly oval and are made partly from root and partly from shoot tissue. They contain living cells that store starch and dead cells that store water. The fibrous roots arise from the shoot above the tubers.

The leaves are in a basal rosette, additional smaller leaves can be arranged on the stem; or the leaf rosette is loose with leaves spread along the stem.

Generative characteristics

A few flowers are loosely arranged in a terminal, racemose inflorescence . The ovary is sessile, not hairy and not or only slightly twisted. The flowers are resupinated , they are relatively large, showy and resemble an insect. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The bracts are not grown together. The three outer bracts ( sepals ) are white, pink or greenish, mostly bare. The lateral petals are smaller than the outer bracts and hairy. The lip is entire to three-lobed, often with an appendage or an attached tip at the end. Usually the lip is convexly curved, whereby the tip can again be curved upwards in the opposite direction. In contrast to related genera, the lip of the Ragwurzen has no spur. At the base of the lip there is a conspicuously colored area in the middle, with two elevations to the side of it. In the middle of the lip there is a smooth, often shiny surface, the lip is hairy towards the edge. The column summarizes the stigma and the stamen ; between the two lies the poorly developed separating tissue ( rostellum ), which often has two small, colored lateral outgrowths. The two pollinia are connected by small stalks each with a separate adhesive disc ( Viscidium ).

Pollination biology

Bumblebee Ragwort
( Ophrys holoserica )

Fly Ragwort
( Ophrys insectifera )

Aesculapian ragwurz ( Ophrys aesculapii )

Bertolonis Ragwurz ( Ophrys bertolonii )

Drone Ragwurz
( Ophrys bombyliflora )

Horseshoe ragwort ( Ophrys ferrum-equinum )

Black Ragwort
( Ophrys incubacea )

Kotschy's Ragwurz ( Ophrys kotschyi )

Yellow Ragwort ( Ophrys lutea )

Schnepfen-Ragwurz
( Ophrys scolopax )

Spiegel-Ragwurz
( Ophrys speculum )

Umbilical Ragwort ( Ophrys umbilicata )

Balearic Ragwort
( Ophrys × flavicans , Syn .: Ophrys balearica )

Orchids of the genus Ophrys are known for their special pollination mechanism . In the Ophrys species, the lip of a flower is an imitation of a female insect . Male insects can be deceived and transmit the pollen during a so-called pseudo- copulation . This phenomenon is called sexual deception and is a form of mimicry (lock mimicry ). The sensory components of sexual deception are composed of olfactory (scent), visual (color, shape) and tactile ( hairiness ) stimuli . The scent of the flowers, in many species a mixture of non-volatile hydrocarbons that cannot be perceived by the human nose , represents the most important stimulus for the specific attraction of the pollinator males. It is an "almost" exact copy of the sexual scents of the female insects and dissolves therefore the same search and copulation behavior as the corresponding female scents. The tactile stimuli are of particular importance. Depending on the orientation of the hair, a male insect recognizes where "front" and "back" are in a female. The orientation of the hairs in Ophrys flowers therefore determines whether the pollinator tries to copulate "head first" or " abdomen first" with the flowers. The pollinia are removed with the head or the back of the body (abdomen) and transported accordingly. The consequence of the sexual deception mechanism is a certain specificity in pollination, because attraction via sexual scents is relatively specific, but unspecific in the heat of the moment. The result are countless hybrids . The pollinators are in most cases solitary bees, for example of the genera Andrena , Eucera , Anthophora etc. A few Ophrys species are caused by digger wasps ( Ophrys insectifera ), dagger wasps ( Ophrys speculum ), beetles , flies ( Ophrys fuciflora ), or plant wasps ( Ophrys insectifera var. subinsectifera ) pollinated. Because of this dependence of the Ophrys species on their respective pollinators, the protection of the orchids should therefore always also have the protection of the corresponding pollinator insects in mind.

Systematics

Taxonomy

The genus Ophrys was established by Carl von Linné . The botanical genus name Ophrys is derived from the Greek word ophrys for "eyebrows". The "term" Ophrys was first mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his work Naturalis historia .

Internal system

The genus Ophrys is divided into at least ten sections : The former sections according to Godfery (1928) Ophrys (Syn. Euophrys nom. Inval.) With species in which the pollinia are attached to the head of the insect during pseudo copulation , and Pseudophrys with Species in which the pollinia are attached to the rear part (abdomen) are considered obsolete by molecular-genetic studies since 2008 and morphological studies since 1964.

The genus Ophrys is trichotomous, consisting of three subgenus, namely Ophrys subgen. Ophrys , Ophrys subgen. Bombyliflorae and Ophrys subgen. Fuciflorae . The subgenus Ophrys consists of only one section with one species, namely Ophrys insectifera . The subgenus Bombyliflorae consists of four sections, namely sect. Bombyliflorae , sect. Tenthrediniferae , sect. Speculum and sect. Pseudophrys . The subgenus Fuciflorae consists of at least five sections, namely sect. Apiferae , sect. Araniferae , sect. Fuciflorae , sect. Umbilicatae , and sect. Scolopax . After inadequate molecular-genetic investigations there is the sect. Scolopax in the eastern Mediterranean is not and is here by the almost identical-looking sect. Cornutae (= sect. Oestriferae ) represented.

Species and their distribution

The distribution area mainly includes the Mediterranean area , but also Central and Northern Europe, Turkey with the Black Sea coast and the Crimea , Levant to Jordan , the Caucasus , Iraq , Iran and Turkmenistan .

The following occur in Central Europe: bee ragwort ( Ophrys apifera ), high bumblebee ragwort ( Ophrys elatior ), bumblebee ragwort ( Ophrys holoserica ), fly ragwort ( Ophrys insectifera ), large spider ragwort ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Sphegodes ), small spider orchid ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. araneola )

Types are (selection):

Bee Orchid , Horned Orchid ( Ophrys apifera Huds. , Syn .: Orchis apifera (Huds.) Salisb. , Ophrys albiflora Spruner ex Boiss. , Ophrys aquisgranensis Kaltenb. , Ophrys arachnites Mill. , Ophrys asilifera Vayr. , Ophrys austriaca Wiesb. ex Dichtl , Ophrys bicolor O.Nägeli nom. illeg., Ophrys botteronii Chodat , Ophrys chlorantha Hegetschw. , Ophrys epeirophora Peter , Ophrys friburgensis (Freyhold) O.Nägeli , Orchis holoserica Burm. f. , Ophrys holoserica .) (Burm. f.) (Burm. f.) Greuter , Ophrys immaculata (BREB.) O.Nägeli , Ophrys insectifera var. purpurata Moggr. , Ophrys insectifera var. trollii Moggr. , Ophrys insectifera subsp. apifera Moggr (Huds.). , Ophrys integra Sacc. , Ophrys Jurana (Ruppert ex Zimmer.) Neuberger , Ophrys mangini Tallon , Ophrys oestrifera M.Bieb. , Orchis oestrifera (M.Bieb.) M.Bieb. , Ophrys picta var. Oestrifera (M.Bieb.) Bory & Chaub. , Orchis pseudoapifera Caldes , Ophrys purpurea exchange , Ophrys ripaensis Porta , Ophrys rostrata Ten. , Ophrys saraepontana Ruppe rt , Ophrys scolopax var. oestrifera (M.Bieb.) Rchb. f. , Ophrys scolopax subsp. oestrifera (M.Bieb.) Soó , Ophrys trollii Hegetschw. , × Cephalophrys integra (Sacc.) Cox , Ophrys apifera var. Almaracensis Pérez-Chisc., Durán Oliva & Gil Llano , Ophrys apifera var. Atrofusca J.Dierckx, Kreutz, D.Riepe & L.Segers , Ophrys apifera var. Aurita (Moggr.) Gremli , Ophrys apifera var. austriaca (Wiesb. ex Dichtl) Beck , Ophrys apifera var. badensis L.Lewis & Kreutz , Ophrys apifera var. basiliensis S.Schwegler & Matthies , Ophrys apifera var. Belgarum Turner Ettl. , Ophrys apifera var. Bicolor E.Nelson , Ophrys apifera var. Botteronii (Chodat) Fire , Ophrys apifera var. Cambrensis M.J.Clark , Ophrys apifera var. Brevilabellata Kreutz, R.Selig & Zelesny , Ophrys apifera var. Broteroi Welw. ex Nyman nom. NUD., Ophrys apifera var. chlorantha (Hegetschw.) Nyman , Ophrys apifera var. cordatitepala Chodat , Ophrys apifera var. curviflora A.Soulié , Ophrys apifera var. filitepala Chodat , Ophrys apifera var. flavescens Rosbach , Ophrys apifera var. friburgensis Freyhold , Ophrys apifera var. Fulvofusca M.P. Grasso & Scrugli , Ophrys apifera var. Immaculata Bréb. , Ophrys apifera var. Jenensis Voelckel & E. Wheel , Ophrys apifera var. Jurana (Ruppert ex Zimm.) C. Schust. , Ophrys apifera var. Laetitiae Klaver , Ophrys apifera var. Muteliae Mutel , Ophrys apifera var. Patinata U.Grabner & Kreutz , Ophrys apifera var. Purpurea (exchange) Nyman nom. superfl., Ophrys apifera var. purpurata Rchb. f. , Ophrys apifera var. Renatae K.Barbieri, L.Barbieri & Contorni , Ophrys apifera var. Saraepontana (Ruppert) H.Baumgartner & Kreutz , Ophrys apifera var. Speciosa Nyman , Ophrys apifera var. Subterrostrunca bread. , Ophrys apifera var. Tilaventina Nonis & Liverani , Ophrys apifera var. Trollii (Hegetschw.) Rchb. f. , Ophrys apifera var. Urbinensis Klaver , Ophrys apifera subsp. austriaca (Wiesb. ex Dichtl) K. Richt. , Ophrys apifera subsp. botteronii (Chodat) Hegi , Ophrys apifera subsp. chlorantha (Hegetschw.) Arcang. , Ophrys apifera subsp. friburgensis (Freyhold) P. Fourn. , Ophrys apifera subsp. immaculata (Bréb.) O.Nägeli , Ophrys apifera subsp. jurana Ruppert ex Zimm. , Ophrys apifera subsp. muteliae (Mutel) K. Richt . , Ophrys apifera subsp. olimpiadae Ugr. ex EGCamus , Ophrys apifera subsp. purpurea (exchange) K. Richt. , Ophrys apifera subsp. trollii (Hegetschw.) K. Richt. )

Apulian Ragwurz ( Ophrys apulica (O.Danesch & E.Danesch) O.Danesch & E.Danesch )

Argolic Ragwort ( Ophrys argolica H.Fleischm. ): There are some subspecies, depending on the author:

Aegean Orchid ( Ophrys argolica subsp. Aegaea (cold iron & HRReinhard) HAPedersen & Faurh. , Syn .: Ophrys aegaea Kalteisen & HRReinhard , Ophrys ferrum-equinum subsp. Aegaea (cold iron & HRReinhard) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz ): This new combination took place in 2002. It occurs only on the Greek islands of the southern Aegean of the Cyclades and Dodecanese to Kárpathos .
Ophrys argolica H. Fleischm. subsp. argolica (Syn .: Ophrys icariensis M.Hirth & H.Spaeth , Ophrys argolica subsp. icariensis (M.Hirth & H.Spaeth) Kreutz , Ophrys olympiotissa Paulus ): It occurs on the mainland of southern-central to southern Greece .
Glasses Orchid ( Ophrys argolica subsp. Biscutella (O.Danesch & E.Danesch) Kreutz , Syn .: Ophrys Biscutella O.Danesch & E.Danesch , Ophrys crabronifera subsp. Biscutella (O.Danesch & E.Danesch) Klaver & Kreutz , Ophrys exaltata subsp. Sundermannii Soó ): This new combination took place in 2004. It occurs only in southern Italy and Korčula , which belongs to Croatia .
Antalys ragwurz ( Ophrys argolica subsp. Climacis (Heimeier & Perschke) HAPedersen & PJCribb : This new combination took place in 2019. This endemic occurs in Turkey only in the Antalya area.
Hornets orchid ( Ophrys argolica subsp. Crabronifera (Sebast. & Mauri) Faurh. , Syn .: Ophrys crabronifera Sebast. & Mauri , Ophrys exaltata var. Virescens divan , Ophrys fuciflora subsp. Pollinensis E.Nelson , Ophrys holoserica subsp. Pollinensis ( E. Nelson) O.Danesch & E. Danesch , Ophrys pollinensis E. Nelson ex Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers , Ophrys argolica subsp. Pollinensis (E. Nelson) Kreutz , Ophrys crabronifera subsp. Pollinensis (E. Nelson ex Devillers-Tersch . & Devillers) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz , Ophrys crabronifera subsp. virescens (divan) Klaver & Kreutz ): This new combination carried out in 2002. This endemic happens to southern Italy only in the central.
Dainty orchid ( Ophrys argolica subsp. Elegans (Renz) E.Nelson , Syn .: Ophrys gottfriediana subsp. Elegans Renz , Ophrys elegans (Renz) H.Baumann & Künkele ): This is only endemic to Cyprus before.
Lesbis ragwurz ( Ophrys argolica subsp. Lesbis (Gölz & HRReinhard) HAPedersen & Faurh. , Syn .: Ophrys lesbis Gölz & HRReinhard , Ophrys ferrum-equinum subsp. Lesbis (Gölz & HRReinhard) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz ): This New combination to took place in 2002. This endemic occurs only on the island of Lesbos .

Rhodian bee orchid ( Ophrys argolica subsp. Lucis (cold iron & HRReinhard) HAPedersen & Faurh. , Syn .: Ophrys aegaea subsp. Lucis Kalteisen & HRReinhard , Ophrys lucis (cold iron & HRReinhard) Paul & Gack , Ophrys ferrum-equinum subsp. Lucis (Kalteisen & HRReinhard) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz , Ophrys argolica . subsp atargatis Kreutz , Ophrys atargatis (Kreutz) P.Delforge ): This new combination took place in 2002. It comes from the islands of the eastern Aegean Sea on the south-western Turkey to northern Syria before .

Ariadne Ragwort ( Ophrys ariadnae Paulus )

Atlas Ragwort ( Ophrys atlantica Munby )

Bertolonis Ragwurz ( Ophrys bertolonii Moretti )

Bianca's Ragwurz ( Ophrys biancae (Death.) Macch. )

Drone Ragwurz , Hummelschweber Ragwurz or Horsefly Ragwurz ( Ophrys bombyliflora Link )

Bornmüller's Ragwurz ( Ophrys bornmuelleri M. Schulze )

White- luster Ragwort ( Ophrys candica (E. Nelson ex Soó) H.Baumann & Künkele )

Cilician Ragwurz ( Ophrys cilicica Schltr. )

Cretan Ragwort ( Ophrys cretica (Vierh.) E. Nelson )

Delphi Ragwort ( Ophrys delphinensis O.Danesch & E. Danesch )

High Bumblebee Ragwort ( Ophrys elatior Paulus )

Brown Ragwort ( Ophrys fusca Link )

Horseshoe ragwort ( Ophrys ferrum-equinum Desf. ): There are only two subspecies and no other subtaxa:

Ophrys ferrum-equinum Desf. subsp. ferrum-equinum , syn .: Ophrys andracnitis Bory & Chaub. , Ophrys aranifera subsp. parnassica (Vierh.) Soó , Ophrys argolica subsp. mandalyana ( B. Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz , Ophrys corinthiaca Hausskn. , Ophrys labiosa Kreutz , Ophrys lesbis var. Mandalyana ( B. Baumann & H.Baumann) P. Delforge , Ophrys × moreana subsp. dornheckeri F.Fohringer , Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. anafiensis Biel , Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. labiosa (Kreutz) Hennecke , Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. minor Biel , Ophrys ferrum-equinum subsp. convexa B. Baumann & H. Baumann , Ophrys ferrum-equinum subsp. labiosa (Kreutz) Kreutz , Ophrys ferrum-equinum subsp. mandalyana B. Baumann & H.Baumann ): It occurs from Albania via the Cyclades , Sporades and the Aegean islands to southern and southwestern Turkey .

Ophrys ferrum-equinum subsp. gottfriediana (Renz) E. Nelson (Syn .: Ophrys gottfriediana Renz , Ophrys spruneri subsp. gottfriediana (Renz) Soó , Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. gottfriediana (Renz) Biel , Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. pseudogottfriediana Paulus ): She comes in Greece and islands in the Aegean Sea.

Hebes Ragwurz ( Ophrys hebes (Kalop.) E. Willing & B.Willing )

Heldreichs Ragwurz ( Ophrys heldreichii Schltr. )

Hummel-Ragwurz ( Ophrys holoserica (Burm. F.) Greuter )

Black Ragwort ( Ophrys incubacea Bianca )

Rainbow Ragwort ( Ophrys iricolor Desf. )

Isaurian Ragwort ( Ophrys isaura Renz & Taubenheim )

Fly Ragwort ( Ophrys insectifera L. ): Including the subspecies:

Aymonins Orchid ( Ophrys insectifera subsp. Aymoninii Breistr. )

Kotschy's Ragwurz ( Ophrys kotschyi H. Fleisch. & Soó )

Lacaitas Ragwurz ( Ophrys lacaitae Lojac. )

Levantine Ragwurz ( Ophrys levantina Gölz & HRReinhard )

Yellow Ragwort ( Ophrys lutea Cav. )

Maltese Ragwurz ( Ophrys melitensis (Salk.) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers )

Moris' Ragwurz ( Ophrys morisii (Martelli) G.Keller & Soó )

Omega-Ragwurz ( Ophrys omegaifera H. Fleischm. )

Schnabel-Ragwurz ( Ophrys oxyrrhynchos Tod. )

Pale Ragwurz or Pale Ragwurz ( Ophrys pallida Raf. )

Kleingefleckte Orchid ( Ophrys parvimaculata (O.Danesch & E.Danesch) Paul & Gack )

Ophrys passionis herdsmen . With the subspecies:

Gargano Ragwort ( Ophrys passionis subsp. Garganica E. Nelson ex H Baumann & R. Lorenz )

König-Ferdinand-Ragwurz ( Ophrys regis-ferdinandii (Acht. & Kellerer ex Renz) Buttler )

Reinhold's Ragwurz ( Ophrys reinholdii Spruner ex Fleischm. )

Schulzes Ragwurz ( Ophrys schulzei Bornm. & Fleischm. )

Schnepfen-Ragwurz ( Ophrys scolopax Cav. )

Spiegel-Ragwurz ( Ophrys speculum Link )

Spider Ragwort ( Ophrys sphegodes Mill. ):

Aesculapius orchid ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Aesculapii (Renz) Soó ex JJWood )
Small spider ragweed ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Araneola (Rchb.) M. Laínz ).

Aveyron Ragwort ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Aveyronensis J.J.Wood )

Small Cretan Ragwort ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Cretensis H.Baumann & Künkele )

Gortyn Ragwort ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Gortynia H.Baumann & Künkele )

Helene Orchid ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Helenae (Renz) Soó & DMMoore )

Crescent Ragwort ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Lunulata (Parl.) H.Sund. )

Lykische Ragwurz ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Lycia (Renz & Taubenheimstrasse) HAPedersen & PJCribb )

Breast ragwort ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Mammosa (Desf.) Soó ex E. Nelson )

Siponto-Ragwurz ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Sipontensis (Kreutz) HAPedersen & Faurh. ).

Spruner's Ragwurz ( Ophrys sphegodes subsp. Spruneri (Nyman) E. Nelson )

Magnificent Ragwurz ( Ophrys splendida Gölz & HRReinhard )

Tarent ragwurz ( Ophrys tarentina Gölz & HRReinhard )

Wasp ragwort ( Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. )

Navel orchid ( Ophrys umbilicata Desf. )

A large number of hybrids have also been described, including:

Balearic Ragwurz ( Ophrys × flavicans Vis. ), (Syn .: Ophrys balearica P.Delforge , Ophrys × catalaunica O.Danesch & E. Danesch = Ophrys bertolonii × Ophrys sphegodes ): It occurs in the western and central Mediterranean area.

swell

literature

Daniel Tyteca, Michel Baguette: Ophrys (Orchidaceae) systematics - When molecular phylogenetics, morphology and biology reconcile. In: Reports from the working groups of local orchids , Volume 34, No. 1, 2017, pp. 37-103. Full text PDF.

Individual evidence

↑ Henrik Ærenlund Pedersen, Niels Faurholdt: Ophrys. The Bee Orchids of Europe . Kew Publishing, Kew 2007, ISBN 978-1-84246-152-5 .
↑ ^a ^b Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip J. Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn N. Rasmussen (eds.): Genera Orchidacearum: Volume 2. Orchidoideae (Part one) . Oxford University Press, Oxford u. a. 2001, ISBN 0-19-850710-0 , pp. 327-333 (English).
↑ Art. 22.1 ICBN
↑ Art. 21.3 ICBN
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS: 1-71827. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Ophrys. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 13, 2020.
↑ ^a ^b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele , Richard Lorenz: Orchids in Europe with adjacent areas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 , pp. 140-196.

Web links

Commons : Ragwurzen ( Ophrys ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

[PedersenFaurholdt-1] Henrik Ærenlund Pedersen, Niels Faurholdt: Ophrys. The Bee Orchids of Europe . Kew Publishing, Kew 2007, ISBN 978-1-84246-152-5 .

[GO2-2] Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip J. Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn N. Rasmussen (eds.): Genera Orchidacearum: Volume 2. Orchidoideae (Part one) . Oxford University Press, Oxford u. a. 2001, ISBN 0-19-850710-0 , pp. 327-333 (English).

[ICBN22-1-3] Art. 22.1 ICBN

[ICBN21-3-4] Art. 21.3 ICBN

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS: 1-71827. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Ophrys. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 13, 2020.

[BaumannKünkeleLorenz2006-6] Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele , Richard Lorenz: Orchids in Europe with adjacent areas. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 , pp. 140-196.