Caulobacteraceae
| Caulobacteraceae | ||||||||||||
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Caulobacter crescentus |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Caulobacteraceae | ||||||||||||
| Henrici & Johnson 1935 | ||||||||||||
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The Caulobacteraceae are a family within the Alphaproteobacteria and the only member of the order Caulobacterales . All representatives are aerobic , so they need free oxygen for metabolism and are chemoorganotrophic . They occur in oligotrophic waters.
Dimorphic life cycle
The cells of some species of the genera Asticcacaulis , Caulobacter and Brevundimonas have prostheses (Prosthecae), which are long protuberances of the cell, consisting of the cell wall outside and the cell membrane- covered cytoplasm inside.
Except for the genus Asticcacaulis , the prostheses serve as stems with which the bacteria can attach themselves to a substrate. A special feature of cell division is found here, which has been investigated particularly intensively in Caulobacter : A stemmed cell divides transversely into an elongated daughter cell without a stem. This daughter cell, which is located opposite the stalk, forms a flagella at the free end, which allows it to move freely swimming after cell division and separation from the mother cell. That is why one speaks of swarming cells. The swarming cell remains actively mobile for a while until it in turn forms a stalk again and attaches itself to a substrate, i.e. becomes sessile. This dimorphic life cycle also occurs in the genus Planctomyces .
The ecological advantage of this dimorphism is that on the one hand the bacteria can live sessile and thus nutrients are constantly brought in and metabolic products are carried away in a flowing medium, but on the other hand, spreading is possible through the swarmers.
The cells of the genera Asticcacaulis also have prostheses, but the cells do not adhere to the substrate with their appendages. In this genus, the adhesive organ is located directly at the pole of the cell. The species Asticcacaulis biprosthecum has two prostheses.
The prostheses can also be used for food intake by increasing the cell surface area. A large surface volume bacteria improves the ability to absorb nutrients and release metabolic end products that are no longer used.
Brief description of some genera
In the case of the genera Caulobacter , Asticcacaulis and Brevundimonas , the Entner-Doudoroff pathway was detected in the laboratory as an energy source in the presence of glucose .
- Caulobacter : More or less rod-shaped, pedicled cells with a size in the range of 0.4-0.6 × 1-2 µm.
- Asticcacaulis : The cells are rod-shaped and endowed with prostheses. The cell size is within 0.5 - 0.7 × 1 - 3 µm.
- Brevundimonas : Some species are also endangered. The cells are approx. 0.4 - 0.5 × 1 - 2 µm in size and rod-shaped.
- Phenylobacterium : The cells are rod-shaped or coccoid . The cell size is in the range of 0.7 - 1.0 × 1.0 - 2.0 µm. There are no flagella or flagella, the cells are immobile.
Systematics
The Caulobacteraceae family is the only member of the order Caulobacterales. The Caulobacterales are the type order of the Alphaproteobacteria . With a few exceptions, the Caulobacterales describe a phylogenetically clearly demarcated line. The type genus, both of the order Caulobacterales and the family Caulobacteraceae, is Caulobacter and was described as early as 1935 with the type species Caulobacter vibriodes .
New findings in phylogeny as the basis of bacterial taxonomy resulted in enormous changes in the bacteria domain. Although the order Caulobacterales is well delimited from other orders in the Alphaproteobacteria, incorrect assignments have not yet been eliminated. The species of the genera Caulobacter and Asticcacaulis are divided into the two orders Caulobacterales and Sphingomonadales . In addition, one species each of the genera Streptomyces and Mycoplana have not yet been transferred accordingly to a genus of Caulobacterales (probably Brevundimonas ). Therefore, despite good data, the order Caulobacterales cannot be described as monophyletic , but only as paraphyletic and polyphyletic .
Some genera and species in this family:
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Asticcacaulis
Poindexter 1964
- A. benevestitus Vasilyeva et al. 2006
- A. biprosthecium Pate et al. 1973
- A. endophyticus Zhu et al. 2014
- A. excentricus Poindexter 1964
- A. solisilvae Kim et al. 2013
- A. taihuensis Liu et al. 2005
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Brevundimonas Segers, et al. 1994 emend. Abraham et al. 1999
- B. abyssalis Tsubouchi et al. 2013
- B. alba Poindexter 1964
- B. albigilva Pham et al. 2016
- B. aurantiaca (ex Poindexter 1964) Abraham et al. 1999
- B. aveniformis Ryu et al. 2007
- B. bacteroides Poindexter 1964 (Approved Lists 1980)
- B. basaltis Choi et al.
- B. bullata (Gray and Thornton 1928) Kang et al. 2009
- B. denitrificans Tsubouchi et al. 2014
- B. diminuta (Leifson and Hugh 1954) Segers et al., 1994
- B. faecalis Scotta et al. 2012
- B. halotolerans Abraham et al. 2010
- B. humi Dahal and Kim 2018
- B. intermedia (Poindexter 1964) Abraham et al. 1999
- B. kwangchunensis Yoon et al. 2006
- B. Lenta Yoon et al. 2007
- B. mediterranea Fritz et al. 2005
- B. naejangsanensis Kang et al. 2009
- B. Nasdae Li et al. 2004
- B. poindexterae Abraham et al. 2010
- B. staleyi Abraham et al. 2010
- B. subvibrioides (Poindexter 1964) Abraham et al. 1999
- B. terrae Yoon et al. 2006
- B. vancanneytii Estrela and Abraham 2010
- B. variabilis (Poindexter 1989) Abraham et al. 1999
- B. vesicularis (Büsing et al. 1953) Segers et al. 1994
- B. viscosa Wang et al. 2012
-
Caulobacter Henrici and Johnson 1935
- C. daechungensis Jin et al. 2013
- C. flavus Sun et al. 2015
- C. fusiformis Poindexter. 1964
- C. ginsengisoli Liu et al. 2011
- C. henricii Poindexter 1964
- C. hibisci Moya et al. 2017
- C. mirabilis Abraham et al. 2008
- C. profundus Jin et al. 2014
- C. rhizosphaerae Sun et al. 2017
- C. segnis (Urakami et al. 1990) Abraham et al. 1999
- C. vibrioides Henrici and Johnson 1935
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Phenylobacterium Lingens et al. 1985
- P. aquaticum Jo et al. 2016
- P. composti Weon et al. 2008
- P. conjunctum Abraham et al. 2008
- P. deserti Khan et al. 2017
- P. falsum Tiago et al. 2005
- P. haematophilum Abraham et al. 2008
- P. hankyongense Choi et al. 2018
- P. immobile Lingens et al. 1985
- P. koreense Aslam et al. 2005
- P. kunshanense Chu et al. 2015
- P. lituiforme Kanso and Patel 2004
- P. muchangponense Oh and Roh 2012
- P. panacis Farh et al. 2016
swell
- ↑ Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David A. Stahl, David P. Clark: Brock Microbiology , 13th Edition. Pearson, Munich a. a. O. 2013, ISBN 978-3-86894-144-9 .
- ^ A b c A. T. Henrici, DE Johnson: Studies of Freshwater Bacteria. II. Stalked Bacteria, a New Order of Schizomycetes . In: Journal of Bacteriology . tape 30 , no. 1 , 1935, ISSN 0021-9193 , pp. 61-93 , PMID 16559821 , PMC 543637 (free full text).
- ↑ George M. Garrity, Julia A. Bell, Timothy Lilburn: Class I. Alphaproteobacteria class. nov. In: Don J. Brenner, Noel R. Krieg, James T. Staley (Eds.): Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd Edition. tape 2 : The Proteobacteria. Part C The Alpha-, Beta, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria . Springer US, Boston, MA 2005, ISBN 0-387-24145-0 , pp. 1-574 , doi : 10.1007 / 0-387-29298-5_1 .
- ↑ CR Woese, E. Stackebrandt, TJ Macke, GE Fox: A phylogenetic definition of the major eubacterial taxa . In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology . tape 6 , 1985, ISSN 0723-2020 , pp. 143-151 , PMID 11542017 .
- ↑ KP Williams, BW Sobral, AW Dickerman: A robust species tree for the alphaproteobacteria . In: Journal of Bacteriology . tape 189 , no. 13 , 2007, ISSN 0021-9193 , p. 4578-4586 , doi : 10.1128 / JB.00269-07 , PMID 17483224 , PMC 1913456 (free full text).
- ↑ Analysis with the data set of the Living Tree project (status: LTP95). Pablo Yarza, Michael Richter, Jörg Peplies, Jean Euzeby, Rudolf Amann, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Wolfgang Ludwig, Frank Oliver Glöcknerd, Ramon Rosselló-Móra: The All-Species Living Tree project: a 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree of all sequenced type strains . In: Systematic and Applied Microbiology . tape 31 , no. 4 . Elsevier, September 2008, ISSN 0723-2020 , p. 241-250 , doi : 10.1016 / j.syapm.2008.07.001 , PMID 18692976 .
- ^ Jeanne Stove Poindexter: Biological Properties and Classification of the Caulobacter Group . In: Bacteriological Reviews . tape 28 , no. 3 , September 1964, ISSN 0005-3678 , pp. 231-295 , PMID 14220656 , PMC 441226 (free full text).
- ↑ JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. ( Caulobacteraceae )
literature
- Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Microbiology. 11th edition. Pearson Studium, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1 .
- George M. Garrity : Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . Volume 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria. 2nd Edition. Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 0-387-24145-0 .
