Deck reminder

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As a screen memory called Sigmund Freud a certain type of childhood memories. This was intended to clarify mechanisms of forgetting , which were also investigated in other contexts, such as in his work On Psychopathology of Everyday Life , and which represented a way of experiencing the unconscious . Freud made a distinction between apparently indifferent and unimportant childhood memories and those he described as impressive, important and full of emotions . These latter significant impressions, however, are " covered " by the former less significant ones . You can also say that the significant memories are " hidden " by the less significant ones. According to Freud, this process can be traced back to a resistance in the conscious reproduction of memory contents. This usually leads to memory errors.

adoption

In 1895 Freud formulated for the first time that memory contents are subject to systematic changes, such as those particularly evident in neuroses . He made two assumptions to explain neuroses:

  1. Psychosexual development begins with sucking on the mother's breast.
  2. Every neurosis is based on an affective or sexually tinged seduction scene, sexual abuse in childhood or a narcissistic insult. Traumatic events of all kinds go hand in hand with repression of the associated affects . If a trauma hits a very specific stage of development, fixation occurs. Oral fixation leads to addictions and depression, anal fixation leads to compulsions, and phallic fixation leads to hysteria .

Two types of memory

Eugen Drewermann (* 1940) describes the two types of memory involved - the concealed and the concealed - in a similar way as well as the two family identities in the psychological concept of the family novel . The distinction between the two memories is based on Søren Kierkegaard's definition of simultaneity . With the concept of simultaneity, according to Drewermann, Kierkegaard did not mean historically real reality in the sense of historicism and thus of course also no exact historical details, in the sense of romantic hermeneutics . Rather, it was about the current spiritual, very individual and personal connection with past events. According to Kierkegaard, this distinguishes between an external (historical) and an internal (spiritual, unconscious, fantasized etc.) reality. Similarly, such realities are also conceptually separated from constructivism . Even Alfred Lorenz (1922-2002) has u. a. In his preoccupation with questions of speech pathology, he established similar connections that originate from two different phases of life and that have received mutually exclusive evaluations. He called the process scenic understanding. By uncovering an original scene that had been repressed , he succeeded in making stereotypical violations of behavioral expectations (everyday scenes) understandable and thus reconstructing their causation. He called the mostly past, early childhood original scene and the conspicuous everyday scenes that were present, analog scenes. The task of psychoanalysis is to uncover inner realities and make them understandable.

to form

Psychodynamics

In relation to the psychodynamics of cover memories, Freud's development of insufficiently processed inner impressions is associated with trauma theory . Freud differentiates between positive and negative phenomena. The positive and negative cover memories are in relation to the opposite to the respective suppressed content. Both are characterized by fixation on trauma, but they have opposite tendencies insofar as one of the two tries to repeat the traumatic situation while the other tries to avoid it, see Chap. Assumption .

Positive cover memories

Positive cover memories are shaped by analogous relationships with other people, see the concept of analogous scenes in Chap. Two types of memory . In them the original conflict comes back to life. They express themselves in an obligation to repeat . There is a counteraphobic attitude. Without a corresponding analysis, these compulsions determine the seemingly unchangeable character traits of the person concerned. In the case of a man, for example, a traumatic and therefore forgotten, excessive early bond with the mother can lead to the search for women later in life on whom he can become dependent, on whom he can be nourished and sustained.

Negative cover memories

Negative cover memories are shaped by avoidances. They present themselves as inhibitions that can turn into phobias . They are to be understood as defense reactions .

Temporal relations

Cover memories are usually related to the child's developmental stages between the 2nd and 4th Age. As far as the timing of the first childhood memories is concerned, there are great individual differences in the corresponding investigations, which were first carried out by Victor and Catherine Henri. Depending on the dating of unconscious impressions through the analysis, Freud highlighted differences in a time frame of reference.

Forward and backward deck memories

The hidden and therefore unconscious experience can lie in early childhood as well as in adolescence and adulthood. From back cross or declining screen memory Freud said if the covert and therefore unconscious experience in adolescence and adulthood can be confirmed and the conscious memory is dated to the time of early childhood. The confirmation takes place through targeted analytical questioning about the associated thoughts. Conversely, and probably much more often, according to Freud, it is said that the hidden and therefore unconscious experience lies in early childhood itself, but the conscious memory in later times. If both types of memory ignore early childhood and conscious memory is transferred to adolescence or adulthood, according to Freud, there is an anticipatory or advanced cover memory. If the re-dating of the unconscious original impression took place within early childhood itself, Freud called it an abutting or simultaneous cover memory.

Freud summarized these different forms under the concept of cover memory, since they are based on a common mechanism of repression , namely in the form of displacement .

Differentiation from Paramnesia

Loss of memory and falsification of memory occur either in the form of a paramnesia (false memory), as a simple forgetting of names or as a cover memory. Cover memories are related both to normal amnesia (memory loss) for childhood with the receding of primary process developments and to pathological developments in the sense of neurosis. Freud therefore regards the childhood period as essential for the development of neuroses. A differentiation and demarcation is possible through the displacement mechanism of displacement, which is quite specific for cover memories. In the case of cover memory, the investigated initially reported a particularly intense infantile memory of a relatively unimportant unproblematic event in early childhood. However, the analysis confirms that this memory is related to covert emotional (sexual) experiences or fantasies that can occur at any time during the course of psychosexual development. They are suppressed by the deck reminder mode. The originally offensive event is forgotten because it was suppressed. The cover memory here represents a compromise, the embarrassing affect continues and re-enters consciousness in the often overly clear but modified, harmless or postponed cover memory. The association through which both experiences are connected should be worked up psychoanalytically. In the case of forgetting the name, the substitute name is recognized as wrong by the person concerned; in the case of a cover reminder, the examined person is surprised that he even has such a clear memory.

Psychoeconomics

The subject who remembers himself attaches little importance to the cover memory, although he supposedly remembers individual elements of his impressions very clearly. From the analyst's point of view, however, this minor importance is an expression of psycho-economic processes , the aim of which is to keep the psychological tension of the entire system as low as possible. The repression must therefore have taken place at a point in time at which it was not possible to achieve a solution of the relevant meaningful impression and experience with an increased tension potential of mental energy. However, analysis can help resolve such blockages.

reception

Freud already pointed out the parallels between childhood memories and the formation of myths . This parallelism results from the basic psychogenetic law . Eugen Drewermann took up this aspect and drew conclusions from it for the interpretation of myths, insofar as he regards them as memory achievements of human universal history . Due to psychological motives in the formation of myths, these are to be distinguished from the purely factual historical facts, just as the cover memories are to be distinguished from purely biographical or purely biographical facts. Drewermann emphasizes the synchronistic amalgamation of the various elements of memory in cover memories, cf. a. Cape. Temporal relations and the u. a. The concept of acausal synchronicity coined by CG Jung or the concept of simultaneity used in philosophy .

Web links

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Sigmund Freud : About childhood and cover memories. In: Monthly magazine for psychiatry and neurology . 1899, and in: About deck memories. Collected Works, Vol. I, pp. 531-554; S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt 3 1953; the following page numbers from GW edition: (a) to reference “Scope of the font”: pp. 531–554; (b) Re. “Positive and negative cover memory”: p. 551; (c + d) on stw. “Defense mechanism of displacement”: p. 536 f .; (e) Re. “Significance of the cover memory for normal and pathological processes”: p. 532; (f) to district “Mythological formation”: p. 538.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Sigmund Freud: On the psychopathology of everyday life . About forgetting, promising, grasping, superstition and error. (1901) Collected Works, Volume IV, S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt / M 3 1953; the following page references from: paperback edition of the Fischer-Bücherei, Nov. 1954, (a) on Stw. “Significance of unconscious memory performance”: p. 46; (b) Re. "Resistance": p. 46; (c) Re. “Memory elements and conceptual derivation of cover memory”: (Derivation = relation between cover memory and the content “covered” by it) p. 46; (d + e) ​​on stw. "Defense mechanism of displacement": p. 46 f .; (f) Re. “Differentiation from forgetting names”: p. 47; (g) Re. “Myth formation”: p. 49.
  3. ^ A b Elisabeth Roudinesco & Michel Plon : Dictionary of Psychoanalysis . Names, countries, works, terms. Springer, Vienna 2004; ISBN 3-211-83748-5 ; P. 170: Google books .
  4. ↑ a b c Eugen Drewermann : Depth Psychology and Exegesis 1 . The truth of forms. Dream, myth, fairy tale, saga and legend. dtv non-fiction book 30376, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-423-30376-X , © Walter-Verlag, Olten 1984, ISBN 3-530-16852-1 ; (a) to Stw. “conceptual derivation”: (cover memory ~ “hidden” elements of memory) p. 351; (b) on Stw. “The factor of self-image in the evaluation of historical (life history) objects”: p. 58 ff .; (c) Re. “Significance of the cover memory for the formation of myths”: pp. 350–359.
  5. ↑ a b Sigmund Freud: The man Moses and the monotheistic religion . (1939) Philipp Reclam jun., Stuttgart 2010; ISBN 978-3-15-018721-0 ; The following page number is separated from the number of lines by an asterisk (*); (a) on the “Trauma Theory of Deck Memory”: pp. 94 * 16-95 * 4; (b) Re. “positive and negative cover memory”: p. 96 * 1-33.
  6. ↑ Otto Bach : About the subject dependence of the image of reality in psychiatric diagnosis and therapy . In: Psychiatry Today, Aspects and Perspectives. Festschrift for Rainer Tölle . Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1 1994, ISBN 3-541-17181-2 , pp. 1-6.
  7. ^ Alfred Lorenzer : Speech Destruction and Reconstruction . Preparatory work for a metatheory of psychoanalysis. Ffm. 1970, new edition 1973.
  8. ↑ Jürgen Habermas : The universality claim of hermeneutics (1970). In: On the logic of social sciences, Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, Wissenschaft 517, Frankfurt 5 1982, p. 345 ff.
  9. ^ Victor Henri & Catherine Henri : Enquête sur les premiers souvenirs de l'enfance . L'année psychologique, III 1897
  10. ↑ Elizabeth Barthlett Potwin : Studies of early memories . Psycholog. Review, 1901.
  11. ↑ Stavros Mentzos : Neurotic Conflict Processing. Introduction to the psychoanalytic theory of neuroses, taking into account more recent perspectives. © 1982 Kindler, Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 1992, ISBN 3-596-42239-6 ; Pages 33, 60 f.