Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum

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The Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum [torquata] [civium Romanorum] [pia fidelis] [milliaria] [equitata] ( German  1st cohort the Ulpische of the British [awarded with torques ] [of the Roman citizens] [loyal and loyal] [1000 men] [partly mounted] ) was a Roman auxiliary unit . It is evidenced by military diplomas , inscriptions and brick stamps. The cohort is probably also identical to the Cohors I Aurelia Brittonum [Antoniniana] [milliaria] , who was stationed in the province of Noricum in the 3rd century .

Name components

  • I : The Roman number stands for the ordinal number, the first ( Latin prima ). Hence the name of this military unit is pronounced as Cohors prima ...
  • Ulpia : the Ulpian. The honorary designation refers to Emperor Trajan , whose full name is Marcus Ulpius Traianus .
  • Brittonum : the British. The soldiers of the cohort were recruited from the various British tribes in the Roman province of Britannia when the unit was established . The auxiliary units set up in Britain have three different names: Britannica , Britannorum and Brittonum . The reasons why different names were chosen are unclear.
  • torquata : awarded with torques . The addition occurs in military diplomas from 106 to 128.
  • civium Romanorum : the Roman citizen. The soldiers of the unit had been granted Roman citizenship at one point in time. However, this did not apply to soldiers who were accepted into the unit after this point in time. They received Roman citizenship only with their honorable farewell ( Honesta missio ) after 25 years of service. The addition appears in the military diplomas from 106 to 110, the military diploma from 161/162 and in the inscription ( AE 1971, 388 ).
  • pia fidelis : loyal and loyal. The award was given to the unit in the Second Dacian War by Trajan . The addition appears in the military diploma of 106 and in the inscription ( AE 1971, 388 ).
  • Antoniniana : the Antoninian. An honorific designation that refers to either Caracalla (211-217) or Elagabal (218-222). The addition occurs in the inscription ( CIL 3, 14485a ) and in brick stamps .
  • milliaria : 1000 men. Depending on whether it was an infantry cohort ( Cohors milliaria peditata ) or a mixed association of infantry and cavalry ( Cohors milliaria equitata ), the nominal strength of the unit was either 800 or 1040 men. The addition appears in almost all military diplomas and in the inscriptions ( AE 1971, 388 , CIL 3, 14485a ). In the diplomas and inscriptions z. T. used the symbol instead of milliaria .
  • equitata : partially mounted. The unit was a mixed association of infantry and cavalry. The addition appears in the inscription ( AE 1971, 388 ). In the military diploma of 106 there is the formulation peditibus et equitibus (foot soldiers and riders) and two other diplomas were issued for riders.

The unit was a Cohors milliaria equitata . The nominal strength of the unit was therefore 1040 men, consisting of 10 Centurien infantry with 80 men each and 8 tower cavalry with 30 riders each.

history

The cohort was stationed in the provinces of Moesia superior , Dacia, and Noricum (in that order). It is listed on military diplomas for the years 103/106 to 165 AD.

The unit was probably in the province of Britannia around 80/85 and was then relocated to the Danube region under Domitian . However, it is uncertain in which province the unit was stationed before it was recorded in 103/106 in Moesia superior . A Cohors I Brittonum milliaria is proven in a diploma of 85 in the province of Pannonia . It is unclear whether this is the later Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum or another unit.

The first evidence of the cohort in the province of Moesia superior is based on a diploma dated 103/106. In the diploma, the cohort is listed as part of the troops (see Roman Armed Forces in Moesia ) that were stationed in the province. Another diploma, dated 103/107, proves unity in the same province.

The unit took part in the Dacian wars of Trajan and then stayed in the new province. The first evidence of unity in the province of Dacia is based on a diploma dated 106. In the diploma, the cohort is listed as part of the troops (see Roman Armed Forces in Dacia ) that were stationed in the province. Further diplomas, which are dated from 109 to 164, prove the unit in the same province (or from 119 in Dacia Superior and from 133 in Dacia Porolissensis ).

The diploma of 106 was specially issued to the soldiers of the cohort for their achievements in the Dacer Wars; They were given Roman citizenship before they had completed their regular 25 years of service ( ante emerita stipendia ). In this diploma the unit is referred to as Cohors I Brittonum milliaria Ulpia torquata Pia Fidelis civium Romanorum .

The unit may have participated in the Marcomann Wars of Marcus Aurelius ; presumably she was given the honorary title Aurelia during these fights . At an unspecified time it was relocated to Dacia Superior , where it is occupied around 201 in Bumbeşti-Jiu . In the early 3rd century it was moved to the province of Noricum , where it was possibly stationed until the end of the 3rd century.

The last evidence of the cohort is based on the inscription ( AE 2008, 1026 ), which is dated to the first half of the 3rd century.

Locations

Locations of the cohort in Dacia may have been:

Bricks with different stamps that are assigned to the cohort were found in the above locations and beyond in Bologa and Dierna ( CIL 03, 08074,10 ).

Locations of the cohort in Noricum were possibly:

Locations of the cohort in Pannonia were possibly:

Members of the cohort

The following members of the cohort are known:

Commanders

  • [?], a tribune ( AE 1983, 325 ).
  • [] eius Pe [] tus: he is named on the diploma of 161/162 as a commander.
  • [] [S] uper: he is named on the diploma ( RMD 4, 248 ) as a commander.
  • Antonius Caru [s]: he is named on the diploma of 128 as a commander.
  • [C] ludius ( AE 1971, 388 )

Others

  • [] marus, a soldier: the diploma of 105 was issued to him.
  • [] relius, a foot soldier: the diploma of 128 was issued to him.
  • [] sus, a rider ( CIL 3, 10331 )
  • Aelius Firmus, a Centurion ( ILD 697 )
  • Arte (midorius), a centurion ( AE 2015, 1168 )
  • Iulius Iulianus, a soldier ( AE 2008, 1026 )
  • L (ucius) Iulius Pansa, a veteran and former centurion ( AE 1990, 387 )
  • Luonercus, a foot soldier: the diploma of 159 was issued to him.
  • M (arcus) Ulpius Longinus, a foot soldier: the diploma of 110 was issued to him.
  • [M (arcus) Ulpius] N [], a rider: the diploma of 161/162 was issued to him.
  • M (arcus) Ulpius Novantico, a foot soldier: the diploma of 106 was issued to him.
  • Mucatralis, a horseman: one of the diplomas of 164 ( RMD 1, 63 ) was issued to him.
  • Prosostus, a foot soldier: the diploma of 151 was issued to him.

Other cohorts with the designation Cohors I Brittonum

There were three other cohorts with this designation:

See also

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b The scenario given here follows the explanations of Tatiana Alexandrovna Ivleva . It is based on 3 different cohorts: the Cohors I Aelia Brittonum and the Cohors I Flavia Brittonum , both of which were stationed in the province of Noricum , and the Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum , which was stationed in the provinces of Moesia , Dacia and Noricum . The Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum is assumed to be identical to the Cohors I Aurelia Brittonum in this context . John Spaul , on the other hand, assumes only one cohort that was stationed in these provinces. The assignment of the military diplomas and inscriptions (and thus also the members of the cohort) is also based on Tatiana Alexandrovna Ivleva .
  2. ↑ According to Tatiana Alexandrovna Ivleva , the two soldiers named in the military diplomas of 106 and 110, Marcus Ulpius Novantico and Marcus Ulpius Longinus, were British, which suggests that the cohort was in the province 25 years earlier (the time the two were recruited) Britannia stopped.
  3. ↑ According to Tatiana Alexandrovna Ivleva , for the Cohors I Brittonum milliaria listed in the diploma of 85, in addition to the Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum , the Cohors I Aelia Brittonum is also being considered. If the diploma refers to the Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum , the unit would have existed at 60.
  4. ↑ It is not certain whether the unit commanded by Super is the Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum .
  5. ↑ Tatiana Alexandrovna Ivleva performs Lucius Iulius Pansa in both Cohors I Aelia Brittonum and Cohors I Ulpia Brittonum ; a reliable assignment is not possible, since the unit is only listed in the inscription as coh (ortis) I Britton (um) .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c John Spaul: Cohors² The evidence for and a short history of the auxiliary infantry units of the Imperial Roman Army , British Archaeological Reports 2000, BAR International Series (Book 841), ISBN 978-1-84171-046-4 , Pp. 189, 195-197.
  2. ^ Paul A. Holder: Exercitus Pius Fidelis: The Army of Germania Inferior in AD 89 In: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik . Volume 128 (1999), pp. 237-250, here pp. 244, 249 ( PDF ).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Tatiana Alexandrovna Ivleva: Britons abroad: the mobility of Britons and the circulation of British-made objects in the Roman Empire Dissertation, Leiden University 2012, pp. 101-108, 505-512 ( online ).
  4. ^ Jörg Scheuerbrandt : Exercitus. Tasks, organization and command structure of Roman armies during the imperial era. Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau 2003/2004, pp. 161, 164, 169–170 Tables 5, 8, 11–12 ( PDF pp. 163, 166, 171–172 ).
  5. ↑ Military diplomas of the years 85 ( CIL 16, 31 ), 103/106 ( RMM 13 ), 103/107 ( CIL 16, 54 ), 105 ( RMD 5, 339 ), 106 ( CIL 16, 160 ), 109 ( RMD 3 , 148 ), 110 ( CIL 16, 163 ), 119 ( RMD 5, 351 ), 128 ( ZPE-170-214 ), 133 ( RMD 1, 35 ), 142/144 ( ZPE-181-190 ), 150 / 170 ( AE 2007, 1765 ), 151 ( RMD 5, 404 ), 154 ( RMD 1, 47 ), 161/162 ( RMD 3, 177 ), 164 ( AE 2007, 1764 , RMD 1, 63 , RMD 1, 64 , RMD 4, 287 ) and 165 ( CIL 16, 185 ).
  6. ^ Ovidiu Țentea, Florian Matei-Popescu: Alae et Cohortes Daciae et Moesiae. A review and update of J. Spaul's Ala and Cohors In: Acta Musei Napocensis 39-40 / I Cluj-Napoca, 2002-2003 (2004), pp. 259-296, here p. 275 ( online ).