Bromelain
| Parent bromelain | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mass / length primary structure | 212 amino acids | |
| Identifier | ||
| External IDs |
|
|
| Drug information | ||
| ATC code | B06 AA11 | |
| Enzyme classification | ||
| EC, category | 3.4.22.32 , peptidase | |
| MEROPS | C01.005 | |
| Response type | hydrolysis | |
| Substrate | Peptides, especially Z-Arg-Arg - + - NHMec | |
| Products | Peptides | |
| Fruit bromelain | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mass / length primary structure | 230 amino acids | |
| Identifier | ||
| Gene name (s) | PL00059; Fastuosain | |
| External IDs |
|
|
| Drug information | ||
| ATC code | B06 AA11 | |
| Enzyme classification | ||
| EC, category | 3.4.22.33 , peptidase | |
| MEROPS | C01.028 | |
| Response type | hydrolysis | |
| Substrate | Peptides, especially Bz-Phe-Val-Arg - + - NHMec | |
| Products | Peptides | |
Bromelain (also bromelin ) is the name of two enzymes from the cysteine protease family that were discovered in the stem of the pineapple plant in 1957 . Since then, they have been extracted from their fruit (pineapple) and the plant itself. In order to distinguish the two substances, the prefixes stem and fruit were put in front. The mixture is generally used.
The raw extract from the plant is also often referred to as bromelain. It contains several sulfhydryl , proteolytic enzymes, a peroxidase enzyme, an acid phosphatase enzyme, several protease inhibitors and calcium .
There are two other cysteine proteases known from pineapples, named Ananain and FB31 .
Biological effect
Bromelain has anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory effects . It helps break down fibrin , a protein in the blood that stabilizes the connections between platelets and can reduce blood circulation. In in vitro studies, bromelain showed wound healing and antimetastatic effects.
application
Biochemical analysis
In the structure elucidation of proteins , bromelain is used to break down proteins into smaller subunits, the structure of which is easier to elucidate than that of the intact protein.
Technical use
In industry, bromelain is used as a tenderizer for meat and for clarifying fruit juices; it is also used to prepare leather and to stabilize latex paints . The addition of bromelain gives gelatine a softer consistency. The protein-degrading ( proteolytic ) effect of bromelain can also be undesirable in terms of food technology: for example, raw pineapple pieces can prevent a gelatin- containing cake topping from setting on a fruit cake and / or produce a slightly bitter taste, which can be avoided by heating the pineapple pieces (i.e. denaturing the bromelain) can be. The overgrowth does not remain soft when using pineapple from cans , as the proteolytically active enzymes in these tins have been deactivated by pasteurization .
Medical and other health-related use
- In medicine, bromelain is used for acute and chronic inflammation (gastric juice-resistant tablets) and as a digestive aid. The approval of the German finished medicinal products reads “for acute swelling conditions after operations and injuries, especially of the nose and sinuses.” In dental implantology , this active ingredient, usually in combination with an antibiotic , has long been part of the therapeutic spectrum. Bromelain is largely digested in the stomach. This is why gastric juice-resistant film-coated tablets or coated tablets are used as standard in therapy, which only dissolve in the small intestine and release substances contained therein.
- Bromelain was tested against placebo and NSAIDs in clinical trials for joint problems . About every second study is not negative. However, reliable evidence of the therapeutic effectiveness of bromelain has not yet been established.
- As a “concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched from bromelain” ( NexoBrid ), a standardized enzyme mixture consisting essentially of parent bromelain is used to dissolve scabs that have formed in burns after burns of grade IIb (deep) or III (very deep) ( debridement ). It is applied once as a gel and remains on the burned skin area for four hours. Treatment is reserved for specialized burn centers.
In addition to pharmaceuticals, there are also food supplements, balanced diets and dietetic foods for athletes with bromelain on the market: The qualities range from the smallest amounts of pineapple fruit powder to higher-dose preparations.
Trade names
Bromelain-POS (D), Bromelain Hysan, Dontisanin (D), Traumanase (D, CH), Wobenzym mono (D), Bromelain-RAN (D), Bromelanin 2400
Innovazym (D), Phlogenzym (D, A), Proteozym (D) Rutozym (A), Traumazym (A), Wobenzym (D, A) dogenzyme (D)
Individual evidence
- ↑ UniProt entry Ananain
- ↑ UniProt entry FB31
- ↑ HR Maurer: Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. In: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Vol 58, 2001, pp 1234-1245. doi : 10.1007 / PL00000936
- ↑ Harold McGee: On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen , Simon and Schuster (2007), ISBN 978-1-4165-5637-4 , p. 384 ( limited preview in Google book search).
- ↑ Robert Ebermann, Ibrahim Elmadfa: Textbook of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag Vienna New York, 2008 and 2011, ISBN 978-3-7091-0210-7 , p. 594 ( limited preview in Google book search ).
- ↑ J. Morton: Pineapple. In: Julia F. Morton: Fruits of warm climates Miami, 1987, pp. 18-28.
- ↑ Müller, Klaus: "The quintessence of oral implantology", chap. 14: "Medication of the Implant Patients" pp. 151-153, ISBN 3-87652-807-0
- ↑ S. Brien et al. a .: Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies. In: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med Volume 1, Number 3, 2004, pp. 251-257. doi : 10.1093 / ecam / neh035
- ^ Information from the European Medicines Agency on NexoBrid
- ↑ Red List online, as of September 2009.
- ↑ AM comp. d. Switzerland, as of September 2009.
- ↑ AGES-PharmMed, as of September 2009.
