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Serbung from the island of Madura . In the Tropenmuseum , Amsterdam, before 1930

Bumbung ( Indonesian ), also gong bumbung, gong bumbu, gumbang, serbung, bomberdom, is a wind instrument in Indonesia , which consists of a large bamboo tube, closed at the bottom, into which is blown through a thinner bamboo tube that is dipped to different depths. The maximum of three tones, generated according to the principle of the upholstered pipe , replace the hump- back gongs used in the large court orchestras ( gamelan ) for rhythmization in some small ensembles, mainly consisting of bamboo instruments . That is why Jaap Kunst (1942) introduced the English term blown gong ("blown gong") for the instrument .

Another "blown gong", gong tiup or gong sebul , consists of a long bamboo tube, the end of which is blown into. This tube produces varied sounds like the didgeridoo .

Origin and Distribution

Bamboo musical instruments come in myriad forms across Southeast Asia. They were already used by the Proto-Malayans, the first Austronesian- speaking immigrants, who came in several waves of immigration in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. Came to the Malay Islands from the Asian mainland . The very old wind instruments, plucked instruments and idiophones made of bamboo include the widespread nasal flutes, for which the words tulani and tulali were reconstructed in the original Proto-Austronesian language , frame jaws (today genggong and many regional names), bamboo tubular zithers that struck ( guntang ) or plucked ( kolitong ), pounding tubes, hammer forks (outside the region also called toka in northeast India), bamboo xylophones and tuned bamboo rattles angklung . Probably the most common type of wind instrument in Indonesia today is the longitudinally blown tape flute made of bamboo ( suling ). In contrast, single -reed instruments with cylindrical bamboo tubes are very rare ( puwi-puwi ).

Bamboo is universally available in the region and can be processed into musical instruments with little technical effort. Occasionally, bamboo instruments for village ensembles are a substitute for expensive and rare bronze gongs. In the north Sulawesi province , the ensemble formation musik bambu clarinet consists of bamboo wind instruments that imitate a full brass orchestra, and in the north of the Philippines the tubular bamboo zither kolitong is played in entertainment ensembles in the same way as the flat gongs gangsa used only in ceremonies . Replica instruments made of bamboo are also used for practice purposes instead of their role models. Bamboo xylophones are likely to have been early forerunners of metallophones , for example one form of the old Javanese bamboo xylophone calung corresponds to today's gangsa gantung with hanging bronze striking plates . The amplifier for sound vertically below each impact plate of metallophone gender suspended bamboos hot Bumbung .

An unusual construction of a (museum) wind instrument among the Dayak in Borneo , which Curt Sachs (1923) cites as an example of the possibly coincidental invention of the split flute, consisted of a 50 centimeter long bamboo tube lying on the floor with a cutting edge notched in the rear. This bamboo pipe was supplied with air through a 2.3 meter long, thinner bamboo tube, which was attached at an angle to a stake stuck in the ground for the standing wind player. The Dayak called the instrument used as a pigeon- block pipe bumbun . Similar flutes with the same function have come down from western Borneo ( bikut ) and the Malay Peninsula ( bulu decot ).

Design and style of play

Gong bumbung from Banyumas, Java. The inner blowpipe is missing. Tropical Museum, Amsterdam, before 1936

A bumbung consists of a thick bamboo tube that is open at the top and closed at the bottom by an internode . A typical pipe is 110 centimeters long with a diameter of about 15 centimeters. The tube, which is just as long and pushed in, has a diameter of about 4 centimeters and is open at both ends. The player blows into the small tube with tense, vibrating lips to set the airflow in the tube vibrating. Sometimes it produces a hum at the same time. If the thin tube is only pushed a little into the thicker tube, a deep, dull tone is produced; if it is almost completely pushed in, a higher tone is produced. The fifth and octave can be heard more or less clearly above the deep root note . The term "blown gong" refers to the function of the instrument in the ensemble, but also partially describes the type of sound generation in which the blown, periodically interrupted air flow sets the idiophonic tube in vibration. Jaap Kunst (1949/1973) classifies the "blown gongs" with the wind instruments and mentions Curt Sachs' (1929) wrongly categorizing it as an "inner hammer tube ". Sibyl Marcuse (1964) summarizes Jaap Kunst's description and describes the instrument as “flute” for short. In New The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001) which is Bumbung as " vessel Flute " ( vessel flute addressed).

The most common name in Java is bumbung , which in this context generally means "bamboo cane". Gamelan bumbung is an ensemble consisting only of bamboo idiophones in the East Javanese administrative district of Kediri and joged bumbung is the name of an entertainment dance in Bali that is accompanied by a gamelan with different bamboo instruments. Other terms in Java are gong bumbung or gong bumbu ("bamboo gong ") and gumbang, the latter is also understood in the Moluccas . Serbung is the name of the wind instrument on the island of Madura and in East Java .

The "blown gong" is not one of the usual instruments of gamelan , but is used in smaller ensembles for different occasions. Java play in ritual dances with hobby horses ( kuda lumping "horse leather", or kuda Kepang , "[bamboo] braided horse") in the accompanying ensembles either not to gamelan belonging selompret (wooden double reed), angklung (bamboo rattles) terbang (large frame drum ) and dogdog (tubular drums) or the gamelan instruments kendang (barrel drum instead of the dogdog ), saron (metallophone), bende (individual hanging humpback gongs) together with gong bumbung .

In the Sunda region of West Java , where an independent musical tradition is maintained, the Sundanese name of the wind instrument is goong awi . At the beginning of the 20th century, the gamelan lilingong accompanied the shadow play of the same name ( wayang kulit ) in a municipality in the western Javanese administrative district of Cianjur . It consisted of two xylophones gambang kayu , the barrel drum kendang and goong awi; In another place, the spiked fiddle rebab was added to this formation . In the administrative region of Garut, the small tarawangsa ensemble, named after the two-stringed bowed box- neck lute tarawangsa , can be supplemented with goong awi , individual horizontal humpback gongs ketuk and a barrel drum.

In some ensembles, the wind instrument serves as a replacement for the large individual hanging gongs, which, like the gong ageng, mark musical units. In flute ensembles it produces rhythmic bass tones, such as the instrument called bomberdom on Flores . In an ensemble there, several bamboo transverse flutes ( suling , named like the longitudinal flutes in general) play the melody and two bomberdoms provide the rhythmic emphasis, which is divided by two drums. Jaap Kunst gives the name bomberdom specifically for the Lio area on Flores and the name bambu mese for the Manggarai administrative district in the west of the island.

The "blown gong" is also one of the flute ensembles on the island of Ambon , where the outer tube is often made of sheet zinc. In the administrative district of Banyumas in Central Java, a particularly long, slim calabash can be used instead of this tube . In the style typical of Banyumas, a special form of the bamboo rattle angklung , called angklung buncis , with the barrel drum kendang and gong bumbung play interlocking, rhythmic patterns.

In East Java, the bumbung (or gumbang ) are used in simple village bamboo ensembles, which include the gamelan jemblung and gamelan calung . The gamelan jemblung is not with the Islamic narrative tradition jemblung to be confused, in which the singer only on the frame drum Rebana is accompanied. It consists of a gong suwukan (large hanging humpback gong), kempul (hanging humpback gong), kenong (single high humpback gong mounted horizontally on a wooden frame), ketuk (similar to kenong ), saron (metallophone), demung ( metallophone similar to saron ) , kendang (barrel drum) and bumbung . The Sundanese gamelan calung combines three calung (portable bamboo xylophones or bamboo xylophones positioned horizontally on a rack), as well as other xylophones made of bamboo tubes, barrel drums and bumbung .

The serbung or bumbung of Madura belongs to the ensembles bak beng and jombang . In the Madurese villages, the bak beng ensemble , which is made up primarily of tubular bamboo zithers and bamboo pegs and serbung, imitates the musical style of the kenong telo ensemble. Bak beng is a bamboo tube zither almost 1.5 meters long with four idiochord strings. Name derives from the popular on Madura kenong-Telo ensemble of humpback Gong is kenong . In the ngik-ngok ensemble, the saronen double reed instrument also functions as a rhythm instrument and substitute for the humpback gong kenong . The jombang ensemble is characterized by sarons . Furthermore, the ensemble galundang, especially played by pigeon fanciers, with the xylophone of the same name (also glundhangan ) as well as bamboo flutes and slit drums imitates the courtly gamelan music of the administrative district of Sumenep in east Maduras, as well as the bluk ensemble with xylophones, wooden slit drums, which is also used and the metallophone sounded .

Gong tiup (Indonesian "blown gong"; from tiup , "air movement, blowing on"), also gong sebul , is a long, thick bamboo tube in Java that is blown directly into (via a thinner blowing pipe ), making sounds like the Australian didgeridoo arise. In the Sunda region these blowpipes are played together with other bamboo instruments such as vessel rattles ( angklung ), jew's harps ( karinding ), flutes ( suling ) and tubular zithers ( gumbeng , see guntang ).

literature

  • Andrew McGraw: Serbian. In: Laurence Libin (Ed.): The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 4, Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2014, p. 470
  • Jaap Art : Music in Java. Its History, its Theory and its Technique . 3rd edition edited by Ernst L. Heins. Volume 1. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1973

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Robert Blust: The Prehistory of the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples: A View from Language. In: Journal of World Prehistory, Vol. 9, No. 4, December 1995, pp. 453-510, here p. 496
  2. ^ Artur Simon : Southeast Asia: Musical Syncretism and Cultural Identity. In: Fontes Artis Musicae, Vol. 57, No. 1, January – March 2010, pp. 23–34, here p. 25
  3. ↑ Pigi Jo Deng Dia - Music Bambu Clarinet. Youtube video
  4. ^ Robert WC Shelford: An Illustrated Catalog of the Ethnographical Collection of the Sarawak Museum (Part I, Musical Instruments). In: Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 40, June 1904, pp. 1–59, here p. 30 and Plate VIII, Figure 10
  5. ^ Curt Sachs: The musical instruments of India and Indonesia - at the same time an introduction to the science of instruments . (Handbooks of the Berlin State Museums) 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Leipzig 1923, reprint: Georg Olms, Hildesheim 1983, p. 150
  6. ↑ Andrew McGraw, 2014, p. 470
  7. ↑ Curt Sachs : Spirit and Becoming the Musical Instruments. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 1929, p. 89
  8. ^ Sibyl Marcuse : Musical Instruments. A Comprehensive Dictionary. Country Life Limited, London 1966, keyword “Gumbang”, p. 221
  9. ^ Simon Cook: Indonesia, IV. East Java. 3. Kasar ensembles. (i) Saronen and reyog. In: New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Volume 12, 2001, p. 332
  10. ↑ Jaap Kunst, 1973, p. 281
  11. ↑ Jaap Kunst, 1973, p. 284
  12. ↑ Jaap Kunst, 1973, p. 382
  13. ↑ Jaap Kunst, 1973, p. 383
  14. ↑ Let's get lost in Flores: Bamboo orchestra in Nola Wonga Art Workshop - Bajawa part 1. Youtube Video (Ensemble on Flores with bamboo flutes , two bomberdoms , a high standing drum made of bamboo and a small, hand-beaten, single-headed cylinder drum)
  15. ^ Jaap Art: Music in Flores. A Study of the Vocal and Instrumental Music Among the Tribes Living in Flores. Brill, Leiden 1942, pp. 132f
  16. ^ Jaap Kunst: Music in Flores, 1942, p. 133
  17. ↑ Palmer Keen: Not Just A Bean: Angklung Buncis in Banyumas . auralarchipelago.com, November 10, 2016
  18. ↑ Jaap Kunst, 1973, p. 240
  19. ↑ See the CD: Jemblung and related traditions of Java. Ethnic Series (PAN 2048CD) PAN Records, 1997
  20. ↑ Jaap Kunst, 1973, p. 291
  21. ↑ Jaap Kunst 1973, p. 293
  22. ↑ Ernst Heins, Margaret J. Kartomi, Andrew C. McGraw: Selompret . In: Laurence Libin (Ed.): The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 4, Oxford University Press, Oxford / New York 2014, p. 466
  23. ↑ See Palmer Keen: For the Birds: Wooden Pigeon Gamelan in Madurese East Java. auralarchipelago, April 6, 2017
  24. ↑ Duet Gong Tiup. Youtube video (two bamboo blowpipes gong tiup )
  25. ↑ Karinding Sadulur Ngaroemat Lemboer Kampoeng Tjahaja. YouTube video (two gong tiup several bamboo Maultrommeln Karin ding , a tube Zither gunteng and Sprechgesang)
  26. ↑ Palmer Keen: Gondolio: Central Java's Obscure Angklung Tradition Gets New Life. auralarchipelago, October 26, 2015