Captorhinidae

Captorhinidae
Skeletons of two individuals of Captorhinus aguti from the early Permian of North America. Captorhinus reached a length of approx. 40 cm.
Temporal occurrence
Oberkarbon to Oberperm
300 to 251 million years
Locations
Europe North America Africa China India
Systematics
Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda) Amniotes (Amniota) Sauropsida Eureptiles (Eureptilia) Captorhinidae
Scientific name
Captorhinidae
Case , 1911

The Captorhinidae are a group of extinct, very primitive reptiles that lived in Permian Europe, Africa, China, India and North America. Typical features of these clumsy, lizard-like animals were the honeycomb-like bone sculpture on the surface of the skull bones and the thickened neural arches on the vertebrae . Some species had several rows of relatively pointed teeth on the edge of their jaws, suggesting a vegetarian or hard-shell diet for this species. The species with a single row of teeth on the jaw margins likely ate insects.

Most of the captorhinids were small animals, but Moradisaurus , whose fossil remains were found in Niger , had a skull alone of 42 centimeters.

The geologically oldest representative of the Captorhinids already lived at the end of the Carboniferous . The youngest representatives, including Moradisaurus , die out at the end of the Permian.

Live reconstruction of a Labidosaurus hamatus

Live reconstruction of a labidosaur meachami

Systematics

External system

The captorhinids are assigned to the anapsids in the classical system because of their missing skull windows .

In the modern, cladistic system, they belong as "primitive", skull-windowless representatives of the same clade that also includes the diapsids , i.e. all modern reptiles and birds. This clade is called Eureptilia .

As a result of the fossilization, the skeleton of Labidosaurus hamatus in the Museo di Storia Naturale in Milan is relatively flattened

The following cladogram shows the position of the Captorhinidae within the basal Sauropsiden (Reptilia), Eureptilia according to Laurin and Reisz (1995) and Benton (2005), Parareptilia according to Tsuji and Müller (2009).

Amniota

Synapsida (including mammals )   Reptilia     Parareptilia    †  Mesosauridae      †  Millerettidae      †  Eunotosaurus   Ankyramorpha    †  Lanthanosuchoidea      †  Nyctiphruretus      †  Bolosauridae      †  Procolophonoid      †  Pareiasauria      † " Nycteroleteridae "   Eureptilia   † Captorhinidae      † Thuringothyris      †  Paleothyris      Diapsida  (all today's reptile groups including birds )

Internal system

The genera of the Captorhinidae are u. a. differentiated based on the number and arrangement of the rows of teeth. The following generic list is mainly based on the work of Reisz et al. (2011) and Reisz et al. (2015):

• Family Captorhinidae
  • Captorhinoides ?
  • Eocaptorhinus ?
  • Acrodenta
  • Baeotherates
  • Captorhinus
  • Euconcordia
  • Labidosaurus
  • Opisthodontosaurus
  • Protocaptorhinus
  • Rice zorhinus
  • Rhiodenticulatus
  • Romeria
  • Saurorictus
  • Subfamily Moradisaurinae
    • Captorhinikos
    • Gansurhinus
    • Gecatogomphius
    • Kahneria
    • Labidosaurikos
    • Moradisaurus
    • Rothianiscus
• Captorhinidae, as nomen dubium apply
  • Puercosaurus
  • Riabininus

literature

• Wolfgang Böhme , Martin Sander : Captorhinidae. In: Wilfried Westheide , Reinhard Rieger : Special Zoology. Volume 2: Vertebrates or Skull Animals. Spectrum - Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg et al. 2004, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3 , p. 344.
• Robert L. Carroll : Paleontology and Evolution of the Vertebrates. Thieme, Stuttgart et al. 1993, ISBN 3-13774-401-6 .
• Martin Sander : Reptiles. 220 individual representations (= Haeckel library. Vol. 3). Enke, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-432-26021-0 .

Web links

Commons : Captorhinidae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Palaeos.com Captorhinidae
• Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Captorhinidae ( Memento from February 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Michael SY Lee: Molecules, morphology, and the monophyly of diapsid reptiles. In: Contributions to Zoology. Vol. 70, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1–22, online (HTML version; scanned print version as PDF available at naturalis.nl ).
2. ↑ Michel Laurin, Robert R. Reisz: A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol. 113, No. 12, 1995, pp. 165-223, doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x .
3. ↑ Michael J. Benton : Vertebrate Paleontology. 3. Edition. Blackwell, Malden MA et al. 2005, ISBN 0-632-05637-1 , 455 pp.
4. ↑ Linda A. Tsuji, Johannes Müller: Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade. In: Fossil Record. Vol. 12, No. 1, 2009, pp. 71-81, doi : 10.1002 / mmng.200800011 .
5. ↑ Robert R. Reisz, Jun Liu, Jin-Ling Li, Johannes Müller: A new captorhinid reptile, Gansurhinus qingtoushanensis , gen. Et sp. nov., from the Permian of China. In: Natural Sciences. Vol. 98, No. 5, 2011, pp. 435-441, doi : 10.1007 / s00114-011-0793-0 , PMID 21484260 .
6. ^ Robert R. Reisz, Aaron RH LeBlanc, Christian A. Sidor, Diane Scott, William May: A new captorhinid reptile from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma showing remarkable dental and mandibular convergence with microsaurian tetrapods. In: The Science of Nature. Vol. 102, No. 9-10, Art. 50, doi : 10.1007 / s00114-015-1299-y (alternative full text access: ResearchGate ).
7. ^ Nor-Eddine Jalil, Jean-Michel Dutuit: Permian captorhinid reptiles from the Argana formation, Morocco. In: Palaeontology. Vol. 39, No. 4, 1996, pp. 907-918, PDF (2.9 MB).
8. ↑ ^{a b} The Paleobiology Database: Moradisaurinae