Charwār

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Charwār ( Persian خروار, DMG ḫarvār , 'donkey load') or Chalwār (خلوار, DMG Halvar ) in European representations also Karwar , Kalwar , Kalvar or Halwar called, is a measure of weight in Iran and Afghanistan , which is similar to the Arab HIML and the Turkish Yük based on the load that a Saumtier can be charged. Before the introduction of the metric system, it was also used in Azerbaijan . In general, the charwār was determined according to the weight of the man or the Batman , which varied regionally. In some areas the charwār was also used as a measure of area.

As a measure of weight

Adud ad-Daula sat in Buyidenreich the Charwār to 120 man firmly. When Ghazan Chān standardized the weight system around 1300, he estimated the seam load (called taġār as grain measure ) at 100 men. According to Walther Hinz , this corresponds to 83.3 kg. The ratio of 1 Charwār = 100 men got a dominant position in Persia from the middle of the 14th century. It was different in Kandahar , where in the 16th century 1 Charwār = 40 local men = 10 Indian men.

In Iran, the 100-man-e Dīwān charwār was in common use in the early 19th century. In Tabriz there were two charwār weights, the large charwār weighing 464.2 kg and the small charwār weighing 436.3 kg. In Talysh Khanate , where it was traded for this measure rice, was one Chalwar = 100 = 1000 Batman Russian pound = 25 Pud = 409.512 kg.

In his pocket book for merchants from 1861, Louis Rothschild names the following dimensional chain for Persia: 1 Charwār = 100 Tehran Batman or little man = 400 Sihrs = 6400 Mithqāl . The weight book by Christian Noback and Friedrich Eduard Noback from 1858 still knows different values ​​for the relationship between Charwār and the various regional man types: 1 Charwār = 25 men-e Rey = 100 men-e Tabriz = 50 men-e Isfahan ( = Man-e Shah) = 25 man-e Rescht.

In connection with the signing of the 1903 Customs Agreement, the weight of the charwār in Iran was set at 294.8 kg. In the course of adapting to the metric system, a law made Charwār on May 31, 1926, the name for a weight of 300 kilograms .

As area measure

According to Ernst Behm , the charwār was also used as a measure of area in the 19th century. He gives the following values:

  • in Azerbaijan 1 Charwār = 100 Batman = 1.56123 hectares
  • in Iraq 1 Charwār = 100 Batman = 1.42253 hectares.

literature

  • Willem Floor: "Weights and Measures in Qajar Iran" in Studia Iranica 37 (2008) 57-114. Here pp. 88–91.
  • Walther Hinz : Islamic measures and weights: converted into the metric system. EJ Brill, Leiden / Cologne 1970. pp. 14f.
  • Wolfgang Trapp : Small manual of the dimensions, numbers, weights and the time calculation. Bechtermünz Verlag, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-249-6 , p. 224.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Hinz: Islamic Measures and Weights . 1970, p. 14.
  2. ↑ Hinz: Islamic Measures and Weights . 1970, p. 15.
  3. ^ Floor: "Weights and Measures in Qajar Iran". 2008, p. 88.
  4. ^ Johann Friedrich Krüger : Complete manual of the coins, measures and weights of all countries in the world. Gottfried Basse, Quedlinburg / Leipzig 1830, p. 132f. Digitized
  5. ^ Christian Noback , Friedrich Noback : Complete paperback of the coin, measure and weight ratios, the government papers, the exchange and banking and the customs of all countries and trading places . Volume 2, FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1851, p. 1231. Digitized
  6. ↑ Louis Rothschild: Pocket book for merchants, especially for trainees of the trade: Containing the whole of the commercial science in a compact representation. Verlag Otto Spamer, Leipzig 1865, p. 215. Digitized
  7. ^ Christian Noback , Friedrich Eduard Noback : Coin, Measure and Weight Book. The monetary, measurement and exchange system, the exchange rates, government papers, banks, trading institutions and customs of all states and important places. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1858, S. XLI, 578. Digitized
  8. ^ Floor: "Weights and Measures in Qajar Iran". 2008, p. 62.
  9. ^ Floor: "Weights and Measures in Qajar Iran". 2008, p. 62f.
  10. ↑ Ernst Behm: Geographisches Jahrbuch. Volume 2, Justus Perthes, Gotha 1868, p. XIX. Digitized