Chinese land reform

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A government official explains the "Land Reform Act" to farmers.

The Chinese land reform movement ( Chinese  土地改革 運動 , Pinyin Tǔdì gǎi gé Yùn dòng土地改革 运动), or Chinese land reform for short , was a campaign by the Chinese Communist Party under Chairman Mao Zedong in the late stages of the Chinese Civil War and in the early stages of the People's Republic of China .

In June 1950 the "Land Reform Act (土地改革 法, Tǔdì gǎigé fǎ)" was passed by the Chinese government . During the movement, land was confiscated from landowners and redistributed to farmers . Around 300 million farmers who had little or no land were allocated around 47 million hectares of land, as well as agricultural implements, livestock and buildings. The farmers were exempted from lease payments of 35 billion kilograms of grain per year.

However, the land reform was not peaceful, as Mao Zedong called for. Historians have estimated that between one and five million people died as a result of land reform (by 1953), most of whom were landlords and their families. In addition, from 1953 onwards, during the “socialist transformation movement (社会主义 改造, shèhuìzhǔyì gǎizào)”, especially as part of the policy of “agricultural collectivization (农业 集体化, nóngyè jítǐhuà)”, the land was taken away from the farmers.

Humiliation of a landowner in a so-called struggle and criticism session (1946).

Some researchers have argued that land reform destroyed traditional culture and moral values ​​in rural China.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b 土地改革 运动 是 何时 展开 的？ In: China Internet Information Center . Retrieved July 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  2. ^ A b c 1950: The Land Reform - china.org.cn. In: China Internet Information Center . September 15, 2009, accessed July 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  3. ↑ a b The Commune System (1950s). In: Columbia University . Retrieved July 12, 2020 .
  4. ↑ 中华人民共和国 土地改革 法. In: National People's Congress . Retrieved July 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  5. ↑ He Zhiguang (何 之 光): 《土地改革 法》 的 夭折. In: Yanhuang Chunqiu . Retrieved July 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  6. ↑ 中共 功 罪 评说 之 五 ： 土改 为什么 一定 要 流血？ In: Voice of America . June 29, 2011, accessed July 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  7. ↑ a b Yan Changhai (颜昌海): 毛泽东 为什么 要 进行 血腥 “土改”？ In: China Report Weekly Magazine (中国 报道 周刊). May 29, 2011, accessed July 12, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Valerie Strauss, Daniel Southerl: HOW MANY DIED? NEW EVIDENCE SUGGESTS FAR HIGHER NUMBERS FOR THE VICTIMS OF MAO ZEDONG'S ERA . In: Washington Post . July 17, 1994, ISSN  0190-8286 ( washingtonpost.com [accessed July 12, 2020]).
  9. ↑ a b Song Yongyi (宋永毅): 重审 毛泽东 土地改革 的 历史 和 现实 意义. In: Human Rights in China (中国 人权). Retrieved July 12, 2020 .
  10. ^ Guoli Liu: Politics and Government in China . ABC-CLIO, 2011, ISBN 978-0-313-35731-2 ( google.com [accessed July 12, 2020]).
  11. ^ John Fonte, André Ryerson: Education for America's Role in World Affairs . University Press of America, 1994, ISBN 978-0-8191-9402-2 ( google.com [accessed July 12, 2020]).
  12. ^ Maurice Meisner: Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition . Simon and Schuster, 1999, ISBN 978-0-684-85635-3 ( google.com [accessed July 12, 2020]).
  13. ↑ Maurice Meisner: 第九 章 农业 集体化 1953-1957. In: Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved July 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  14. ^ Justin Yifu Lin: Collectivization and China's Agricultural Crisis in 1959-1961 . In: Journal of Political Economy . tape 98 , no. 6 , December 1, 1990, ISSN  0022-3808 , pp. 1228–1252 , doi : 10.1086 / 261732 ( uchicago.edu [accessed July 12, 2020]).
  15. ↑ Luo Siling (罗 四 鸰): 重庆 教师 多年 调查 土改 真相 ， 十九 大 前 突遭 开除. In: The New York Times . September 30, 2017, accessed July 12, 2020 (Chinese).
  16. ↑ Chen Ruansen (陈 沅 森): 土改 ， 中国 传统 道德 崩溃 的 开始. In: Chinese University of Hong Kong . Retrieved July 12, 2020 (Chinese).