Adud ad-Daula

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Medallion with the image of Adud ad-Daulas
Gold coin from the time of Adud ad-Daula. In the Av. Field (left) reads: lā ilāha illā ʼllāh / waḥdahū lā šarīka lahū / al-malik al-ʿadl ("the righteous prince") / šāhānšāh ("the king of kings") / ʿAḍud ad-Daula / wa- Tāǧ al-Milla / Abū Šuǧāʿ; the Av.-transcription reads: bi-ʼsmi ʼllāh ḍuriba hāḏa ʼd-dīnār bi-ʼl-Baṣra sanata iṯnatain wa-sabʿīn wa-ṯalaṯ-miʾa (“In the name of God, this dinar was born in 372 [H. = 982/3 ] beaten at Basra . ”). The Rev. field (right) reads: li-ʼllāh / Muḥammad / rasūl Allāh / ṣallā ʼllāhu / ʿalaihi wa-sallam / aṭ-Ṭāʾiʿ li-ʼllāh ; the Rev. transcription is the so-called risāla , ie verse 33 from Sura 9 of the Koran .

Abū Schudschāʿ Fannā Chosrou Adud ad-Daula ( listen ? / I PersianAudio file / audio sample ابوشجاع فناخسرو عضدالدوله دیلمی, DMG Abū Šuǧāʿ Fannā Ḫosrou ʿAḍud ad-Daula , 'hero father, protection, ruler, support of the empire'; * September 24, 936 in Isfahan ; † March 26, 983 in Baghdad ), better known by his honorary name (laqab) Adud ad-Daula ruled from 949 to 983 and was the most important ruler of the Shiite Buyid dynasty and one of the most powerful Islamic rulers of his time. The Buyids were a ruling family who ruled over areas of Iran and Iraq and were divided into several sub-kingdoms. Above these rulers stood an elder like Adud ad-Daula's father Rukn ad-Daula.

He received his honorary name Adud ad-Daula in 949 from the Abbasid caliph al-Mutīʿ li-ʾllāh in Baghdad, when ad-Daula was named emir of the southern Iranian Fars after his childless uncle Imad ad-Daula . In 974 he came to the aid of his cousin Izz ad-Daula in Iraq, but then himself ousted Izz ad-Daula from his place. His father, however, was upset and reinstated Izz ad-Daula. After the death of his father and an unsuccessful uprising by his cousin Izz ad-Daula, Adud ad-Daula became the sole Buyid ruler and assumed the title of Shahanshah (King of All Kings).

Life

Early life

He was born as Fanna Chosrau as the son of Rukn ad-Daula - brother of Imad ad-Daula and Mu'izz ad-Daula - on September 24, 936 in Isfahan. According to Ibn Isfandiyar , the mother was a noblewoman from the Firuzanid family from Dailam , where the Buyids also came from. But according to the Encyclopædia Iranica , his mother was a Turkish concubine .

Emir of Fars

In 948 Fanna Chosrau was chosen by his uncle Imad ad-Daula to succeed Fars. His uncle died in December 949 without a male heir. This appointment was not recognized by the court in the capital Shiraz , so that shortly after Fanna Chosrau took office, an uprising began against him. His father Rukn ad-Daula came to the rescue and put him on the throne in Shiraz. Fanna Chosrau demanded the honorary name Taj ad-Daula (crown of the state) from the caliph , but this was refused. Instead he was given the name Adud ad-Daula . Since Adud ad-Daula was only 13 years old, he was instructed by his tutor Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid.

Adud ad-Daula's father Rukn ad-Daula claimed the title of overlord of the Buyids for himself, which was recognized by the other Buyid rulers. In 955 the Dailamite officer Ibn Makan Rukn ad-Daula took his seat of power from Isfahan. Adud ad-Daula recaptured the city. A little later, the Dailamite brothers Ruzbahan and Bullaka rebelled against Mu'izz ad-Daula and Adud ad-Daula. But this rebellion was also put down.

In 966, Adud ad-Daula and his uncle Mu'izz ad-Daula jointly waged a military campaign against Oman . A year later, Mu'izz ad-Daula died and he was succeeded by his eldest son Izz ad-Daula as the emir of Iraq. In the same year Adud ad-Daula helped the Ziyarid Bisutun to the throne in eastern Iran against his brother Qaboos. Adud ad-Daula and Bisutun forged an alliance and Bisutun married a daughter of Adud ad-Daula, while the latter in turn married a daughter of Bisutun.

Conquest of Kerman

When the Banu Ilyas, who ruled Kerman , were embroiled in internal disputes, Adud ad-Daula took advantage of this to annex a large part of Kerman. Even his uncle Mu'izz ad-Daula had wanted to conquer Kerman, but lost to the Banu Ilyas. After Kerman's conquest, Adud ad-Daula appointed his son Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris to be the local ruler.

In the next year Adud ad-Daula was able to make peace with the Saffarids , who accepted the supremacy of the Buyids in order to have an ally against the strong Samanids in the east. But a little later Sulaiman rose from the Banu Ilyas against Adud ad-Daula to retake Kerman. Adud ad-Daula defeated him and extended his territory to the Strait of Hormuz . During this campaign in southern Iran, many Iranian tribes converted to Islam and expressed their loyalty to the Buyids. In August / September 971 Adud ad-Daula led a punitive expedition against disloyal Baloch tribes. The Baluch were defeated on January 8, 972. In their place, loyal men were given land to keep the region under control. Adud ad-Daula and his father were able to make peace with the powerful Samanids after paying 150,000 dinars. In the same year, Adud ad-Daula conquered Suhar and thus extended his rule over Oman.

In 974 his cousin Izz ad-Daula was besieged by his own troops in Wasit, Iraq. Adud ad-Daula rushed up and inflicted a heavy defeat on the rebels on January 30, 975. But then he forced Izz ad-Daula to resign on March 12th. His uncle, Rukn ad-Daula, was very upset and insisted on Izz ad-Daula's reinstatement. Adud ad-Daula tried to come to an agreement by paying tribute. But Rukn ad-Daula reinstated Izz ad-Daula as ruler. This would later lead to a war between Adud ad-Daula and Izz ad-Daula.

In 975 Adud ad-Daula moved against Bam , where another member of the disempowered Banu Ilyas had risen.

Iraq in 9/10 Century.

Power struggle and war against the Hamdanids

Rukn ad-Daula died on September 16, 976. After his death, Izz ad-Daula prepared to take revenge on Adud ad-Daula by going with Adud ad-Daula's older brother and successor to his father Fachr ad-Daula, the Hamdanids from northern Iraq, the Hasanwayhids and tribes form an alliance from southern Iraq. Another brother of Adud ad-Daula named Mu'ayyad ad-Daula remained loyal to his brother.

Izz ad-Daula refused allegiance to Adud ad-Daula and no longer read his name during the Chutba at the Friday prayer . Thereupon Adud ad-Daula marched towards Chuzestan, where he easily defeated Izz ad-Daula on July 1, 977 at Ahvaz . Izz ad-Daula was spared and was allowed to go into exile in Syria. But on the way there the Hamdanid ruler Abu Taghlib was able to convince him to take up the fight again. On May 29, 978, both of them invaded the Adud ad-Daula area and fought a battle near Samarra . Izz ad-Daula was defeated again and this time was executed on the orders of Adud ad-Daula. Adud ad-Daula moved against the Hamdanid capital Mosul and conquered the city, whereupon Abu Taghlib fled to Antzitene on Byzantine territory. Adūd ad-Daula stayed in Mosul for a year, where he consolidated his power while his armies further north conquered the regions around Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar. Another important city of the Hamdanids fell with Mayyafariqin , which forced Abu Taghlib to negotiate peace with Adud ad-Daula. Adūd ad-Daula was able to hold these areas until his death.

As the new ruler of Iraq, Adud ad-Daula set out to subjugate the local autonomous Bedouin and Kurdish tribes. It should be noted that at that time all nomadic tribes of the Zāgros Mountains were called Kurds. So he interfered in the succession to the throne of the Hasanwayhids. Next he subjugated the Arab Shayban tribe and fought in southern Iraq against the ruler of Batihah Hasan ibn 'Imran, who was able to defeat Adud ad-Daula. In the negotiated peace the Batihah recognized the supremacy of Adud ad-Daula.

At the same time his ally Bisutun died and a civil war broke out among the Ziyarids, with the governor of Tabaristan's Dubaj ibn Bani Bisutun's son against his uncle Qaboos. Adud ad-Daula sent an army and helped Qaboos to the throne and had the caliph Qaboos give the honorary title of Shams al-Ma'ali .

In May 979, Adud ad-Daula invaded the territory of his brother Fachr ad-Daula, who then fled to Nishapur via Qazvin . Adūd ad-Daula set up own administrators in Kerman and Kermanshah and conquered Hamadan in August / September 980 . Shortly thereafter, Adūd ad-Daula transferred the city to his younger and loyal brother, Mu'ayyad ad-Daula. In addition, Adud ad-Daula helped him to conquer the Ziyarid Tabaristan and Gorgan . Qaboos had given shelter to his brother who had fled and was punished for it.

Adud ad-Daula was now the highest-ranking Buyide and other dynasties such as the Hamdanids, Saffarids, Shahinids, Hasanwayhids and even Yemeni princes recognized him as overlord. Other regions like Makran were also under his control.

After all this, Adud ad-Daula returned to Baghdad and repaired several buildings. He also ended the quarrels between his Dalamite and Turkish soldiers. In 982 he received a Byzantine envoy for peace negotiations, who offered Adud ad-Daula to read his name in the Chutba in Constantinople . Adud ad-Daula's vizier emphasized the greatness of his master to the ambassador.

Death and succession

Adud ad-Daula died in Baghdad on March 26th. His son Abu Kalidschar Marzuban, who was there at the same time, kept his death a secret in order to secure his accession to the throne and to prevent a civil war. After the news of his death, Abu Kalidschar Marzuban rose to the throne as Samsam ad-Daula. But when his brother Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris rose against him, the dreaded civil war broke out anyway. Adūd ad-Daula was buried in Najaf .

Administration and Achievements

The Qur'an Gate in Shiraz .

Adud ad-Daula had his court in Shiraz, but visited Baghdad several times and had several viziers there. One of them was the Christian Nasir ibn Harun. Some Zoroastrian statesmen such as Abu Sahl Sa'id ibn Fadl al-Majusi, his finance minister Abu'l-Faraj Mansur ibn Sahl al-Majusi and Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi also served him . Adud ad-Daula seemed to have great respect for their religion.

The Buyid Empire flourished under him, and his liberal policies meant there were no internal uprisings. He enriched Baghdad with many public buildings such as the well-known Al-Adudī hospital. It was the largest hospital of its time and was destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century. Great doctors such as' Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Madschusi, Ibn Marzuban and the important Rhazes worked at the hospital . He also had caravanserun and dams built. Shiraz benefited more from its construction activities than Baghdad. So there is a palace with 360 rooms, advanced wind towers and air conditioning. Shiraz's population grew so much during his rule that Adud ad-Daula had a satellite town built for his army and named it Kard-e Khosrow Fanna (built by Fanna Chosrau) in the old Sassanid style . In addition to the traditional Iranian New Year festival Nouruz , Adud ad-Daula had two more days celebrated on a grand scale, namely the founding day of the city and the commissioning of the water pipe.

All of these activities increased the growth and wealth of the Fars region so much that tax revenues tripled in the 10th century. Adud ad-Daula's contributions made Fars relatively safe and stable for the Iranian culture, which lived on here during the Mongol and Seljuk conquests.

family

Adud ad-Daula sealed his alliances with a marriage policy. So he married a daughter with the caliph at-Tāʾiʿ li-amri ʾllāh and others with the rulers of the Samanids and Ziyarids. Adud ad-Daula himself married a daughter of the Ziyarid Bisutun, the Justanid Manadahr and the Gilak ruler Siyahgil. Several sons emerged from these marriages: Taj ad-Daula and Diya 'ad-Daula (Manadahr's grandson), Abu Kalidschar Marzuban (Siyahgil's grandson) and Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris from a Turkish concubine. Adud ad-Daula had another young son named Baha 'ad-Daula. Taj ad-Daula was considered heir to the throne because of his mother and uncle support, but Abu Kalidjar Marzuban overtook him because of his more prominent origins.

legacy

The Buyid Empire at the end of Adud ad-Daula's reign.

Like the Buyids before him, Adud ad-Daula supported the Abbasids in order to maintain the legitimacy of his rule. Even so, he showed more interest in pre-Islamic Iranian civilization and was proud of his Iranian origins. He visited the ancient capital Persepolis with the Zoroastrian priest ( Mobed ) Marasfand from Kazerun , who read him the old inscriptions there. Adūd ad-Daula himself left an inscription there in which he told of his role as heir to this civilization. He even had coins minted showing him with a crown similar to that of the Sassanids and bearing the traditional Sassanid inscription "Shahinschah, may his glory grow". On the reverse of the coins was written "May Shah Fanna Khosrau live long".

Nonetheless, he preferred Arabic writers. There is little evidence of his interest in Persian poetry. He spoke and wrote Arabic and was proud to be a student of well-known Arabic scholars. He studied science such as astronomy and mathematics in Arabic. Many Arabic books, whether religious or secular, have been dedicated to him. Apparently he showed more interest in the Arabic language than in Persian and behaved like most intellectuals.

Like many contemporaries, he saw no conflict between admiration for pre-Islamic Iran and its Shiite beliefs. According to some reports, he had the Imam Hussain shrine in Karbala repaired and a mausoleum (today's mosque of Imam Ali ) built for ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib in Najaf. Adud ad-Daula is also said to have been generous towards Shiite theologians, but he still had no Shiite agenda and was tolerant of Sunnis. He even wanted to give his daughter to the Sunni caliph, but the latter refused.

When Adud ad-Daula became the emir of Iraq, the capital Baghdad suffered from interdenominational violence and instability. He then banned public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time he acted as the patron saint of some Shiite scholars such as ash-Sheikh al-Mufid and had some important Shiite shrines renovated. In addition, he also supported the sciences and built an observatory in Isfahan, where, among other things, the astronomer Abd ar-Rahman as-Sufi worked. The later geographer al-Muqaddasi also reported on a Band-e Amir dam, which was built in 960 between the cities of Shiraz and Istachr and supplied almost 300 villages with water. Another major construction project was the Haffar Canal, which connected the Karun with the Shatt al-Arab . At the entrance of Haffar channel in the Shatt al-Arab, the port city was Khorramshahr built.

Individual evidence

  1. H. Bowen: 'Aḍud al-Dawla. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition .
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ch. Bürgel and R. Mottahedeh | 1988, pp. 265–269.
  3. Patrick Clawson & Michael Rubin | 2005, p. 19.
  4. Kabir Mafizullah: The Buwayhid dynasty of Baghdad, 334 / 946-447 / 1055 . Iran Society, Calcutta 1964.
  5. Ibn Isfandiyar, pp. 204-270.
  6. Wolfgang Felix, Wilferd Madelung, pp. 342–347.
  7. ^ Bosworth, p. 263.
  8. a b Kennedy, p. 230.
  9. a b c Donohue, pp. 68-69.
  10. Madelung, p. 214.
  11. a b Donohue, pp. 86-93.
  12. ^ Bosworth, p. 266.
  13. Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, p. 16.
  14. Kennedy, pp. 272, 230.
  15. Kennedy, p. 272.
  16. a b c Bosworth, p. 270.
  17. Madelung, p. 215.
  18. Kennedy, p. 233.
  19. Donohue, pp. 78-79.
  20. Bosworth, p. 289.
  21. a b Donohue, p. 81.
  22. E. Browne, p. 46.
  23. Donohue, p. 85.
  24. Donohue, p. 22.

swell

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