Josif Pančić
Josif Pančić ( Serbian - Cyrillic Јосиф Панчић ); First name also in the variant Josip , ( Serbian - Cyrillic Јосип ) (* April 17, 1814 in Bribir , Modruš-Rijeka County , Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia , Austria-Hungary , today part of Novi Vinodolski , Croatia ; † March 8, 1888 in Belgrade ) was a naturalist and botanist who laid the foundations of modern botanical and zoological exploration of Serbia. Its official botanical author's abbreviation is " Pančić ".
Pančić was the first native botanist who could publish a complete regional flora to the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. Since 1853 professor at the Belgrade Lyceum of the later “Velika Škola” and its six-time rector, in 1887 he was also elected the first president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts . In 1880 he was appointed President of the Culture Department by the Ministry of Culture. Pančić was twice a member of the Skupština. He was the initiator of the establishment of the Jevremovac Botanical Garden in Belgrade and its first director.
Pančić was mainly active in Serbia, for whose floristic research he created the scientific basis. His research trips also took him to neighboring countries and regions, such as Herzegovina , Bulgaria and Montenegro , where, among other things, he initiated the pioneering floristic work in the inaccessible Dinaric high mountains in the Durmitor , Komovi and the Orjen on the Bay of Kotor . Here he was one of the first botanists to climb the Velika Jastrebica . Pančić's herbarium, which he bequeathed to the Belgrade Lyceum as early as 1860, is now deposited as a separate part in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute in Belgrade in the Botanical Garden and is its most important part.
His ultimately successful twenty-year search for the so-called "Omorika" ( Serbian spruce ), whose discovery in the gorges of the Tara Mountains and their systematic position within the Eurasian spruce was rated as a botanical sensation, caused a particular stir . In honor of Pančić, she now bears the common name “Pančićeva omorika” in the Balkans.
According to Pančić's own wish, he wanted to be buried on the Kopaonik ; his bones and those of his family were therefore buried in 1951 in a mausoleum on the highest peak of Kopaonik the "Pančićev vrh". After the NATO alliance bombed the military facilities of Vojska Jugoslavije on Pančićev vrh in 1999 , his mausoleum was partially destroyed.
Life
Family, childhood and school
Josip Pančić was born in 1814 to a Bunjewatz family in Ugrine on the northern Croatian coastal zone in the Croatian military border , his father's name was Pavel Pančić. Pavel was the son of an Austrian volunteer from the Turkish Wars, who came from the area around Niš . Pančić's grandfather had been allocated land in the foreland of Velebit to function as a fortification builder. Pančić's birthplace, the village of Ugrine, is located in the vicinity of Brbir, a small place between Novi Vinodolski and Bakar on the southern slopes of northern Velebit to the Kvarner Gulf. His family was active in agriculture, in which, in addition to arable and viticulture, livestock farming ensured the family's survival. He was born as Josip, the fourth child in the family. At the age of three he contracted smallpox , which caused Josip's face to remain disfigured by deep scars. As a child, Josip had to look after his parents' cattle, but when he was six, his uncle Grgur, who was a respected father in Gospić, asked him to attend elementary school with him in Gospić. Following graduation from elementary school, Grgur Josip enrolled at the high school in Rijeka .
Education
Grgur ensured Josip continued education even after finishing secondary school, and in 1830 gave him the money he needed to travel to Zagreb and enroll at the university. He began his studies at the Philosophical Faculty at the University of Zagreb , but soon turned to Grgur with a request that he would prefer to attend the science lectures in Pest . With an allowance from his uncle of 15 forints per month, Pančić was able to enroll at the medical faculty in Pest. Since there was not enough money to live in a big city, Pančić earned the missing income as a private teacher in Pest and taught French and Italian. Due to the lack of financial resources and his obligation to generate the missing money himself, his studies in Pest dragged on for over ten years. Here he learned Latin, German and Hungarian in particular and taught himself Greek, French and English.
Since English engineers built the chain bridge over the Danube during Pančić's stay in Pest , he took the opportunity to learn English from the construction workers. Since Pančić uncle suspected that he would spend a lot of time in cafes and soirés due to his long studies, he stopped the other appanages. Pančić himself was only forced to stay in Pest as a student because of his work commitments, which caused him to miss many exams and lectures. After he told his uncle the same reasons, the monthly allowance was sent back to him.
An exception in Pančić's student obligations was the regularly attended lectures given by the professor of botany J. Sedler, which were also central to Pančić's further career. In response to the interest in botany, he therefore also wrote his doctoral thesis in botany. So Pančić finished his studies in 1843 with the dissertation "Taxilogia Botanica" and was appointed doctor on September 9, 1943. At the same time he had earned the title of Doctor of Botany.
Looking for employment
Banat
After completing his studies, Pančić's only possibility of continuing to secure an income in Pest was to secure his livelihood by taking up work as a private doctor. It was only with great difficulty that he made his way to starting his career as a doctor of medicine, since his passion was primarily scientific research. Pančić moved to Budim and, without much enthusiasm, opened a private practice near the Gergelez baths. After Pančić realized that a regular income could not be earned with it, the unforeseen opportunity opened up in the mining town of Ruckberg in the northern Banat to take over the education of their children with the wealthy mine owners and officials Hofmann and Mederschtach.
The offer to earn a solid income of 400 forints a year as a private tutor in the Banat, to be provided with paid room and board, as well as to find enough free time for his research trips, marked the beginning of his actual career as a scientist for Pančić. Without thinking too much, he gave up his private practice in Budapest and went into the new work environment. In his spare time he used the opportunity to do geological, zoological and botanical research in the area. With mine engineers, he classified the rocks and minerals in the mines; botanical excursions took him to the Carpathian Mountains (including the Hatszeg Valley), the sand dunes of the Deliblatska peščara and the mountains around the Danube breakthrough in the Iron Gate . After the children entrusted to him had completed their schooling, Pančić traveled to his home region of Brbir after the two, as he himself announced, happy years in 1845, and then explored the possibilities of a scientific career in Vienna .
Vienna
With the herbarium material and the geological collections from the Banat, he traveled to Vienna in 1845 for further determination. In the Natural History Museum Vienna he determinate including his Herbarsammlung and entered soon in contact with the local botanists. Vienna was also one of the most important research centers for botany in Europe. Johann Heuffel was also the first to use Pančić's documents from the Banat. Pančić also attended the botanical lectures by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher at the University of Vienna .
However, the encounter with Serbian and Croatian emigrants in Vienna became important for his later academic career. Pančić became friends with fellow countrymen Vuk Karadžić and Franz von Miklosich . In particular, he found a sponsor in Vuk Karadžić who was keenly interested in Pančić's further projects. Pančić had informed Vuk of his particular interest in scientific research in Bosnia, and Vuk himself had deepened his interest in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula from his reports on Bosnia and Serbia. Using Pančić's already existing knowledge of the Adriatic and Pannonian flora and vegetation, Bosnia formed the logical connecting link to study the wider geographic context of the regional flora. Vuk Karadžić then tried to raise funds for a joint project in Bosnia through his Russian contacts.
Serbia
As protégé Vuk Karađićs Pančić came to Belgrade for the first time in 1846. After Aleksandar Karađorđević was regent there and Vuk Karađić himself had a bad reputation with the monarchy as a follower of the Obrenović dynasty, the reception for Pančić in Serbia remained unexpectedly cool.
Pančić applied to Ilja Garašanin at the Ministry of the Interior for a job. While he was waiting for an answer, Pančić began his first botanical excursions in Belgrade, which has a population of only 14,000, and took him to the area around the Avala. After an unsuccessful audience with Garašanin, in which Pančić had expressed his wish to find a job in Užice on the Bosnian border, Foreign Minister Avram Petronijević suddenly approached Pančić with a request to help him contain the typhoid epidemic to help his workers in his glass factory near Paraćin . Garašanin himself initially suspected Pančić's espionage activities abroad and informed Petronijević: “The boy is either far too skilful and extremely well prepared for espionage work or far too stupid and rarely naive, or he is really not honest and full of integrity every day . I wish the latter was true. "
During the typhoid epidemic, 68 contracted the disease and 11 died as a result. Pančić found a permanent job as a doctor in the nearby Jagodina from January 1847, where he soon had to take over the medical care of the entire district. At the end of 1847 he was assigned to Kragujevac as a district doctor . In 1847 he asked for Austrian citizenship to be released and applied for Serbian citizenship. He also met his future wife Lyudmila Mileva, the daughter of Baron Kordon, in Ćuprija that same year. He entered the Serbian Orthodox Church, and in 1849 Lyudmila was married in the Church of Čačak. Together they had three sons and four daughters, but two sons died as young children.
Pančić as a teacher, member of parliament and initiator of the Belgrade Botanical Garden
Lecturer at the Lyceum in Belgrade
Since 1853 Pančić was employed as an associate professor at the Lyceum in Belgrade. At the time, the Lyceum was located in the Konak of Princess Ljubica in the Sava Mala district, a district within the Belgrade hilltop that was predominantly Serbian. At that time Belgrade was still a predominantly oriental-looking place due to the Ottoman occupation of the fortress of Belgrade by the Ottomans and the numerous Muslim households. In 1854 Pančić was finally awarded the Serbian passport and became a full professor at the Lyceum. Here Pančić taught botany, zoology, geology and mineralogy, as well as agronomy for almost 15 years. Pančić probably changed his first name Josip to Josif around 1854. In 1866, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871 and 1872 Pančić was appointed rector of Velika Škola, the forerunner of the University of Belgrade.
Political offices
In two legislatures Pančić was a member of the Skupština, in 1870 and 1871. In 1880 he became President of the Culture Council in the Ministry of Culture, in 1884 a member of the State Council, which was regarded as the highest office in the state administration. When the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts was founded in 1886, he was appointed President of the Academy in 1887.
Foundation of the botanical garden
In 1874 Pančić's request to found a botanical garden in Belgrade was approved. This was set up on the undeveloped bank area between the Danube and Dunavska ulica. However, since this was devastated by a flood of the Danube in 1887, Pančić asked for a more suitable place. However, this was only transferred from Milan Obrenović a year after Pančić's death in the former orchard of his grandfather Jevrem. The only condition was that the garden had to be named Jevremovac in memory of Jevrem. This is still Belgrade's botanical garden today, in which the botanical institute and the herbarium of the botanical institute are located.
Scientific returns
botany
Initially, Pančić passed his newly discovered plants mostly to Roberto de Visiani . So he gave him, among other things, his find of the northern subspecies of the Greek maple ( Acer heldreichii ssp. Visianii ), which he had collected in 1856 at Javor and Jastrebac. His first publication after ten years in Serbia was Pančić in 1856 under the title "Directory of the wild phanerogams growing in Serbia including diagnoses of some new species" . In his work, he listed plant species in 1806, including some newly described and infraspecific forms that were previously undescribed. In 1865 the first Flora appeared: “Flora u Beogradskoj okolini” , which appeared in six editions (I: 1865; II: 1878; III: 1882; IV: 1885; V: 188; VI: 1892). In 1874 Pančić's main work was published, the 28-year-old Flora of the Principality of Serbia: "Flora Kneževine Srbije" . With the addendum published in 1884, 2422 higher plant species were listed, including 31 species not yet described. On the Bulgarian flora, Pančić published the floral work "Građa za floru Kneževine Bugarske" in 1883 , and in 1886 the additions to the "Nova građa za floru Kneževine Bugarske" . Pančić's treatment of 1875 in the “Elenchus Plantarum Vascularuium Quas Aestate a. 1873 in Crna Gora ”of his trip to Montenegro in August and September 1873, which took him over the high karst mountains of the coastal Dinarides in Orjen and Lovčen to the north Montenegrin high mountains of Durmitor, Sinjavina, Vojnik, Komovi, as well as the mountains on the upper reaches of Tara and Morača had led.
Pančić was second to Pantoscsek, who had explored the central Dinaric countries floristically a year before Pančić and had also penetrated the center of the Southeast Dinarides, mastering the most difficult mountain region of the Balkan Peninsula.
Numerous plant species bear his epithet in honor of Pančić, including the mugwort species Artemisia pancicii , Cardamine pancicii Hay. , Aquilegia pancicii , Valeriana pancicii Hal. & Soon. , Cicerbita pancicii (Vis.) Beauv. and the summer root species Orobanche pancicii . Only in 2013 was the columbine originally collected by Pančić in 1867 in the area of today's Tara National Park as Aquilegia thalictrifolia recognized as a separate species; the epithet pancicii was chosen for one of the varieties described ( Aquilegia nikolicii var. pancicii ). The generic name Pancicia Vis. from the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae) was also awarded in memory of Pančić.
The most important first described by Pančić species are undoubtedly the two in Serbia from the tropical genus of Gesneriacea occurring ramonda : ramonda nathaliae Ramonda nathaliae and Serbian ramonda Ramonda serbica .
In the dendroflora, Pančić had first described the maple Acer intermedium and of course its Omorika spruce, the Serbian spruce Picea omorika . When the bones were carried to his mausoleum on the Kopaonik in 1951, they were placed in a coffin specially made from Omorika spruce wood.
The discovery of the Omorika spruce
No other discovery of Pančić was received with such great interest by botanical science and was counted to the merit of Pančić in the general consciousness of the Serbian people as his decade-long odyssey in search of the legendary Omorika. In the additional Serbian term omorika for the etymological differentiation of the well-known European species of the pine family of jela (fir), smrka (spruce) and bor (pine), Pančić suspected an undefined form of a conifer that had nothing to do with the well-known species. Omorika also appeared as a term in the epics of the Serbian folk song tradition, as well as as a lemma in Vuk Karađić Serbian dictionary. However, no one could say with certainty what the signification of Omorika actually meant in the botanical sense.
Pančić first stumbled upon the occurrence of Omorika from messages from local residents when he was botanizing around Užice in 1855. However, no one was able to show him the tree. In 1861 he visited the Tara mountain region, but could not find any Omorika. When, after two further unsuccessful attempts, in 1865, he had the idea of having branches of all coniferous trees growing on Tara, Zlatibor and the mountains of the Užice municipality for Velika škola from the forestry authority of Western Serbia, the Ministry of Culture of Serbia supported Pančić's project.
His request was forwarded to the offices of western Serbia, and branches and fruit bunches were collected from all conifers there and sent to Pančić's cabinet. Shortly before the winter of 1865, there were two branches of the Omorika near Pančić, but without any indication of location or origin. Therefore, Pančić set out in 1866 with six students on a research trip to the areas where he suspected the Omorika, but again without success. It was not until 1876 that he discovered the omorika on the Tara near Zaovine. The riddle was thus scientifically solved.
The very small distribution for a European coniferous tree on the limestone cliffs in the central section of the Drina , the very beautiful, narrow, cylindrical growth form, such as the pine-like needling, which is unusual for a spruce, raised Pančić's discovery of botanical fame to one in horticulture and landscape design handsome tree. As a result, Omorika spruces are one of the most widely used conifers in suburban gardens today. In addition, there is the taxonomic peculiarity that the Omorika is only more closely related to certain spruces of the Himalayas and the Pacific mountains than to all other Eurasian trees.
Pančić's nomenclature of the Omorika spruce
On Pančić's entry in the herbarium of his Omorika collected in Zaovine in 1875, he assigned the scientific name Abies omorika . As a so-called noun nudum, it is therefore correctly used as a label name as Abies omorika Panč. in sched. (1875), «nom. nudum ». Thus the taxon was neither scientifically published nor scientifically correctly named. In 1876 Pančić published in his treatise A New Conifere in the Eastern Alps. From Dr. J. Pančić found the Omorika spruce under the scientific name Pinus omorika . So this generic name was again not valid, since Pinus is the generic name of the pines. It was not until 1887 that Pančić published the correct name Picea omorika in the script Omorika nova fela četinara u Srbiji .
Herbarium Pancicianum
His extensive herbarium, which not only consisted of his own documents from the Banat, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia and Bulgaria, as well as his visits to Italy and Austria, formed the first scientific herbarium in Serbia with the submissions of herbarexsikata from botanist friends all over the world. With the handover of his herbarium to Velika Škola, 1860 is the official founding date of the herbarium of the Botanical Institute Belgrade (BEOU). Today it has a fund of 180,000 specimens and includes one of the most important herbal for research into the Balkan flora.
zoology
Pančić's faunistic works include works on ideology, ornithology and entomology: Ribe u Srbiji (1860), Ortoptere u Srbiji (1876), Ptice u Srbiji po analitičkom metodu (1876). As a teacher at the Belgrade Lyceum, Pančić also published the school's zoological textbook: Zoologija (1864).
Mineralogy and geology
His work on mineralogy and geology only includes the textbooks of the Lyceum: Mineralogija i geologija (1866).
Works
Florenwerke
- De Visiani, Roberto, Pančić, J .: Plantae serbicae rariores aut novae . A Prof. Roberto de Visiani et Prof. Josepho Pančić descriptae et iconibus illustratae. Decas I. - Typis J. Antonelli, Venetiis, 1862, 26 pp, Tab. I-VII. (Ex Vol. X, Memor. Imp. Reg. Institute), 1862
- Flora agri belgradensis , 1865
- De Visiani, Roberto, Pančić, J .: Plantae serbicae rariores aut novae . A Prif. Roberto de Visiani and Prof. Josepho Pančić descriptae et icinibus illustratae. Decas II. - Typis J. Antonelli edit., Venetiis, 1866, 18 pp., Tab. VIII-XV. (Ex Vol. XII, Memor. Imp. Reg. Institute), 1866
- De Visiani, Roberto, Pančić, J .: Plantae serbicae rariores aut novae . A Prof. Roberto de Visiani et Prof. Josepho Pančić descriptae et iconibus illustratae. Decas, III. - Typis J. Antonelli edit., Venetiis, 1870.-21 pp., Tab. XVI-XXI. (Ex Vol. XV, Memor. Del. R. Istituto), 1870
- Šumsko drveće i bilje u Srbiji . Napisao Dr. Josif Pančić. - Glasnik Srpskog učenog društva, Beograd, knjiga XXX, str. 129-312, 1871
- Flora Kneževine Srbije ili vascularne biljke, koje u Srbiji divlje rastu. Po analitičkom metodu složio Dr. Josif Pančić. Flora Principatus Serbiae . - Državna štamparija, Beograd, XXXIV, 798 pp., 1874
- Elenchus plantarum vascularium quas aestate a. 1873 in Crna Gora legit. Dr. Jos. Pančić , Belgradi, Edidit Societas Erudita Serbica. - Typographia status, VII, 106 pp., 1875 [1]
- Građa za Floru Kneževine Bugarske . - Glasnik Srpskog učenog društva, Beograd, 1883, knjiga 53, st. 161-231., 1883
- Dodatak Flori Kneževine Srbije od Dr-a Josifa Pančića - Additamenta ad Floram Principatus Serbiae . - Izdanje Kraljevske srpske državne štamparije, Beograd, 253 pp., 1884
- Nova građa za Floru Kneževine Bugarske od d-ra J. Pančića . - Glasnik Srpskoga Učenog Društva, Beograd, knjiga 66, 103–146, 1886
Species descriptions
- A new conifer in the Eastern Alps. From Dr. J. Pančić . - In the Princely Serbian State Printing House, Belgrade, 8 pp, 1876
- Omorika nova fela četinara u Srbiji . - Težak, Beograd, January 1887, godina XVIII, broj 1, 1–8, tab. I and II, 1887
literature
- Constantin von Wurzbach : Pančić, Joseph . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 21st part. Imperial-Royal Court and State Printing Office, Vienna 1870, p. 258 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Pančić, Josip , in: Enciklopedija Jugoslavije , Volume 6, 1965.
- Harald Riedl: Pančić Josif. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 7, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1978, ISBN 3-7001-0187-2 , p. 309.
Web links
- Radio Beograd, audio documentation on Josif Pančić, "Kod dva bela goluba, 60 min (Serbian)
- Information on Josif Pančić at bio.bg.ac.yu (engl.)
- Radomir Mandić on Pančić's life in the politician Zabavnik (Serbian)
- Author entry and list of the described plant names for Josif Pančić at the IPNI
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Radomir Mandić: Живот и прикљученија Јосифа Панчића. ( Memento of the original from October 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Politikin Zabavnik, 3202, 4-7, June 21, 2013
- ↑ O Josifu Pančiću. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 24, 2013 ; Retrieved July 16, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Spasa Sotirov, Branislav Miltojević: Pobedio - život. Part 2 of the features section on the 120th anniversary of Pančić's death in Večernje Novosti , February 28, 2008
- ↑ Spasa Sotirov, Branislav Miltojević: Burno u Pesti. Third part of the features section on the 120th anniversary of Pančić's death in Večernje Novosti , February 29, 2008
- ↑ a b Spasa Sotirov, Branislav Miltojević: Razgovori sa Vukom. 4th part of the features section on the 120th anniversary of Pančić's death in Večernje Novosti , March 1, 2008
- ↑ a b c d Josif Pančić, 1861: On the moss flora of the northern Banat. (PDF; 334 kB)
- ↑ Spasa Sotirov, Branislav Miltojević: Klimava drzava. 5th part of the features section on the 120th anniversary of Pančić's death in Večernje Novosti , March 2nd, 2008
- ↑ Marjan Niketić, Pavle Cikovac, Vladimir Stevanović 2013: Taxonomic and nomenclature notes on Balkan columbines ( Aquilegia L., Ranunculaceae). In: Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Belgrade, 6: 33-42. PDF
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names - Extended Edition. Part I and II. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5 doi: 10.3372 / epolist2018 .
- ^ Label of the Omorika document in the Herbarium Pancicianum
- ↑ Picea omorika Pančić's holotype in the herbarium BEOU in the Botanical Institute in Belgrade
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Pančić, Josif |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Pancic, Josip; Панчић, Јосиф |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | botanist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 17, 1814 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Bribir |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 8, 1888 |
| Place of death | Belgrade , Serbia |