Sphingomonadales

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Sphingomonadales
Systematics
Classification : Creature
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Alphaproteobacteria
Order : Sphingomonadales
Scientific name
Sphingomonadales
Yabuuchi & Kosako 2006

The Sphingomonadales are an order within the Alphaproteobacteria and consist of the families Erythrobacteraceae and Sphingomonadaceae . They are widespread in nature and come e.g. B. in the ground, in sea and fresh water. The name refers to the sphingolipids found in the outer cell membrane .

features

They are gram-negative bacteria. Some are agile with flagella. The cell shape is rod-shaped or egg-shaped. Some species change their cell shape in the course of cultivation, they are pleomorphic .

An important feature is the presence of sphingolipids in the outer membrane of the cell wall. The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) typical of gram-negative bacteria are missing here ; instead, various sphingolipids are contained. The sphingolipids appear to replace the LPS and have similar functions, e.g. B. Protection against harmful substances, u. a. also against bactericides . Sphingolipids have only been found in a few groups of prokaryotes , but are often found in eukaryotes , especially in mammals in the nervous tissue. Other groups of bacteria in which sphingolipids have been detected are bacteroids (e.g. Bacteroides and Sphingobacterium ) and mycoplasma of the gram-positive Firmicutes . These are phylogenetically widely separated groups, which means that the occurrence of lipids is useful for taxonomic classification. The sphingolipids of the Sphingomonadales are the glycosphingolipid galacturonosyl ceramide (e.g. in Sphingopyxism terrae ) and the glucuronosyl ceramide (e.g. in various species of the genera Erythrobacter and Sphingomonas ).

metabolism

All known representatives of the order Sphingomonadales are aerobic and chemoorganotrophic . The only exception is the optional anaerobic ethanol fermentation Zymomonas mobilis , which is used for the production of the fermentation drink pulque . Some species of the genera Erythrobacter , Erythromicrobium , Porphyrobacter and Sandaracinobacter as well as some species of the genus Sphingomonas have chlorophyll a and are therefore facultative photoorganotroph (energy production through photosynthesis ).

Use by humans

Some species are able to use various substances that are toxic to other organisms in their metabolism. For example, the type Novosphingobium naphthalenivorans the polluting Kohlenstoffaromat naphthalene use in metabolism as the sole carbon source. This ability makes some species interesting for use in soil remediation. Species such as Sphingomonas paucimobilis are also used in the food industry to produce the food additive gellan . The gellan produced by Sphingomonas paucimobilis can also be used in microbiology as a substitute for agar in the cultivation of bacterial strains .

Systematics

The order Sphingomonadales describes a phylogenetically clearly demarcated line within the Alphaproteobacteria and consists of the families Sphingomonadaceae and Erythrobacteraceae . The type genus Sphingomonas was initially described on the basis of phylogenetic analysis with five species, whereby their own type species Sphingomonas paucimobilis was previously named " Pseudomonas paucimobilis ". When naming the order, the earlier description of the genus Zymomonas and the genus Erythrobacter was not taken into account.

New findings in phylogeny as the basis of the bacterial taxonomy resulted in enormous changes in the bacteria domain. In the course of this reorganization, the very broad genus Sphingomonas later emerged . Some species have been transferred from other genera, for example Flavobacterium ( Bacteroidetes ), Pseudomonas ( Gammaproteobacteria ). On the other hand, some more precisely defined genera had been described both before (and after). Although attempts have been made to rearrange the taxonomy in the sense of phylogeny, within the family Sphingomonadaceae no viable basis for the nomenclature has yet been found. This also applies to a lesser extent to the Erythrobacteraceae family.

Outwardly, the order Sphingomonadales is well delimited from other orders in the Alphaproteobacteria, chemotaxonomically and phylogenetically ( 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and analysis of 106 selected protein and rRNA coding DNA sequences). However, since within the family Sphingomonadaceae the genus Asticcacaulis and Caulobacter Leidyi have so far been assigned to the family Caulobacteraceae , the order Sphingomonadales cannot yet be described as monophyletic , despite good data , but only as paraphyletic .

Genera:

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b David L. Balkwill, JK Fredrickson and MF Romine: Sphingomonas and Related Genera In: The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . Volume 7: Proteobacteria: Delta and Epsilon Subclasses. Deeply Rooting Bacteria , ISBN 978-0-387-33493-6
  2. ↑ Ingar Olsen, Erik Jantzen: Sphingolipids in Bacteria and Fungi. In: Anaerobic. 7, 2001, pp. 103-112, doi : 10.1006 / anae.2001.0376 .
  3. ↑ a b Yabuuchi E, Kosako Y (2005) Order IV. Sphingomonadales ord. nov. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria), pp. 230-233. Edited by DJ Brenner, NR Krieg, JT Staley & GM Garrity. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-24145-0 . Bergey's Manual Trust
  4. ↑ Saori Suzuki and Akira Hiraishi: Novosphingobium naphthalenivorans sp. nov., a naphthalene-degrading bacterium isolated from polychlorinated-dioxin-contaminated environments In: The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology , Vol. 53, pp.221–228 (2007) Online  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info : The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.jstage.jst.go.jp  
  5. ↑ R. Hansel and O. Sticher: Pharmakognosie - Phytopharmazie , 8th, revised and updated edition, ISBN 3-540-26508-2
  6. ↑ Kosako Y, Yabuuchi E, Naka T, Fujiwara N, Kobayashi K (2000) Proposal of Sphingomonadaceae fam. nov., consisting of Sphingomonas Yabuuchi et al. 1990, Erythrobacter Shiba and Shimidu 1982, Erythromicrobium Yurkov et al. 1994, Porphyrobacter Fuerst et al. 1993, Zymomonas Kluyver and van Niel 1936, and Sandaracinobacter Yurkov et al. 1997, with the type genus Sphingomonas Yabuuchi et al. 1990. Microbiol Immunol. 44: 563-75. PMID 10981829
  7. ↑ a b Lee KB, Liu CT, Anzai Y, Kim H, Aono T, Oyaizu H (2005) The hierarchical system of the 'Alphaproteobacteria': description of Hyphomonadaceae fam. nov., Xanthobacteraceae fam. nov. and Erythrobacteraceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 55: 1907-19. PMID 16166687
  8. ↑ Yabuuchi E, Yano I, Oyaizu H, Hashimoto Y, Ezaki T, Yamamoto H (1990) Proposals of Sphingomonas paucimobilis gen. Nov. and comb. nov., Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis sp. nov., Sphingomonas yanoikuyae sp. nov., Sphingomonas adhaesiva sp. nov., Sphingomonas capsulata comb. nov., and two genospecies of the genus Sphingomonas . Microbiol Immunol. 34: 99-119. PMID 2111872
  9. ↑ Holmes B, Owen RJ, Evans A, Malnick H, Willcox WR (1977) Pseudomonas paucimobilis , a new species isolated from human clinical specimens, the hospital environment, and other sources. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 27: 133-146. online  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / ijs.sgmjournals.org  
  10. ↑ Kluyver AJ, Van Niel CB (1936) Prospects for a natural system of classification of bacteria. Central sheet for bacteriology, parasite science, infectious diseases and hygiene. Division II. 94: 369-403.
  11. ↑ Shiba T and Simidu U (1982) Erythrobacter longus gen. Nov., Sp. nov., an aerobic bacterium which contains bacteriochlorophyll a. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1982, 32, 211-217. Online  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / ijs.sgmjournals.org  
  12. ^ Woese CR, Stackebrandt E, Macke TJ, Fox GE (1985) A phylogenetic definition of the major eubacterial taxa. Syst Appl Microbiol. 6: 143-51. PMID 11542017
  13. ↑ a b c Euzéby JP. List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Order Sphingomonadales ( Memento of the original from May 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Status: January 13, 2013. Details (summarized on this website) can be viewed in the links for the individual genera and species, as can the original literature used @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bacterio.cict.fr
  14. ↑ Takeuchi M, Hamana K, Hiraishi A (2001) Proposal of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto and three new genera, Sphingobium , Novosphingobium and Sphingopyxis , on the basis of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyzes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 51: 1405-17. PMID 11491340
  15. ↑ Yabuuchi E, Kosako Y, Fujiwara N, Naka T, Matsunaga I, Ogura H, Kobayashi K (2002) Emendation of the genus Sphingomonas Yabuuchi et al. 1990 and junior objective synonymy of the species of three genera, Sphingobium , Novosphingobium and Sphingopyxis , in conjunction with Blastomonas ursincola . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 52: 1485-96. PMID 12361250
  16. ^ Williams KP, Sobral BW, Dickerman AW (2007) A robust species tree for the alphaproteobacteria. J Bacteriol. 189: 4578-86. PMID 17483224 .
  17. ↑ Analysis with the data set of the Living Tree project (status: LTP95). Yarza P, Richter M, Peplies J, Euzeby J, Amann R, Schleifer KH, Ludwig W, Glöckner FO, and Rossello-Mora R (2008) The All-Species Living Tree project: A 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree of all sequenced type strains. Syst Appl Microbiol 31: 241-250. PMID 18692976

literature

  • Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (Eds.) The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . Volume 7: Proteobacteria: Delta and Epsilon Subclasses. Deeply Rooting Bacteria ISBN 978-0-387-33493-6
  • George M. Garrity: Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology . 2nd Edition. Springer, New York, 2005, Vol. 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria ISBN 0-387-24145-0
  • Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Microbiology . 11th edition. Pearson Studium, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1
  • Walter Reineke, Michael Schlömann: Environmental Microbiology. 1st edition, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich, 2007 ISBN 3-8274-1346-X

Web links

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