Sphingomonadaceae

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Sphingomonadaceae
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Alphaproteobacteria
Order : Sphingomonadales
Family : Sphingomonadaceae
Scientific name
Sphingomonadaceae
Kosako et al. 2000

The Sphingomonadaceae form a family within the Alphaproteobacteria . The bacteria come freely in nature, e.g. B. in the ground, marine or fresh water. An important feature is the presence of sphingolipids within the outer membrane of the cell walls. Sphingolipids can only be found in a few groups of bacteria (e.g. in the sphingobacteria ), but they are widespread among the eukaryotes. They are important building blocks of the cell membrane, especially in mammalian nerve tissue. Sphingomonadaceae are also known for their ability to break down many different, sometimes toxic, aromas . This ability makes these bacteria interesting for soil remediation .

features

The representatives are rod-shaped or egg-shaped. Some are pleomorphic , i.e. H. the cells change shape over time or depending on environmental conditions. Sphingomonadaceae do not form spores (asporogenic) and are gram-negative bacteria. Some species are motile with the help of flagella , so the species Sphingomonas adhaesiva is polar monotrich flagellated. Zymomonas is usually not flagellated, but cells with one to four polar flagella can also be found. With the exception of Zymomonas , all species are obligatorily aerobic , they are unable to live without oxygen. Zymomonas, on the other hand, is facultatively anaerobic to microaerophilic, growth is possible in environments with low amounts of oxygen or under completely anoxygenic conditions.

metabolism

Except for Zymomonas , the metabolism is oxidative (respiration). Zymomonas, on the other hand, ferments sugar ( glucose ) to alcohol ( ethanol ), so the metabolic pathway is fermentation (fermentation). The only kind of Zymomonas mobilis is used for the alcoholic fermentation of the juice of the agave species Agave americana . The pathway of sugar is not, as for example in the used for beer brewing yeasts the glycolysis , but the Entner-Doudoroff pathway . In many species of the Sphinomonadaceae, different aromatics, such as B. anthracene , serve as the sole source of carbon and energy.

Many species are capable of oxidative photosynthesis . They have bacteriochlorophyll a and can use photosynthesis as a supplementary metabolic pathway; photosynthesis is not absolutely necessary for growth and cannot be used as the sole metabolic pathway (photoorganotroph). These include, for example, Sandaracinobacter sibiricus , Sphingomonas ursincola and Sphingomonas natatoria (currently assigned to Blastomonas natatoria ). Also in the phylogenetically related, belonging to the same order family Erythrobacteraceae are photoorganotrophic species such. B. Erythrobacter , Erythromicrobium and Porphyrobacter present.

ecology

Sphingomonadaceae are widespread in the environment, which u. a. due to their ability to utilize a wide range of carbon sources. Many representatives of the Sphingomonadaceae were found in nutrient-poor environments, such as B. found in sea water. Some species seem to play an important role in the nutrient cycle and biomass production in oligotrophic seawater.

Species are also present in nutrient-rich environments, Sphingomonas , Sphingobium and Novosphingobium have been isolated from plant roots. Species were also found in blood samples. Since they are able to use various aromatics, which are also toxic to other organisms, as a carbon source, they are also found relatively frequently in polluted environments. So was z. B. Sphingobium chlorophenolicum from a soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol , Sphingopyxis isolated from an activated sludge .

Sphingolipids

In some species, the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) typical of Gram-negative bacteria are missing in the outer membranes of the cell walls . Instead, certain sphingolipids, more precisely various glycosphingolipids , are present. The glycosphingolipids replace the LPS and probably have the same functions. The glycosphingolipid glucuronosyl ceramide comes e.g. B. in the cell walls of Sphingomonas and Zymomonas and is a key element in classifying the genus. Galacturonosyl ceramide has also been detected in various species of Sphingomonas , e.g. B. with Sphingopyxism terrae (synonym for Sphingomonas terrae , Sphingomonas wittichii and Sphingomonas yanoikuyae ). Glycosphingolipids were also found in the phylogenetically closely related species of Erythrobacter , Erythromicrobium and Porphyrobacter , which are in the same order . In addition to the order Sphingomonadales, sphingolipids have also been detected in the bacterial genera Flectobacillus , Mycoplasma , Fusobacterium , Bacteroides and Flavobacterium . These are phylogenetically distant groups, and sphingolipids have even been found in individual types of fungus. Due to the rare occurrence of bacteria and fungi and the phylogenetically widely dispersed location of the individual species, the occurrence of sphingolipids is interesting for taxonomy.

use

The Sphingomonadaceae, especially many species of the genus Sphingomonas, are able to use many different aromatic compounds as the sole source of carbon and energy. This ability is, for example, a way of detoxifying contaminated soils (soil remediation).

Poisonous polychlorinated biphenyls can e.g. B. be degraded by the species Sphingomonas chlorophenolica and Sphingomonas paucimobilis . Sphingomonas paucimobilis is still able to break down phenanthrene , fluoranthene and various pesticides (e.g. lindane ). The recently described species Novosphingobium naphthalenivorans is able to break down the environmentally harmful and health-endangering naphthalene . Furthermore, some types of Sphingopyxism , such as S. macrogoltabida or S. terrae (also known as Sphingomonas terrae ), can break down polyethylene glycol (PEG), a u. a. Polyether used as a binder or plasticizer can be used.

Species of the Sphingomonadaceae are also used in cosmetics and the food industry. Sphingomonas paucimobilis is z. B. for the production of gellan , often referred to as sphingan in this context, used. Gellan serves u. a. as a gelling agent for jams. In microbiology it can be used as an agar substitute for cultivating strains.

infection

Although Sphingomonas are found everywhere in nature and in sewage, infections are rare. Most immunocompromised patients are infected in the hospital. Most often, Sphingomonas paucimobilis triggers infections such as pneumonia , meningitis , catheter-associated sepsis or wound infections .

Systematics

Some genera of this family are:

The genus Sphingomonas , the type genus of the family Sphingomonadaceae, was created by rearrangements within the genus Pseudomonas . The classification is partly under discussion, it has been suggested that by elimination of species of the genus Sphingomonas introduced genera Sphingobium , Novosphingobium and Sphingopyxis back to the original genus Spingomonas due.

literature

  • Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Microbiology . 11th edition. Pearson Studium, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1
  • George M. Garrity: Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology . 2nd Edition. Springer, New York, 2005, Vol. 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria . ISBN 0-387-24145-0
  • Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (Eds.): The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . Volume 7: Proteobacteria: Delta and Epsilon Subclasses. Deeply Rooting Bacteria ISBN 978-0-387-33493-6
  • Kyung-Bum Lee, Chi-Te Liu, Yojiro Anzai, Hongik Kim, Toshihiro Aono, Hiroshi Oyaizu: The hierarchical system of the 'Alphaproteobacteria': description of Hyphomonadaceae fam. nov., Xanthobacteraceae fam. nov. And Erythrobacteraceae fam. nov. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology , Volume 55, 2005, pp. 1907-1919 ijs.sgmjournals.org

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e David L. Balkwill, JK Fredrickson, MF Romine: Sphingomonas and Related Genera In: The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . Volume 7: Proteobacteria: Delta and Epsilon Subclasses. Deeply Rooting Bacteria ISBN 978-0-387-33493-6
  2. ↑ a b c d Eiko Yabuuchi and Yoshimasa Kosako: Order IV. Sphingomonadales . In: George M. Garrity: Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology . 2nd Edition. Springer, New York, 2005, Vol. 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria ISBN 0-387-24145-0
  3. ↑ Ingar Olsen, Erik Jantzen: Sphingolipids in Bacteria and Fungi. Anaerobic. Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2001, pp. 103-112, doi : 10.1006 / anae.2001.0376 .
  4. ↑ Saori Suzuki, Akira Hiraishi: Novosphingobium naphthalenivorans sp. nov., a naphthalene-degrading bacterium isolated from polychlorinated-dioxin-contaminated environments , The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, Vol. 53, pp. 221–228 (2007) Online  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.jstage.jst.go.jp  
  5. ↑ Alexander Steinbüchel: Microbiological internship . Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 3-540-44383-5
  6. ↑ R. Hansel, O. Sticher: Pharmakognosie - Phytopharmazie . 8th, revised and updated edition. ISBN 3-540-26508-2
  7. ↑ Shyamasree Nandy, Mridu Dudeja, Ayan Kumar Das, Rachna Tiwari: Community Acquired Bacteremia by Sphingomonas paucimobilis: Two Rare Case Reports . In: Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR . tape 7 , no. 12 , 2013, ISSN  2249-782X , p. 2947–2949 , doi : 10.7860 / JCDR / 2013 / 6459.3802 , PMID 24551684 , PMC 3919369 (free full text).
  8. ↑ Hae Suk Cheong, Yu Mi Wi, Soo Youn Moon, Cheol-In Kang, Jun Seong Son: Clinical features and treatment outcomes of infections caused by Sphingomonas paucimobilis . In: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology . tape 29 , no. 10 , 2008, ISSN  1559-6834 , p. 990-992 , doi : 10.1086 / 591091 , PMID 18808348 .
  9. ↑ Systematics according to JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ( Memento of the original of March 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (As of December 28, 2017) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bacterio.cict.fr
  10. ↑ M. Takeuchi, K. Hamana, A. Hiraishi: Proposal of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto and three new genera, Sphingobium, Novosphingobium and Sphingopyxis, on the basis of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyzes . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology , 51, 2002, pp. 1405–1417 ijs.sgmjournals.org ( Memento of the original of July 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ijs.sgmjournals.org
  11. ↑ E. Yabuuchi, Y. Kosako, N. Fujiwara, T. Naka, I. Matsunaga, H. Ogura, K. Kobayashi: Emendation of the genus Sphingomonas Yabuuchi et al. 1990 and junior objective synonymy of the species of three genera, Sphingobium, Novosphingobium and Sphingopyxis, in conjunction with Blastomonas ursincola. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology , 52, 2002, pp. 1485-1496, PMID 12361250