Banat sand desert

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The Banat sand desert
Map sheet of the Josephinian conquest in the Grebenac area, Deliblato sand dunes

The Banat Sand Desert (after the landscape Banat , Serbian - Cyrillic Банатски песак ) or Deliblatska Pescara , also called Sand of Banat (in Bosnian Banatski Pesak ) is a nature reserve with inland dunes , which is located in the Južni Banat district in the self-governing province of Vojvodina in Serbia . In addition, this is also known as Deliblater sand or Deliblat dunes (some lehnübersetzt previously ( Anglicized -) Latinized Deliblato Sands and this probably borrowed from the Serbian Делиблатска пешчара) famous nature reserve after lying there in the southwest location Deliblato named, of the municipality of Kovin belongs . Colloquially, the landscape is also called the European Sahara ( Slovene Evropska Sahara ).

Historical names for the Banat sand desert of all languages ​​in the Banat

  • Banat sand desert (Ger.)
  • European Sahara (Ger.)
  • Sand hill (in the Banat)
  • Agger Romanorum (lat.)
  • Homok Puszta (mag.)
  • Deliblatska Pescara (srb.)
  • Banatski Pesak (srb.)
  • Bielo Berdo (Serbian-Croatian)
  • Deliblato Sands (eng.)

Pesak is the Serbian word for sand, which is called Homok in Hungarian. Germans in Mramorak simply drove "into the sand" when they visited their vineyards there.

description

The dune landscape stretches between the towns of Dubovac and Stara Palanka on the Danube and extends in the north-east over an area of ​​around 30,000 hectares along the towns of Deliblato, Mramorak, Dolovo, Vladimirovac, Banatski Karlovac, Nikolonci, Ujma, Izbiste, Šušara , Zagaica, Oresac, Duplaja, Grebenac, Gajtasol, the Karasch river. It represents a desert-like phenomenon with an orography , flora and fauna unique in Europe . The dunes sometimes reach heights of more than 200  m. i. J. . From 1818 the sandy desert was cultivated by Franz Bachofen Edler von Echt , first of all with native poplars , later with Canadian poplars and acacias and a number of other plants - from local occurrences and other regions, as well as from North America. Today more than half of the landscape is planted.

In 1867 the botanist Josif Pančić discovered the forest-steppe wormwood in the Deliblater Sandpuszta two kilometers southwest of the village of Šušara . The very rare species occurs only here and in some places on the other edge of the Pannonian Floral Province - in Lower Austria and in South Moravia .

One of the most famous sights of the reserve is the Mädchenbrunnen . He is associated with many legends. A century ago it was artificially made for the purpose of irrigation. But it was also used as a source of fresh water. According to legend, young girls used to carry water from the well to the tired and hardworking workers. Large sports facilities, a bath and many hiking trails were built around this large fountain.

Sand binding under Franz Bachofen Edler von Echt

In 1815 Franz Bachofen submitted his first sand binding plan to the Vienna Court War Council and the Vienna Agricultural Society . Comprehensive investigations and inventories over the past few years were included in this first sand binding plan. However, his concept was rejected for processing.

In 1817 Bachofen completed his corrections and additions and submitted his 2nd sand binding plan to the same committees in Vienna for assessment. This time, Bachofen convinced the experts (including Anton Rochel and others) and was supposed to start sand binding and forestry work in 1818.

Numerous difficulties with the leading military in Weißkirchen (Serbian Bela Crkva, Romanian Biserica Alba ), against which he prevailed in a tricky way, have been handed down.

Bachofen assumed that it would be able to bind all the drifting sand in just 16 years . Because this was not possible, but he had gained a lot of experience, he submitted a final sand binding plan in 1832. At the beginning, Bachofen had some plantations (now tree nurseries) set up, in which he mainly raised poplars at the beginning. In a document from 1836, Bachofen ordered 2000 poplar seedlings from the Mramorak plantation near Karlsdorf (Serbian: Banatski Karlovac ) to be planted in the sandy soil. The binding of the drifting sand in the then Banat sand desert is available as an example for today's desertification programs, even if central European precipitation conditions are available in Vojvodina and easily accessible groundwater is available in the vicinity of the Danube . Bachofen had made the experience that a bar made of trees is placed in the path of the Košava wind, is blown around by the wind, whereby the roots are exposed. So he came up with the solution of planting rows of trees in the direction of the wind and using these rows of trees to work his way from the edge of the drifting sand area into the interior.

This information was mainly gathered by Josef Wessely for his book Der Europäische Flugsand und seine Kultur, published in 1873 . Wessely, however, complained about the lack of all documents from Bachofen.

The special nature reserve Deliblatska Pescara

The former Deliblatska Pescara drift sand area is currently under nature protection. The legal form of the special nature reserve valid in Serbia applies here. Human influence is allowed in special nature reserves in Serbia.

The Deliblatska Pescara borders in Deliblato on the special nature reserve Jezero Kraljevac. The Deliblatska Pescara area is used as a hunting area, is used by film companies and is also financed through the timber trade.

Illegal logging in protection zone 1 in the interior of the reforested Banat sand desert is a major problem for the supervisory authority Vojvodina Sume , with its local representative Banatske Sume .

The protected area also includes the partially sunken Danube islands Zilovo and Cibuklija and borders on the half-sunken delta of the border river Nera Labudovo Okno (swan window). From the eponymous village of Deliblato, the Cardak territory can be reached on the way to Susara. In Cardak there is a conference center with overnight accommodation for 600 people.

literature

  • Anton Rochel: Botanical trip to the Banat in 1835 with occasional comments and a list of all wild phanerogenic plants found there up to that hour, together with topographical articles on the southeastern part of the Danube River in the Austrian Empire. Gustav Heckenast, Pesth 1838 / Otto Wigand, Leipzig.
  • Joseph von Dorner: The Banat in a topographical-natural-historical relationship, with special consideration of the Hercules baths next to Mehadia and their surroundings. Printed and published by CF Wigand, Pressburg 1839.
  • Josef Wessely: The European drifting sand and its culture: discussed with a view to the Banat sand desert in particular. Faesy & Frick publishing house, Vienna 1873.
  • Nikola Pacicevic, Petar Stankevic: Deliblatski Pesak - Sastav, Osobine, Problematika. Institute for the forestry and wood industry SR Serbia, Beograd 1963. (Serbian with English summary)
  • Zbornik Radova 1: Deliblatski Pesak. Jugoslovenski Poljoprivredno-Sumarski Centar, Beograd i Sumsko-Industrijski Kombinat, Pancevo, Beograd 1969. (Serbian with French summaries)
  • Zbornik Radova 2: Deliblatski Pesak. Jugoslovenski Poljoprivredno-Sumarski Centar, Beograd i Sumsko-Industrijski Kombinat, Pancevo, Beograd 1970. (Serbian with English summaries)
  • Zbornik Radova 3: Deliblatski Pesak. Jugoslovenski Poljoprivredno-Sumarski Centar, Beograd i Sumsko-Industrijski Kombinat, Pancevo, Beograd 1975. (Serbian with English summaries)
  • Heinrich Bohland: Mramorak - community on the Banat sand desert. Self-published by the hometown community Mramorak, 1978.
  • Branislav Schajinovic, Milena Mihajlov: Jovan Tucakov i Deliblatski Pesak. Deliblatski Pesak 1979, Sumsko-Industrijski Kombinat, Pancevo, OOUR Specijalni Prirodni Reservation "Deliblatski Pesak" Pancevo, Druschtvo Ekologa Vojvodine, Novi Sad (Serbian with English summary)
  • Dr. Leposava Stjepanovic-Veselicic: Vegetacija Deliblatske Pescare. Sumsko-Industrijski Kombinat, Pancevo, OOUR Specijalni Prirodni Reservation "Deliblatski Pesak" Pancevo, Druschtvo Ekologa Vojvodine, Novi Sad 1979. (Serbian with French summary)
  • Dr. Milovan Gajic: Flora Deliblatske Pescare. 1983 Pancevo, Prirodno-matematicki facultet OOUR Institut za biologiju Novi Sad, Dr. Ilije Duricica 6 i Sumsko-industrijski Kombat "Pancevo", Maksima Gorkog 24
  • Zbornik Radova 5: Deliblatski Pesak. Specijalni Prirodni Rezervat "Deliblatski Pesak", Sumsko Industrijski Kombinalt "Banat" Pancevo, Beograd 1986. (Serbian with English summaries)
  • Karl Holbach: The village of Schuschara in the Banat. Karl Holbach self-published, Tübingen 1991. ISBN 0172-5181-23 .
  • Zbornik Radova 6.1: Deliblatska Pescara. JP Za Gazdovanje Schumama "Srbijaschume" -Beograd, Schumsko Gazdinstvo "Banat" -Pancevo, Beograd 1994. (Serbian with English summaries)
  • Zbornik Radova 6.2: Deliblatska Pescara. JP Za Gazdovanje Schumama "Srbijaschume" -Beograd, Schumsko Gazdinstvo "Banat" -Pancevo, Beograd 1994 (Serbian with English summaries)
  • Thomas Dapper: Pioneering achievements in the Banat using the example of the history of the Banat sand desert. In: Halrun Reinholz (Ed.): The settlement of the Banat Germans 300 years ago. Cultural conference 2017 Sindelfingen. Landsmannschaft der Banat Schwaben - Landesverband Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2018. ISBN 978-3-00-061153-7 , p. 89.

See also

Web links

Commons : Banat Sand Desert  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 44 ° 58 '  N , 21 ° 1'  E