Greek maple

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Greek maple
Greek maple (Acer heldreichii subsp.visianii), wild habitat in the Subadriatic Dinarides (Orjen)

Greek maple ( Acer heldreichii subsp. Visianii ), Wild location in the subadriatischen Dinarids (Orjen)

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family : Soap tree family (Sapindaceae)
Subfamily : Horse chestnut family (Hippocastanoideae)
Genre : Maples ( Acer )
Type : Greek maple
Scientific name
Acer heldreichii
Orph. ex Boiss.

The Greek maple ( Acer heldreichii ) is a plant from the genus of maple ( Acer ) within the family of soap tree plants (Sapindaceae). This endemic-relictic sub-Mediterranean plant species is widespread in the southwest, southern, central and central-eastern Balkan Peninsula.

Usage, common names and occurrences

The English-language common name is mostly Balkan maple , this is also the international trade name for tonewood of the Greek maple, in Serbian Planinski javor . The Greek maple is adapted to cool and humid climatic conditions, fresh and nutrient-rich deep to block-rich high mountain locations on northern slopes of the subalpine altitude level and is the hardest deciduous tree in its habitat . In high mountain locations, it is the fastest growing deciduous tree that overgrows the beech and is at its best 400 years old, reaching heights of up to over 30 meters and trunk diameters of occasionally over 1 meter. The distribution and gene centers of the species are the central southeast Dinarides between Zelengora and Prokletije in eastern Bosnia, central and northern Montenegro, southwest Serbia and northern Albania.

The area, which is split up into individual mountain groups, extends from the high mountains of the Southeast Dinarides in the west to the Central Balkans in the east, as well as from Rudnik in the north to Parnassus in the south, where it occurs almost exclusively at the upper tree line and in some areas together with snake skin and Rumelian pine also forms the tree line to the alpine level. In the Dinarides , subalpine border forest ecotones in the Greek maple forest are identified in the plant-sociological association - Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum B. Jov. 1957 (Jovanović, 1986) (syn: Aceri visianii-Fagetum Fukarek 1969, Fago-Aceretum visianii Blečić et Lakušić 1970). Floristically, this association stands between the associations of the ash-maple forest (Fraxino-Aceretum) and the Illyrian beech forest (Fagion illyricum), which underlines the transitional plant-sociological character of the Greek maple forest. Due to the loosened stand closure and a light canopy, light-loving oro-Mediterranean meridional elements of the Dinaric karst block dump fir forest penetrate into the societies of the Greek maple, which also contributes to the higher floristic diversity compared to fir beech forests.

Subspecies and distribution

Acer heldreichii is a variable species in its natural range, of which three subspecies and numerous varieties have been described. From the southern range in Greece, southern Macedonia and southern Albania, the subspecies Acer heldreichii subsp. heldreichii , north of it the subspecies Acer heldreichii subsp. visianii has been described in montane forests in Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finally, in the Caucasus and Northern Anatolia, the subspecies Acer heldreichii subsp. trustvetteri .

description

Beech-Greek maple primeval forest stand (Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum) with a dominant holder of a Greek maple ( Acer heldreichii subsp. Visianii ) in a Pleistocene glacial basin of the Štrekanica- Kars on the Pazua in the sub- Adriatic Orjen at 1530 meters

Appearance, wood and bark

The Greek maple grows as a deciduous tree . In terms of its habitus and the bark , which flakes off in large, thin, irregular scales with age, it resembles the sycamore maple; the color of the bark is a bit darker brown and the scales are larger than that of the sycamore maple. It differs more clearly from this in terms of chorology (distribution), ecology (location), phenology, leaf shape and inflorescence.

As a rule, they become 15 to 30 meter high trees with rising branches and a high-arched crown , it usually grows into straight-stemmed, broad-crowned trees with impressive leaves that turn bright red or golden yellow in autumn. In extreme cases, the Greek maple can be up to 400 years old and 35 m high, as well as over 100 cm thick.

The Greek maple shows a high regeneration capacity after damage and such specimens can often be made up of several trunks. The ability to form stick rashes after damage (avalanches, browsing) helps the Greek maple to survive in its high mountain habitat. Nuclear growths, on the other hand, have long knot-free shafts. In the subalpine level they can overgrow the beech and become the dominant trees there. Due to multiple overexploitation , however, there are often only forms of degradation and especially in the grazed subalpine zone there are often only bush-shaped trees. As a solitaire , it has an impressive shape.

The Greek maple is like the sycamore very fast growing in youth. However, growth slows down relatively early on average locations, so that it can subsequently be overtaken and overgrown by the common beech .

The leaves that are cut much deeper and are dark green and shiny on the Greek maple, the always dark red buds (light green on the sycamore maple) and the upright flowers (pendulous sycamore maple) can be taken as simple distinguishing features from the morphologically similar sycamore maple . The quality of the wood is similar to that of the sycamore maple. There are hardly any differences in the anatomy of the wood; both types of maple have an unusually light wood in their genus, which occurs in around 3% of the trunks with a bolt . Differences were only mentioned in the size of the tracheids (larger in the case of the Greek maple), but precise studies are not yet available.

Branch, bud and leaf

Deep green leaf blades, slightly shiny on top, reddish leaf stalks and shiny copper-red young twigs are the most striking vegetative characteristics of the Greek maple (here Acer heldreichii subsp. Visianii )

The young twigs are bare and reddish in color, a gray, smooth bark forms on the branches, through which fine cracks appear as they age. The buds are strikingly large, shiny, glabrous and reddish in color, about 5 mm long.

The opposite, sitting in dark green or reddish 10 to 15 cm long stems leaves are deeply indented palmately five lobes and uneven cut edge. The base is heart-shaped or truncated. They vary in length between 4 and 15 cm and between 5 and 17 cm in width. They are dark green and slightly shiny on the top, blue-green on the underside and hairy in the vein corners. In autumn the leaves turn bright red or golden yellow.

  • At the natural site, A. heldreichii subsp. visianii

  • Leaf shoots, A. heldreichii subsp. visianii at the natural site

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The flowers are partly pseudo-twitter, yellow-green with five-fold petal circles, in terminal, upright panicles . The Greek maple blooms in May after the leaves shoot. The conspicuously large, red fruits are split fruits , in the subspecies heldreichii the two wings are usually at obtuse angles, while in the subspecies trautvetteri they are almost parallel to each other. For the subspecies visianii , varieties have also been described where the wings are either at a large angle (var. Vulgare K. Maly) and those where the wings are not very far apart in the upper area (var. Pancicii K. Maly), as well as which where the wings cover the upper part (var. pancicii forma cruciatum Jov.). Each wing reaches 4 to 5 centimeters in length, making them one of the largest within the genus.

  • The Greek maple can already bear plenty of fruit at the age of 20. South slope in Orjen

  • The fruits of the Greek maple are particularly large and striking because of their color. Subspecies visianii , Orjen

  • In the strategy of fructifying abundantly and early, pioneer locations are settled

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 26.

Growth, rejuvenation and multiplication

So far, the wood of the Greek maple has only been available to a limited extent and is then mostly used as construction timber. In the long term, however, Greek maple will be given greater consideration in afforestation. The good growth performance as observed in the central Balkan mountains, where the Greek maple at 1100 m above sea level. If NN reaches an age of 200 years, tree heights of 28 m and diameter (BHD) of 120 cm, we recommend that you promote this forestry at suitable locations. In old stands with well-developed crowns, the natural knot cleaning is noticeable: here, trees with 12 m long knot-free trunk are not infrequently observed.

In 80–90-year-old mixed stands of the Western Balkan Mountains ( Stara Planina ) at 1600 m above sea level. NN, the Greek maple proves to be superior to the other deciduous tree species with which it is associated: growth values ​​for height and trunk strength exceed those of the sycamore maple by 20.8% and 6.7% and those of the beech by 30.3% and 13.8% %.

The Greek maple in the Western Balkans (Stara Planina) also outperforms the competing species in terms of its ability to rejuvenate: while the regeneration of the beech is generally more difficult in the snowy mountain climate, the sycamore maple counted 4,000 seedlings per hectare and the Greek maple 6,000 seedlings .

  • Seeds

  • Cotyledons

  • First leaf seedling

Phenology

The flowering time and leaf shoots begin 8–10 days after the sycamore maple in the Greek maple. The leaves shoot before the flowering period, which begins in May or June depending on the altitude.

Systematics and variability

Iconography of Acer macropterum Vis. (actually Acer heldreichii spp. visianii ) from Visianis Plantarum serbicarum pemptas 1860. This comes from a Serbian collection by Josif Pančić

Within the maple species sycamore, maple Velvet, Caucasian maple and maple Greek in Europe and the Near East form the group of so-called mountain maples (section Acer series Acer ser. Acer ).

All of these species prefer montane (subalpine) altitudes in their respective areas of distribution, even if they sometimes have a high vertical plasticity: sycamore maple (57–2000 m), Caucasian maple (200–2200 m), velvet maple (0– 1700 m) and Greek maple (1200–2000 m). The Greek maple hardly leaves the high-montane forests in the more oceanic mountains in the northwest of its area and is rarely found below 1400 m (min. 1200 m). Unlike the sycamore maple, which has a tendency to spread in the lowlands in northern and western Central Europe.

The Greek maple was discovered by Theodoros Georgios Orphanides in Parnassus, Greece in 1854 and named by Pierre Edmond Boissier in honor of Theodor Heinrich Hermann von Heldreich in 1856 . Almost at the same time, Josif Pančić from Javor and Jasterbac in the Principality of Serbia described a Planinski javor ( Eng . High mountain maple) - which he found differentiated from the mountain maple Gorski javor - and which was published by Roberto de Visiani in Venice in 1860 as Acer macropterum . With Acer visianii, Carl Frederik Nyman gave another name to a maple from Javors in Serbia. Ferdinand Albin Pax (1885 and 1886) summarized these three taxa in one species with two varieties: var. Heldreichii and var. Macropterum . From the latter, Karl Maly (1908) derived the subspecies subsp. visianii (from Acer macropterum ), which he also divided into two varieties and two forms. For the other subspecies he led the designation subsp. eu-heldreichii a. August von Hayek (1924) accepted Maly's view of the two subspecies and named them subsp. heldreichii and subsp. visianii . He took the size of the leaf blade, the type of overlap of the leaf segments and the angle between the two fruit wings as a differentiating criterion. These subspecies also coincide geographically with the actual first discoveries; heldreichii corresponds to the collection Orphanides, visianii to the collection Pančićs. Thus Orphanides and Boissier's publication correspond to the subspecies heldreichii Pančićs and Visiani's publication to the subspecies visianii . This division is accepted by Flora Europaea :

  • Acer heldreichii subsp. heldreichii Hayek
  • Acer heldreichii subsp. visianii (K.Maly) Hayek

Synonyms for Acer heldreichii subsp. visianii are:

  • Acer macropterum Vis.
  • Acer visianii Nym.

Radomir Lakušić (1964) made a stronger taxonomic modification . Lakušić adopted the subspecies ( heldreichii and visianii ) as varieties of a subspecies: Acer heldreichii subsp. heldreichii (Hayek) Lakušić var. orphanidis (Orph.) Lakušić and Acer heldreichii subsp. heldreichii (Hayek) Lakušić var. maly Lakušić and these varieties from the western Balkan peninsula contrasted with a new subspecies from the eastern Balkan peninsula in the central Balkan mountains of Bulgaria: Acer heldreichii subsp. bulgarica Lakušić . The main distinguishing feature for the subspecies bulgarica is that the leaf blade usually only has three leaf sections.

  • Acer heldreichii subsp. heldreichii var. orphanidis Lakušić
  • Acer heldreichii subsp. heldreichii var. maly Lakušić
  • Acer heldreichii subsp. bulgarica Lakušić

  • Subspecies visianii from the Southeast Sub- Adriatic Dinarides, Orjen Montenegro

  • Leaves of the subspecies visianii , Orjen (document Pazua, 1650 m)

  • Young leaves of the subspecies visianii

  • Young tree of the subspecies visianii , cultivar from the wild collection in Orjen in the Nymphenburg Botanical Garden in Munich.

  • Buds of the subspecies heldreichii

  • Bark of a young tree of the subspecies heldreichii

Due to the leaf characteristics and ecological similarities, the Euxinian- Colchian Caucasian maple ( Acer trautvetteri ) is often considered a subspecies. With the more differentiated Hyrkanian velvet maple ( Acer velutium ), they contrast the mountain maple as an evolutionary group in the branch of development . However, phylogenetic methods for genealogy research using ITS sequencing have not yet been able to provide any definitive clarification as to whether the Caucasian maple is a separate species, infraspecific form, or an ecotype of the Greek maple. Cuticular analytical analyzes in the investigation of the shape and construction of the stomata, which are considered to be typical distinguishing features of the Acer section, morphologically support the view that both species correspond. Since trees with trautvetteri as well as heldreichii traits were observed on the Balkan Peninsula, this sympatric occurrence means that it is not yet possible to precisely clarify the actual geographical distribution.

Intermediate forms between the Caucasian and Greek maple occur in populations in the northeast of their Greek range. According to Arne Strid , the populations in northeast Greece also correspond to Acer heldreichii subsp. macropterum (Vis.) Pax (= Acer heldreichii subsp. visianii ). On the other hand, specimens that closely resemble the Greek maple were also found in the distribution area of ​​the Caucasian maple in northeast Anatolia (Bolu province). Northern Iran via Armenia westwards to European Turkey is considered the real area of ​​the real Caucasian maple .

General differences between the Caucasian and Greek maples are the leaf lobes, which are only slightly incised over the middle in the former and almost to the base in the latter.

ecology

distribution

Plant-geographical division of Southeast Europe. The Greek maple is a predominantly central Balkan floral element (Illyrian-Balkan transition area and Balkan zone)
distribution

In terms of plant geography, the Greek maple is a floral element of the Central Balkan flora. With the other Balkan endemics Rumelian pine , snake skin pine , horse chestnut , common lilac , European forsythia , hazel tree and Macedonian oak , it is an important element of species-rich forests in the gorge-rich mountains of the peninsula.

In its central Balkan area it is noticeable that forests of the Greek maple occur more frequently where the subalpine pine forests adjoin a beech forest. Only then where subalpine fir forests insert, as in the Rhodope Mountains and Pirin, the Greek maple is not more than Edifikator of deciduous tree - forest formations found. This coincides with the distribution of the Greek maple forest and its value as a pointer plant for snowy and oceanic tinted high mountains, which are mainly found in the western mountains in the southeast Dinarides, the Šar Planina and the Pindus. It is also noticeable that it is missing in the Ossa and Pelion mountains and on Olympus . These are all on the more continental east side of Greece.

The Greek maple occurs on the Balkan Peninsula from the south-east Dinarides in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, south-west Serbia via Kosovo, Albania to Greece to the Peloponnese . The Acer trautvetteri , sometimes seen as a subspecies trautvetteri but today as a separate species, is native to the north of Turkey, the Colchis and the Caucasus .

In Bulgaria the species inhabits the Rila Mountains , the Western and Central Balkan Mountains , Vitoša and Osogovo , the Belasica and Rhodope massifs. Here the Greek maple is mostly found at altitudes of 1700 to 1800 (1900) meters, rarely below 1200 meters.

In Serbia, 13 regional centers of distribution are known, ranging from the western to the eastern border and in the south to the Albanian and Macedonian border: Javorje, Javor, Golija , Žljeb, Koprivnik, Paštrik , Šar Planina , Rogozna, Kopaonik , Jastrebac, Rudnik, Sićevo , Stara Planina (Babin zub, Belan and Rišor). The center of the distribution of the Greek maple in Serbia is generally considered to be the Golija planina in which the densest and best-preserved forest complexes of this maple are found. In the east of the country there is a reserve in the Stara Planina ("Vražja glava") in which the succession of the maple society can be observed.

In Macedonia, Šar Planina, Korab Mountains , Bistra , Jakupica , Jablanica and Pelister are settled.

The occurrences in Greece can be found in the Pindus , the Parnassus (here the species was first discovered by Orphanides on June 28 / July 10, 1854) and the Pajkon. In the Peloponnese the species is found at Killini.

In Albania, deposits are found mainly in the north, east and south-east of the country, particularly in the Prokletije , near Deshat ( Dibra ) and in the Jablanica border mountains to Macedonia.

In Bosnia, the Greek maple reaches its western limit in Europe. It is only found in the high mountains of northeast Herzegovina and in southern Bosnia in the Zelengora , the Bjelasica (Herzegovina near Gacko) in the south and in the north in the Jahorina .

A main distribution center of the species is in Montenegro. Here the Greek maple is at home in all the central and northern Dinaric mountain ranges: u. a. Maglić , Durmitor , Sinjajevina , Bjelasica (Kolašin), Prokletije , Komovi , Njegoš planina . The only location close to the Mediterranean can be found in the Montenegrin sub-Adriatic Dinarides in the Orjen .

Location

Subalpine (Alti-Mediterranean) habitat on the glacial Pazua ridge (Velje leto) in Orjen. Individual trees of the Greek maple can be found here mostly on the north side, but rarely on south-facing blocked coarse log heaps or in mixed forests with beech, hazel, snake-skin pine and summer linden.
Montan / High Montane fir and beech forests and high montane maple beech forests on the north side Pazua comb in Montenegro are at locations of glacio-Karst and abide by the late ausapernde snow even in summer yet sufficiently fresh.

The Greek maple is predominantly found above the montane fir-beech step, in the zones of snake-skin pine, spruce or the subalpine beech forests.

In general, the occurrence of the Greek maple in the central mountains of the Balkans is limited to summer-cool north-facing depressions at an altitude of 1100–2000 m. Individual trees can also be found as solitary trees above the tree line , where they are the most formative companions of the snowy high-montane and sub-alpine beech forest. He mostly avoids the coastal mountains with the exception of one known exception in the snowy and rainy Herzegovinian-Montenegrin Orjen , directly on the southern Adriatic coast, where he was described from the glacial Karen of the Pazua .

The occurrence of the Greek maple in small individual groups or individually within mixed forests of beech, fir and spruce is described in the Dinaric mountain forests. This is mostly observed in the vicinity of springs or small mountain streams and mostly also at northern exposures. Pavle Fukarek however, reported a 30-hectare forest from 1300 to 1700 m in the Zelengora (Tisovo Brdo) at Tjentiste near the Sutjeska , in which the Greek maple with sycamore and smaller proportions of mountain elm , fir and beech a large contiguous forest builds up. The Greek maple was described there as being on average 34 m high, with a slightly more gaps in the canopy, into which a lot of light falls. The average wood mass of the maple forest was calculated with 628 m³ for deciduous trees and 58 m³ for the silver fir (= 686 m³).

The subalpine Dinaric maple-beech forests (Aceri-Fagetum dinaricum, Wraber 1960) form saber-growing forest types of mostly low-growth Greek maple, sycamore maple and red beech due to the slope and snowfall. Within these areas, as in the Sutjeska National Park (Peručica Primeval Forest), subalpine tall perennials are characteristic ( Cicerbita alpina . Ranunculus platanifolius , Rumex arifolius , Aconitum vulparia ). In general, these maple forests are more species-rich than comparable alpine forests. In the Biogradska gora National Park, Geranium reflexum , Scropularia scopolii and Galanthus nivalis differentiate into alpine maple-beech forests. Greek maple-beech forests are small areas in extreme, snowy locations (Karen, glacial troughs, block slopes) as permanent societies, climatic zone elements. Outside of the Dinaric subalpine maple-beech forests, in the central Balkan region there are often better heights on average (20–27 m, 40–70 cm BHD), as well as the receding of Illyrian character species.

As a mesophilic species that needs light and has a high regenerative capacity, the Greek maple is able to stabilize the upper tree line in the mountains of the natural area. It is mainly found in moist mixed forests with the common beech and other species. In the northern areas of the natural range, these include sycamore maple, Norway maple, Macedonian pine and silver fir. In the beech forests of the upper tree line, the Greek maple occurs in single trees or in groups, with a proportion rarely exceeding 5–10%. All in all, it is a tree of the cool, humid mountain climate and can also be associated with snake skin pine or the Greek fir at the tree line . As a type of light in these sunny locations, however, it is bound to humus-rich, well-drained soils over calcareous rocks that remain moist even in summer.

Silver fir , beech and spruce , together with the Greek maple, are the main edifiers in the high-montane mountain forest of the central Balkan peninsula. This form can be observed analogously in the vegetation conditions in the Western Caucasus , in which Nordmann fir , Oriental beech , Oriental spruce and Caucasus maple appear in vicarious fashion . In this case, however, the most closely related with the Greek maple Caucasus maple is above this upper montane forest (2000-2100 m) nor a narrow own stage, which in typical expression with the Caucasian tall herbaceous corridor , provides a particularly striking sub-alpine stage by Oleg Sergeevič Grebenščikov so not occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.

Socialization

The Aceri-Fagetum is subalpine the most important society in the beech forest area of ​​the Western Balkans (Illyrian beech forest)

Similar to the subalpine maple beech forests of the Alps (Aceri-Fagion), as well as those of the western Dinarides of the Illyrian beech forest zone (Fagion illyricum), in which the sycamore maple is mixed with the beech, an aceri-fagetum is also excreted in the Balkan beech forests . Due to the greater continentality in the eastern Balkans, the proportion of conifers (spruce and fir) is greater here than in the more oceanic western mountain forests with maple-rich subalpine beech forests.

In Greek maple beech forests (Aceretum heldreichii B. Jov., Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum) have among other Aremonia agrimonoides , Saxifraga rotundifolia , wood anemone , onion Toothwort , forest Violet , Alpine Honeysuckle and Real Wurmfarn a high continuity. In its western distribution area, on pioneer sites of old Mediterranean karst sites such as in Orjen, a mixture of Balkan, Illyrian and Central European floral elements such as dog-tooth lily , silver birch , snake-skin pine , rigid fern , delicate checkerboard flower , Lilium chelmeae var. Cattaniae or Viola chelmea to be watched.

The mountain forests of the Greek maple have aroused the interest of plant sociologists. Numerous associations have therefore been described from the dissected area of ​​distribution: Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum B. Jov. 1957 (Serbia); Aceri visiani-Fagetum Fuk. et Stef. 1958 (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Fago-Aceretum visianii Bleč. et Lkšć. 1970 (Montenegro); Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum subalpinum Jank. et Stev. 1983. (Kosovo); Fagetum subalpinum inferiorum (= Fagetum altimontanum) Mišić et Popović 1954 (Kopaonik), Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum montanum Jov. (Golija, Serbia), Aceri heldreichii-Picetum abietis (Golija Serbia) and Abieto-Fagetum aceretosum visianii Koviljka Stanković Tomić (Mokra gora, Serbia) and Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum moesiacae subalpinum M. Janković et. В. Stevanović 1988 (Kosovo, Macedonia).

The plant-sociological order Aceri heldreichii-Fagetum B. Jov. 1957 (Jovanović, 1986).

In Serbia, the subalpine maple forests were assigned the codes A3.31 "Subalpijska šuma planinskog javora" ( Acer heldreichii ) and A3.311. Here the forests are listed as rare.

Evolution and genetics

The Greek maple is an element of the xeromediterranean altitude and is part of the forest vegetation in the Oro-Mediterranean biome . According to Vladimir Stevanović , in terms of flora history, it is one of the relic species with West Asian relationships ( Acer trautvetteri ), which had differentiated before the Ice Ages and colonized the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula during the Pleistocene epoch.

Genetic analyzes with ITS sequencing of maple species from the Acer section have not been able to provide any final clarity about the specific position of sycamore maple , Greek maple and Caucasian maple . However, the latter species are undoubtedly very closely related and may have arisen from an original species that was once widespread. The position of the sycamore maple and its evolution could not be clarified. It remains to be assumed that this originated from the phylogenetic group of velvet maple , Greek maple and Caucasus maple through polyploidy . According to the determination of the chromosome number by FS Santamour, Acer heldreichii is diploid with 2n = 26 chromosomes in somatic cell nuclei. This knowledge supports the separation as a species from the closely related and similar sycamore maple, which is tetraploid with 2n = 52 chromosomes .

Endangerment and nature conservation

IUCN hazard category for Acer heldreichii

According to the IUCN criteria, the Greek maple is not assigned to any hazard category and is listed under Least Concern (LC).

In the national list in the “Red Data Book” Bulgaria, the Greek maple is classified as Vulnerable (VU). Anthropogenic causes such as timber production and habitat destruction are named as threats.

Numerous populations of the Greek maple are located within designated national parks. Among others in Bosnia in the National Park Jahorina and National Park Sutjeska , in Montenegro in the National Park Biogradska Gora on the Bjelasica, in Serbia in the National Park Kopaonik . Within the Jahorina reserve above Sarajevo, two special reserves with significant occurrences of the Greek maple have been identified: Zlatna Dolina and Mali javor . The forests with the Greek maple are composed of predominantly alpine and boreal species.

Wood, use and reproduction

properties

The wood properties are very similar to those of the sycamore maple. The porous wood is of medium hardness and moderately heavy. The average volume weight is 873 kg / m³ (811–938 kg / m³) in the fresh and 646 kg / m³ (613–696 kg / m³) in the air-dry state. The volume shrinkage is given as 13.6%. Winter felling is necessary.

The light gray to brown bark is relatively thin (about 1 cm), slightly longitudinally fissured or smooth.

Until now, the wood of the Greek maple is only available in limited quantities and is then mostly used as construction timber. Afforestation with Greek maple will, however, be given greater consideration in the long term.

Bow making

Wood anatomical studies on Ottoman composite arches have shown that they used the wood for the arches mainly from maples . Maple wood was the most sought after and most expensive in the special bows of the Ottomans. In addition to yew wood for long bows and, in the new world, milk orange tree wood, the decisive role for the most effective bow constructions. Wood anatonic reasons play the decisive role for this specific suitability due to the spiral-shaped thickening of the tracheid cells and fibers .

Violins and guslen

The Balkan Guslen of the highland inhabitants are made almost exclusively from maple. The light maple wood is mostly painted dark.

Maples are particularly highly regarded trees in folk mythology of the Southern Slavs. The wood of the Greek maple is known as sound wood particular one of the desired materials in the Guslenbau , and other stringed instruments. The wood quality is comparable to that of sycamore and Norway maple.

Lumber in instrument making

The nachgefragteste wooden type of Greek maple is the so-called džever javor , in the German language Maple . Flamed maple has pronounced light / dark stripes of the fibers and can typically be recognized by the alternation from light ocher to amber-colored stripes. The flamed maple, called "fiddle back maple" in English, has been used for violin backs for centuries. The locking is caused by a special type of wavy fiber course, which results in light-dark stripes based on different light refraction on the surface when the cut is made. Completely flawless, fine-grained (i.e. the annual rings are tight and even) timber from sycamore and Greek maple is preferred in violin making for optical reasons only, for the sound and quality of the violin, however, only the instrument top is decisive and that exists made of fine-grained spruce wood.

The fact that mountain maples are generally among the most expensive endemic species here is also shown by the wood prices on the wood exchanges. In 2011, more than 7,500 euros / m³ were charged for mountain maple wood in Slovenia, seven times more than for spruce wood.

As the Montenegrin newspaper Vijesti reported, the felling of Greek maple for their own guslen making as well as for export to foreign sawmills that purchase tonewood for violin making is of particular interest among the logging companies and loggers in the Kolašin region , which is reflected in the high level of interest Prices that are sometimes paid for it explained. As the daily reported, the police had thwarted an attempt to illegally cut Greek maple trees in the primeval forest of the "Biogradska gora" national park. Most valued is a trunk that is particularly stressed by wind and incline , known as the so-called džver javor (or džever stablo = crooked / saber - growing trunk). As the newspaper reported in another article, these saber-growing trees were so popular because of their demand for musical instruments that even hard-to-reach locations such as in the high alpine Durmitor were massively overused before the Second World War. Since Greek maple timber is the most highly valued wood of the Dinarides, there are also legends that revenues of up to 60,000 euros per cubic meter are possible, but realistically only 500–600 euros per cubic meter are paid in the Kolašin sawmills. This still high proceeds is accompanied by an overuse of the stocks, which is seen as a welcome source of money by the local and often not regularly employed mountain population in Montenegro.

In particular, the region around Kolašin has developed into the center of the illegal flamed maple timber industry in Montenegro. Uncontrolled and unauthorized use of the Greek maple stocks leads to total loss of the species in the region. However, overexploitation of the stocks has also markedly decreased the demand for flamed maple wood in Kolašin wood processing companies in recent years (as of August 2014). The trade in flamed maple from forests of the Upper Lim and the Upper Tara , which was carried out in an organized criminal milieu, was carried out for customers in tonewood companies in the EU, North America and Japan, as the Montenegrin weekly magazine Monitor reported in its August 15, 2014 issue. Organized groups had specialized in trading flamed maple. Stricter controls and the more difficult finding of suitable trees for this lucrative timber trade have ultimately largely dried it up. However, with the felling of maples that were not equipped with this special locking system, the stocks in the affected area were largely decimated. Since all maples were felled as potentially locked during the search for flamed maple, as the potential lock only becomes apparent on felled trunks, many felled maples without locking were not even recovered, but were removed from the fund of the mountain forest.

Cultic customs and epic tradition

In the folk culture of the southern Slavs, the maple generally has a higher cultic significance and sacred veneration than is the case in Central Europe. Maple trees are the bearers of pagan and animistic ideas of the tree cult among the southern Slavs , which stand out so conspicuously in the folk culture of the southern Slavs. The Guslen made of maple wood symbolize a mediation with the ancestor cult . In the epic Guslen songs, a mantra - "Gusle made of maple wood" - ( gusle moje, drvo javorovo ) often appears in the opening lines . It is also used as a coffin material in funeral rites.

The sacred character is often found in songs of the ten-syllable Serbo-Croatian folk epic , such as in the chant "Ženidba voivoda Pavla" . Here the story of a tragic honeymoon is told through images of symbolic actions and places, in which six forests have to be crossed: "three fir forests and three maple forests". In the patriarchal ten-syllable Serbo-Croatian folk epic, the evergreen firs have a sacred character as trees of life and sometimes as tragic connections to youth and especially as a symbol of a beautiful young woman; on the other hand, the maple, when used as a coffin and as a gusle, also suggests an ambiguous suggestion as an emblem of death. This ambiguity is fulfilled in the story in the journey under the trees of life and death, when the bride dies on the way to her bridegroom in one of the maple forests and proclaims in death that the bridegroom was not intended for her by fate.

The significance of animistic images of maple trees in the restoration of a patriarchal order emerges, for example, in the feudal long-lined Bugarštica Sultana Grozdana i Vlašić Mlađenj written in the Bay of Kotor in the 18th century . Here the unrealistic love affair of a Christian knight and a Turkish sultana is told in a rose garden in Constantinople, in which the janissaries hang him on a maple tree after the affair is discovered. The story culminates in the last few lines when the sultan's daughter cuts her hair in mourning and, to protect him from the sun, covers his face with it before she hangs herself on the same maple tree:

Sultana Prezdana i Vlašić Mlađenj

Brzo meni ufatite Mlađenja, mlada Vlašića,
I njega mi objesite o javoru zelenomu,
                                              Mladoga Mlađenja!
BRZE sluge ošetaše po bijelu Carigradu,
I oni mu ufitiše Mlađenja, mlada Vlašića,
                                              Te Careve sluge,
I Njega mi objesiše o javoru zelenomu,
A to ti mi začula Prezdana, lijepa sultana,
                                              Lepa gospoda,
U ruke mi dofatila svilena lijepa pasa,
Ter mi brže ošetala put javora zelenoga,
                                              Prezdana gospođa.
Tu mi bješe ugledala Mlađenja, mlada Vlašića,
A Dje mi on visi o javoru zelenomu,
                                              Vlasicu junaku,
Ona bješe obrrezala sve svoje lijepe us kose,
Ter h bješe Stavila Mlađenju na bijelo lice,
                                              junaku Vlasicu,
Da mu ne bi Zarko sunce bijelo lice pogdilo.
Pak se bješe uspela na javoru zelenomu,
                                              Prezadana gospođa,
Tu se bješe zamaknula zu Mlađenja, mlada Vlašića,
                                              Prezadana gospođa.
Tuj mlađahni visahu o javoru zelenomu.

Prezdan the Sultan's Daughter and Vlašić Mlađenj

Young Vlašić Mlađenj swiftly seize,
And hang him from the maple green
                                              Young Mlađenj!
So swift they walked through the Imperial City,
Young Mlađenj Vlašić they did seize,
                                              Those Sultan's vassals,
And from the maple green they hanged him,
When Prezdana fair had heard of this,
                                              Fair Lady,
She took a lovely, silken sash,
And walked so swift toward the maple green,
                                              The Lady Prezdana.
And Vlašić Mlađenj saw she there,
As from the maple green he hung,
                                              Vlašić, the fine hero.
And off she cut her fine, fair hair,
And placed it over Mlađenj's face,
                                              Heroic Vlašić's
Lest burning sun disfigure it.
And she climbed up the maple green,
                                              The Lady Prezdana,
And there fell limp beside Young Mlađenj,
                                              The Lady Prezdana.
So Young from maple green they hung.

Another element of the epic use of this maple emblem is found as a frequent formulaic element of a dried up maple tree ( javor suhi ) that bears yellow flowers. In the epic tradition, accusations of death by a miracle are fended off in the motif of the miracle sign of a blooming, dried up maple. With the embodiment of the maple in the ancestral cult and its use as a guslen material, this epic context of wondrous blossoming has the power to save human lives in extreme situations.

Common names

In Serbian the Greek maple is mostly called Planinski javor (German high mountain maple) or Mlječac .

Horticulture

Greek maple can mostly only be found in larger botanical collections. Because of their conspicuous, crimson bud shells, as well as the interesting, deeply incised and beautiful foliage, they are valuable for horticulture, but rarely widespread.

swell

literature

  • M. Perovic, K. Prinz, R. Finkeldey, R. Cvjeticanin: Genetic variation of greek maple (Acer heldreichii Orph.) Populations in the western balkan region. In: General forest and hunting newspaper. Volume 183, No. 11-12, 2012, pp. 248-256 (abstract) .
  • Guido W. Grimm, Thomas Denk, V. Hemleben: Evolutionary history and systematics of Acer section Acer - a case study of low-level phylogenetics. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 267, No. 1-4, 2007, pp. 215-253, doi: 10.1007 / s00606-007-0572-8 ( preview ).
  • Helmut Pirc: Maples . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8001-6554-6 , pp. 140 ff .
  • Pavle Fukarek : Comments on some Balkan and Balkan-Carpathian tree and shrub species. In: Fedde's repertory. Volume 81, No. 1-5, 1970, pp. 163-170, doi: 10.1002 / fedr.19700810113 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Milorad M. Janković, Vladimir Stevanović: Prilog poznavanju subalpijske zajednice mezijske bukve i planinskog javora. ( Acer heldreichii Orph.) Na severnoj padini Sarplanine. In: Vuković Tihomir (ed.): Zbornik radova povodom jubileja akademika Pavla Fukareka. In: Akademija nauka i umjestnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Radovi. Volume LXXII, No. 21, Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematičkih nauka, Sarajevo 1983, pp. 365-371.
  2. ↑ a b c d Alexander H. Alexandrov, Denitsa Pandeva: Acer heldreichii. In. Peter Schütt (Ed.): Encyclopedia of woody plants. Manual and Atlas of Dendrology. 34.Supplementary delivery, 2003, p. 4, doi: 10.1002 / 9783527678518.ehg2003033 .
  3. ↑ Vilotije Blečić, Radomir Lakušić: The primeval forest Biogradska gora in the Bjelasica Mountains in Montenegro. In: Pavle Fukarek (ed.): Južnoevropske prašue i visokoplaninska Flora i vegetacija istočnoalpsko-dinarskog prostora. In: Akademija nauka i umjestnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Posebna Izdanja. Volume XV, No. 4, 1970, Odeljenje prirodnih i matematičkih nauka, Sarajewo, p. 133.
  4. ↑ M. Perovic, K. Prinz, R. Finkeldey, R. Cvjeticanin: Genetic variation of greek maple (Acer heldreichii Orph.) Populations in the western balkan region. In: General forest and hunting newspaper. Volume 183, No. 11-12, 2012, pp. 248-256 (abstract) .
  5. ↑ Milorad M. Janković, Vladimir Stevanović: Prilog poznavanju subalpijske zajednice mezijske bukve i planinskog javora ( Acer heldreichii Orph.) Na severnoj padini Šarplanine. P. 365.
  6. ↑ Pavle Fukarek: Prilog poznavanju biljnosocioloških odnosa šuma i šibljaka nacionalnog parka Sutjeska. In: Pavle Fukarek (ed.): Osnovne prirodne karakteristike, Flora i vegetacija nacionalnog parka Sutjeska. In: Akademija nauka i umjestnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Posebna Izdanja. Volume XI, No. 3, Odjeljenje Prirodnih i Matematičkih Nauka, Sarajevo, 1969, pp. 231-234.
  7. ↑ a b Pavle Fukarek: Prilog poznavanju biljnosocioloških odnosa šuma i šibljaka nacionalnog parka Sutjeska. P. 234.
  8. ^ Christian Bräuchler, Pavle Cikovac: Vegetational diversity in a hyper-karstic, hyper-humid oro-Mediterranean Environment. In: Proceeding of: 40th Anniversary Conference of the Ecological Society of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Volume 40, 2010, pp. 405-430, Held at Justus Liebig University Gießen, The future of Biodiversity, (abstract) .
  9. ↑ Pavle Fukarek: Javor. In: Aleksandar Ugrenović, Zvonimir Potočić (eds.): Šumarska Enciklopedija. Volume 1: A-Kos. Leksikografski Zavod FNRJ, Zagreb 1959.
  10. ↑ Pavle Fukarek: Planinski javor ( Acer heldreichii Orph. Ssp. Visiani (Nym.) Pax.), P. 166.
  11. ↑ a b c Branislav Jovanović: Acer heldreichii. In: Mladen Josifović (ed.): Флора СP Србије (Flore de la république socialiste de Serbie). Volume 5, SANU (Académie Serbe des Sciences et des Arts), Belgrade 1973, p. 79.
  12. ↑ Alexander H. Alexandrov, Denitsa Pandeva: Acer heldreichii. P. 2.
  13. ↑ a b c d Alexander H. Alexandrov, Denitsa Pandeva: Acer heldreichii. P. 3.
  14. ↑ Pavle Fukarek: Planinski javor ( Acer heldreichii Orph. Ssp. Visiani (Nym.) Рax.) In: Hrvatski Šumarski list. Volume 6, No. 67, 1943, p. 165 (PDF file) .
  15. ^ Branislav Jovanović: Acer heldreichii. Pp. 81-82.
  16. ^ Acer heldreichii at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  17. ↑ a b c d Alexander H. Alexandrov, Denitsa Pandeva: Acer heldreichii. P. 5.
  18. ↑ Pavle Fukarek: Sumarska Enciklopedija. P. 681.
  19. ↑ a b c Branislav Jovanović: Acer heldreichii. P. 80.
  20. ^ Hermann Meusel, Eckehart Jäger, Stephan Rauschert, Erich Weinert: Comparative chorology of the Central European flora. Volume II, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1978, p. 278.
  21. ^ Radomir Lakušić: Planinski javor ( Acer heldreichii Orph). In: Godišnjak Biološkog Instituta Univerziteta u Saravjevu. Volume 17, 1964, pp. 117-143.
  22. ↑ Peter A. Schmidt: The sycamore maple - a typical mixed forest tree species of south-central European mountain forests. In: Bavarian State Institute for Forestry and Forestry (Ed.): LWF knowledge. Volume 62 (Contributions to the sycamore maple), pp. 13–18 (PDF file) ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lwf.bayern.de
  23. ^ Pierre Edmond Boissier: Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium novarum. Ser. II, No. 5, B. Herrmann, Leipzig 1856, p. 71 Preview in the Google book search.
  24. ↑ Roberto de Visiani: Plantarum serbicarum pemptas ossia descrizione di cinque piante Serbiane. In: Memorie del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Volume 9, 1860, p. 175, panel XIII (online) .
  25. ^ A b Stuart Max Walters: Acer. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 238 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  26. ↑ August von Hayek: Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Balcanicae (= Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. Supplements. Volume 30, No. 1). Volume 1 Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledoneae (Apetalae et Choripetalae) , Verlag des Repertoriums, Dahlem 1927, p. 602.
  27. ^ Radomir Lakušić: Planinski javor. ( Acer heldreichii Orph), pp. 132-140.
  28. ↑ Guido W. Grimm, Thomas Denk, V. Hemleben: Evolutionary history and systematics of Acer section Acer - a case study of low-level phylogenetics. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 267, No. 1-4, 2007, pp. 215-253, doi: 10.1007 / s00606-007-0572-8 ( preview ).
  29. ↑ uni-hohenheim.de ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uni-hohenheim.de
  30. ^ GW Grimm, T. Denk, V. Hemleben: Evolutionary history and systematics of Acer section Acer - a case study of low-level phylogenetics. P. 241.
  31. ^ Margit Ströbitzer-Hermann, Johanna Kovar-Eder, Ernst Vitek: Cuticular analytical investigations on Acer heldreichii Orph. ex Boiss. ssp. heldreichii and ssp. trautvetteri (Medw.) Murray and Acer pseudoplatanus L. In: Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museum Wien B. Volume 102, 2000, pp. 409-416 (PDF file) .
  32. ↑ M. Ströbitzer-Hermann, J. Kovar-Eder, E. Vitek: Cuticular analytical investigations on Acer heldreichii Orph. ex Boiss. ssp. heldreichii and ssp. trautvetteri (Medw.) Murray and Acer pseudoplatanus L. p. 416.
  33. ↑ a b c Björn Aldén: Acer. In: Arne Strid (Ed.): Mountain Flora of Greece. Volume One . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1986, ISBN 0-521-25737-9 , pp. 582 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  34. ^ Franz H. Meyer, Ulrich Hecker, Hans Rolf Höster, Fred-Günter Schroeder: Gehölzflora. Founded by Jost Fitschen. 11th expanded and corrected edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01268-7 , pp. 74-13.
  35. ^ Hannes Mayer: Forests of Europe. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart / New York 1984, ISBN 3-437-30441-0 , p. 362.
  36. ^ Hannes Mayer: Forests of Europe. P. 364.
  37. ↑ Javno preduzece srbijasume; Planina Golija (online). ( Memento of the original from March 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.srbijasume.rs
  38. ↑ Javno preduzece srbijasume; Stara planina (online). ( Memento of the original from March 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.srbijasume.rs
  39. ↑ Björn Aldén: Acer. In: Arne Strid (Ed.): Mountain Flora of Greece. Volume One . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1986, ISBN 0-521-25737-9 , pp. 581 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  40. ↑ a b Pavle Cikovac: Sociology and site-related distribution of fir forests in the Orjen Mountains (Montenegro) . Munich 2002 ( PDF file; 61.7 MB ).
  41. ↑ a b Christian Bräuchler, Pavle Cikovac: Iris orjenii (Iridaceae), a new species from the littoral Dinaric Alps. In: Willdenowia. Volume 37, No. 1, pp. 221-228 (here, p. 226; PDF file ).
  42. ↑ a b Pavle Fukarek: Podaci o raširenj planinskog javora ( Acer heldreichii Boiss) u Bosni, Hercegovini isusjednim krajevima. In: Godišnjak Biološkog instituta u Sarajevu. Volume 1, 1948, pp. 31-47 (here, p. 36).
  43. ↑ Pavle Fukarek: Podaci o raširenj planinskog javora ( Acer heldreichii Boiss) u Bosni, Hercegovini isusjednim krajevima. P. 38.
  44. ↑ a b c Hannes Mayer: Forests of Europe. P. 399.
  45. ^ Hannes Mayer: Forests of Europe. P. 418.
  46. ^ Oleg Sergeevič Grebenščikov : Vegetation structure in the High Mountains of the Balkan peninsula and the Caucasus, USSR. In: Arctic and Alpine Research. Vol. 10, No. 2, 1978, pp. 441-447 ( JSTOR 1550778 ).
  47. ^ Ivo Horvat, Vjekoslav Glavač, Heinz Ellenberg: Vegetation Southeast Europe (= Geobotanica selecta. Volume 4). Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1974, ISBN 3-437-30168-3 , pp. 439, 506-507.
  48. ↑ Javno preduzece Srbijasume, pravilnik kriterijuma izdvajana tipova staista (PDF file). ( Memento of the original from March 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.srbijasume.rs
  49. ↑ SD Matvejew, IJ Puncer: Map of Biomes - Landscapes of Yugoslavia and Their Protection. In: Natural History Museum in Belgrade, Special issue. Volume 36, Belgrade 1989, p. 57.
  50. ↑ Vladimir Stevanović: Analysis of the central European and Mediterranean orophytic element on the mountains of the W. and central Balkan peninsula with special reference to endemics. In: Bocconea. Volume 5, 1996, pp. 77-97 (here, p. 88), PDF file .
  51. ^ GW Grimm, T. Denk, V. Hemleben: Evolutionary history and systematics of Acer section Acer - a case study of low-level phylogenetics. Pp. 236, 241.
  52. ↑ FS Santamour, Jr .: NEW CHROMOSOME COUNTS IN ACER (MAPLE) SPECIES, SECTIONS ACER AND GONIOCARPA in RHODORA 90 No. 862, 1988
  53. ↑ Douglas Gibbs, Yousheng Shen: The Red List of Maples. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK 2009, ISBN 978-1-905164-31-8 (PDF file) .
  54. ^ Bulgarian Red Data Book, online Acer heldreichii
  55. ↑ Gokhan Kunduz, Barbaros Yaman, Seray Ozden, Suleyman Cem Donmez: Anatomy of wooden core of ottoman Composite archery bows. In: Sains Malaysia. Volume 42, No. 5, 2013, pp. 547-552 (PDF file) .
  56. ↑ Hauke ​​Jeske, Dieter Grosker: The wood of the sycamore maple - properties and use. In: Bavarian State Institute for Forestry and Forestry (Ed.): LWF knowledge. Volume 62 (Contributions to the sycamore maple), pp. 55–61 (PDF file) ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lwf.bayern.de
  57. ↑ (online: deloindom.si)
  58. ↑ Vijesti , November 13, 2011 (online: vijesti.me)
  59. ↑ Vijest , June 12, 2006 (online: vijesti.me)
  60. ↑ Vecernje novosti , May 23, 2011 (online: Novosti.rs)
  61. ↑ Monitor, No. 1243, August 15, 2014 U KOLAŠINSKIM ŠUMAMA NASTAVLJENA SJEČA GOTOVO ISKORIJENJENOG JAVORA: Džever puni džepove šumokradica
  62. ↑ Monitor, No. 1243, August 15, 2014 U KOLAŠINSKIM ŠUMAMA NASTAVLJENA SJEČA GOTOVO ISKORIJENJENOG JAVORA: Džever puni džepove šumokradica
  63. ↑ a b c Svetozar Koljević: The Epic in the making. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1980, ISBN 0-19-815759-2 , p. 1.
  64. ↑ a b Svetozar Koljević: The Epic in the making. 1980, p. 2.
  65. ↑ a b Svetozar Koljević: The Epic in the making. 1980, p. 78.
  66. ^ Svetozar Koljević: The Epic in the making. 1980, p. 117.
  67. ^ John S. Miletich 1990: The Bugarštica - A Bilingual Anthology of the Earliest Extant Suth Slavic Folk Narrative Song . Illinois Medieval Monographs III, University of Illinois Press, Chicago, ISBN 0-252-01711-0 , pp. 228-233.
  68. ↑ a b Svetozar Koljević: The Epic in the making. 1980, p. 61.
  69. ^ Branislav Jovanović: Acer heldreichii. P. 82.

Web links

Commons : Greek Maple  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Isotype Acer heldreichii subsp. heldreichii Kew (leg.Heldreich, August 15, 1854, Parnassus Greece (online: kew.org) )
  • Isosyntype Acer heldreichii subsp. heldreichii Harvard Gray Herbarium (online: harvard.edu)
  • Type evidence of the subspecies Acer heldreichii subsp. visianii in British Museum (leg K. Maly, 1908, Jahorina BiH) (online: JSTOR)
  • Bulgarian Red List entry for Acer heldreichii with UTM distribution map in Bulgaria and diagnostic watercolor drawing Acer heldreichii (Eng.)