Bull (certificate)
A bull , from the Latin bulla "bubble", is a decree of a Pope or a document from the Middle Ages with a bull as a seal .
The custom of these seals made of metal , mostly lead , originated in the administration of the Byzantine Empire , where other seals were unknown. From the 10th century it is documented that gold seals were an instrument of the state protocol and that their different dimensions expressed the appreciation of their recipients, not the importance of the document. In the 16th century , documents with seals made of lead or gold were common in the Republic of Venice .
Some documents with a gold bull became famous, especially the golden bull from 1356 on which the Holy Roman Empire was based.
literature
- Michael F. Feldkamp : "Bulls" from papal nuncios and legates? Scientific term versus contemporary use of language , in: Ders .: Reichskirche und Politischer Katholizismus. Essays on church history and church legal history of modern times (= Propylaea of the Christian Occident, Volume 3), Patrimonium-Verlag, Aachen 2019, pp. 51–55 ISBN 978-3-86417-120-8 .
See also
Web links
- Publications about bulls in the opac of the Regesta Imperii
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bull . In: Duden . Bibliographical Institute . Retrieved August 2, 2013.
- ^ A b Horst Enzensberger : On the gold seal exhibition of the Vatican Archives in Bamberg 1991 . Otto Friedrich University of Bamberg . Retrieved August 2, 2013.