Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae

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Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae
In the oromediterranean Pinus heldreichii rock forest of the sub-Adriatic Dinarides, Orjen Mountains

In the oromediterranean Pinus heldreichii rock forest of the sub-Adriatic Dinarides, Orjen Mountains

Systematics
Order : Lily-like (Liliales)
Family : Lily family (Liliaceae)
Subfamily : Lilioideae
Genre : Lilies ( Lilium )
Type : Turk's Union ( Lilium martagon )
Variety : Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae
Scientific name
Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae
Vis.

Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae is a striking variety of the Turk's Union lily ( Lilium martagon ) from the genus of lilies ( Lilium )with its unspotted dark purple flowers.

Description and ecology

Lilium cattaniae . Roberto Visiani Supplementum Flora Dalmatica , plate 3, 1872, lithograph G. Kirchmaijr
The densely white woolly hairy buds differ from the nominate form

Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae is a perennial herbaceous plant with an underground bulb that reaches heights of up to 200 centimeters.

From the Nominatform Lilium martagon var. Martagon it differs by the significantly stronger growth form with one to thumb-thick stem on which often more than 15 petals (sometimes up to 47), Leafy Scheinquirle (up to 22 individual leaves at the lowermost Scheinquirl), the wine-red vigorously until black-purple color of the perigone , the red-colored anthers and pollen grains of the same kind as well as the felt-like woolly hairs of flower buds and stems.

A similar form, Lilium martagon var. Sanguineo-purpureum , has blood-red flowers that are, however, darkly dotted. This was described in the distribution area of ​​the Cattani lily vom Velež by Günther Beck von Mannagetta and Lerchenaus.

The variety also shows a clinical variability in flower color, which lies between the lilies in the NW with lighter flowers and those from the SE with bright dark purple. The latter have become Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae (Vis.) Vis by various authors such as Visiani in particular . posed, sometimes called by Elwes and Maly but also Lilium martagon var. dalmaticum (Maly) Elwes ( Lilium dalmaticum Maly ). The latter name form was particularly popular in horticulture, as the largest horticultural introduction of the Cattani lilies in the 19th century from the ancestral area of ​​the var. Dalmaticum as Lilium dalmaticum from its southeastern area above the Bay of Kotor to Great Britain and Germany.

Vegetative characteristics

The stems are tinted green-brown or red-brown. Stems, inflorescence are hairy, buds are hairy, tomentose-white. The oval onion is yellow, can reach a diameter of 5 centimeters and consists of many yellow, waisted scales. Like many geophytes, it is characterized by traction roots , which ensure that the onion remains at sufficient depth.

The simple, strong stem is round. In the middle area of ​​the stem, the horizontally protruding leaves are in two to four pseudo whorls, leaves 6-9 (18) per pseudo whorl, sitting, inverted-lanceolate to spatulate, standing horizontally, with numerous nerves, entire, soft and pale green. Bracts above are single and scattered.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to July. Up to fifteen fragrant, nodding flowers are in a panicle inflorescence , in a loosely elongated raceme . The hermaphroditic, threefold medium-sized flowers have six downwardly and outwardly curved, uniformly shaped bracts ( tepals ). The tepals are strongly rolled outwards, but their tips do not meet on the stem, as is the case with the typical turban shape of the actual Turkic League. The flowers are also monochrome, bright dark wine-red and not spotted, which also distinguishes them from the Turkic League. The stamens with red, 6 to 11 millimeter long anthers protrude far from the flower. The stigma and pollen are also red.

The triple capsule fruits are round with a diameter of about 2 centimeters and contain numerous horizontally arranged light brown seeds. The seeds are spread as shaking spreaders ( wind spreaders and animal spreaders ).

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

distribution

Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae occurs on the western Balkan peninsula exclusively in the sub-Adriatic littoral karst mountains in Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro . It inhabits the Dinaric mountains of Dalmatia ( Velebit , Mosor , Biokovo ), Herzegovina ( Prenj , Čvrsnica , Bijela gora ) and Montenegro ( Orjen , Lovčen , Rumija ). William Bertram Turrill also lists this variety from Debar in Western Macedonia .

In Montenegro the occurrence is limited exclusively to the outer Dinarides and the karst mountains of the Adriatic coast. Inland, their distribution extends to the Piva canyon.

Habitat and plant communities

Compared to the nominate form, the optimum for Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae is in lower, warmer and drier locations of the supramediterranean and oromediterranean altitude . In addition, it also occurs in tall herbaceous vegetation of the old Mediterranean altitude. According to Radomir Lakušić , the Cattani lily as a subtropical-Mediterranean-sub-Mediterranean type of pile is an element of warmth-loving downy oak forests ( Quercetalia pubescentis ). Pavle Fukarek presented Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae as Kennart the Sibljak -order Lonicero-Rhamnion in the association Berberido-Rhamnetum as of Fukarek from the Orjen described as a special companion plant which will in the higher levels of subadriatischen Dinarides after EUNIS relict the deciduous subalpine crookedwood bushes counts.

Wild plant from the type locality of the variety dalmaticum (Maly) Elwes from the upper Krivošije . Flowers very bright, monochrome, dark purple or wine red and always without dots. The plant growing in front of a snow cave in Reovački do bloomed in mid-September
Structure in the Dinaric karst log dump fir forest with the lily growing between boulders
Structure sunny side submediderraner Karst block Halden mixed forests with hazel tree , silver fir , L. martagon var. Cattaniae and Crimean peony

Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae is essentially a crevice-inhabiting plant (but no actual chasmophyte ). In its area encompassing the classic karst area of ​​the Dinarides, it colonizes steeper montane and high-montane subalpine coarse block soils (mild to mulled humus trendines) which belong to the soil class of the calcaric leptosle. In addition to the Cattani lily, pioneer tree species are favored on these raw soils, which dominate the locations of the lily (especially conifers: silver fir, black pine and snake skin pine). Under the moss and dwarf shrub cover, the conifers reach the crevices that are slowly filled with humus. In advanced, closed phases, the overlay is mineralized so that the root network of the forest trees is exposed. The lily appears between the coarse blocks in the umbrella of the conifers. Due to the long snow cover and the cold, hollow air, strongly shielding forest tree species such as red beech are eliminated. On the sunny side, with advanced soil and vegetation development (Mull to Moderhumus), species-rich mixed dump forests with silver linden , hazel and snowball maple and other heat-loving species, in which Cattani lily and Crimean peony stand out.

The lily-rich associations of the karst block forest formations growing between limestone blocks are ecologically regarded as permanent pioneer locations. In addition to the accompanying coniferous forest trees, depending on the altitude, there is a dominant type of (half) shrubbery, which is called the Šibljak formation in terms of vegetation , with Viburnum maculatum (Orjen snowball), Lonicera glutinosa , Berberis illyrica , Carniolan buckthorn ( Rhamnus fallax ) and the Greek whitebeam ( Sorbus graeca ) (the latter in the top tier) and the Felsenmoltkie .

The elevation zoning of typical karst block dump forest permanent communities (1000–1550 m) is best developed in Herzegovina and Montenegro:

Outside the forest zone, lilies can also be found in cleft carts of glacial stratified stairs. In these, too, loose mull humus soils, especially rock humus , are formed. This type of alpine cambisole is a clay and mineral poor substrate that is formed on very pure alpine Dinaric limestone (CaCO 3 ≥ 95%). In addition, due to the climate-related reduced rate of limestone-decomposing carbonic acid weathering due to the altitude, the soils are characterized by only a small amount of soil-forming residual minerals. The mulled humus formed from hard-to-compost needle leaf residues and other plant detritus therefore only has a low water storage capacity. This lily variety is therefore mostly only there where deep crevices enable sustainable soil freshness, or where a slight covering by snake-skin pine, silver fir or light-standing deciduous trees offers a certain protection from excessive solar radiation.

In the Oreo-Mediterranean Dinaric dry silver fir forest type, Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae is constantly associated with dog-tooth lily , mountain valerian , sticky thistle and lance shield fern in the association of the Dinaric karst block dump fir forest ( Oreoherzogio-Abietum Fuk.) . Cleft carts with deeper, crevice-based substrates on progressively developed lime omelanosols are then mostly populated by the lilies in groups. They have often grown their onions so firmly between two boulders that they can hardly be removed from them. But even only slightly thick lime omelanosols are sufficient for growth, since even needle-rich raw humus is sufficient for the plants to germinate and grow.

The edges and entrances of caves, karst chimneys or sinkholes with partly year-round snow accumulation are also suitable locations in the strongly reliefed Dalmatian karst mountains . The cold air at the edges of the sinkholes and jams ensures high soil moisture and high light intensity at the same time. The phenological development is delayed around such wells rich in cold air, as in an observed case where the lilies did not bloom until mid-September.

In particular, Maximilian Leichtlin described the demands on the location in the sub-Adriatic location of the Dinarides of Montenegro as impressive:

“The lilies grow from 3000 feet (≈ 915 m) in height and are most numerous in the Grivoschie (sic! Aka Krivošije ), a rocky bed of a former glacier. Here the chalky bedrock is divided at alternating intervals by crevices 40-50 feet wide and 80 deep, with snow at the bottom. Wherever there is a bit of earth hanging on the sides of the crevices, lilies grow, which consolidate their roots close to the rock in lime-rich gravel "

- Max Leichtlin in Henry John Elwes "A Monograph of the Genus Lilium" , 1877

Outside of these block heaps and rock bush forest formations, the Cattani lily colonizes deeper chromic luvic cambisole (according to DBG Parabraunerde) with the humus form Mull, where it, as on Velje leto in the high mountain ridge of the Pazua, together with the Orjen iris , Peucedanum longifolium , white affodilla and meadow hogweed occurs.

Taxonomy

Lilium martagon var. Sanguineo-purpureum Beck occurs in the same area and, as in the plant shown, directly in the type locality of Lilium dalmaticum .

The taxonomy of the variety Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae is controversial; by some authors, especially those from the former Yugoslavia, occasionally as a separate species, Lilium cattaniae (Vis.) Vis. , respected and called Cattani lily, it is regularly treated in Great Britain as Lilium dalmaticum , in which the Cattani lily is sometimes only supplied as a variety. This distinction, which arose from certain differences in flower color and plant size, correlates in particular with the different introduction of lilies from the northern ( cattaniae ) and southern ( dalmaticum ) areas, in which these differences can be found. It is common in the karst mountains of the southeast Adriatic from Croatia to Montenegro, there especially in the Dalmatian coastal region . However, finds from mainland Greece have also been reported several times, without their distribution being generally clarified here. Introduced into horticulture from 1874 in Germany and especially in Great Britain by Maximilian Leichtlin , the variety was popular in the countries for a while and is even more common today, especially in Great Britain, based on the original plants. In the UK, botanical gardens and garden literature about arisen out among others, two artistically outstanding Chromos the plant that the longtime botanical chief illustrator at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Walter Hood Fitch , 1874 and 1880 for the Folio edition of Henry John Elwes ' lily monograph and for the gardening magazine The Florist and pomologist .

Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum . Chromolithography WH Fitch, Henry John Elwes - "A Monograph of the Genus Lilium" , Vol. 20, Plate 23, 1874 (final print 1877). The illustration is based on plants that Leichtlin collected in Montenegro in 1874.

The variety was named after Maria Selebam de Cattani (1789–1870), a natural scientist from Split , who suggested to Roberto Visiani , who was the first botanist who worked on the flora of Dalmatia , that this taxon differs from the actual nominate form. Cattani had picked up the type in central Dalmatia north of Split near today's village of Muć in Dalmatia (Croatia) and had Visiani brought it to Padua in 1864 via Trieste, where the lily was first cultivated in the garden of the nature association. Even today this can be found as a lectotype of the Visian Protolog (taxonomic first description) in the herbarium of the Biological University and Botanical Garden Padua . In 2013 it was typified by Ivana Rešetnik and Sandro Bogdanović. First described by Visiani in 1865 as a variety of the Turkic League ("Amica campi": Di un nuovo giglio della dalmazia , 113-115), he gave it the status of a separate species in 1872 ( "Florae Dalmaticae Supplementum" ).

In this further processing of the taxon, Visiani also led the herbarium exsiccata of the lilies collected by Franz de Paula Maly and Thomas Pichler in the Orjen Mountains in 1864 to produce the Cattani lily; Maly himself gave them the epithet Lilium dalmaticum in schedis ( specific epithet on the herbarium ) .

Maly's epithet was first found in the second Visian publication on Lilium cattaniae , but was spread in Anglo-Saxon garden and botanical literature in particular via an expedition by Leichtlin, which took place as a collecting trip to Great Britain to introduce the lilies. At the same time, the splendid folio monograph of the genus Lilium by Henry John Elwes and the new combination Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum (Maly) Elwes appeared . In this "A Monograph of the Genus Lilium" a full-page magnificent color lithograph from the hand of William Hood Fitch appeared, accompanied by the descriptive text, in which the characteristics of the new variety are compared with the nominate form and the variety album . To this day, the name Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum, derived from the Maly's noun, has remained the more commonly used horticultural name, especially in the Anglo-Saxon language area.

Henry John Elwe's own visual material for the Cattani lily for its depiction in his lily monograph, as well as most of the lilies introduced into English gardening, came from the Max Leichtlin collection . Leichtlin, a passionate collector of onion monocots and a gardener who came from a family of manufacturers in Karlsruhe, had undertaken a collecting trip to find the newly described lilies in 1874 on the high plateau of the Krivošije on the west side of the Orjen Mountains in Montenegro. The effort required for this is evident from a comment by Robert Whistler Wallace:

"I have secured a whole supply of this magnificent lily, which was collected with great difficulty and financial expense by the tireless botanist Mr. Max Leichtlin."

- Note from the father of RW Wallace, Colchester 1874

From the comparisons between the introduced lilies from the main discovery areas in Velebit and Orjen, Elwes observed differences in color intensity such as the color of the perigon - and therefore placed the former with lighter colors in the cattaniae variety , the latter with darker and extremely bright flowers in the dalmaticum variety .

After Elwes had listed the plant as a variety to Lilium martagon L. in his monograph , he was later of the opinion that it differs so much from it that it is better than one, in particular because of its stronger growth and the dense, felt-like, woolly buds own kind should be viewed. Among other things, Elwes raised Cattani lilies that were more than 1.80 m high and one of his abnormally growing plants ( bandages ) had developed 366 flowers. David R. Williamson also reported that his Lilium dalmaticum reached "abnormal size" ( "Gardeners' Chronicle" , 1898, p. 417).

Elwe's determination was based on the taxonomic description Visianis of Lilium cattaniae , only Thomas Moore provided a specific diagnosis of Lilium dalmaticum in 1880 , which appeared in "The Florist and pomologist, and suburban gardener" and in the moors the unpunctured tepals as the most important defining characteristic as indicated by the stronger habit.

From the distribution area of ​​this variety, Beck had described Lilium martagon var. Sanguineo-purpureum in 1890 , for which he specified the Velež mountain range in Herzegovina as the distribution area . This shape has a blood-red, purple-spotted and spotted perigon and a somewhat short-haired stem.

The Royal Horticultural Society - Lily Group leads Henry John Elwes Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum Elwes , which is actually a synonym for Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae Vis. is, in synonymy with Lilium martagon var. sanguineo-purpureum Beck , although Elwes in A Monograph of the Genus Lilium had adopted his var. dalmaticum from the var. cattaniae due to the non-dotted perigon . Synonyms for Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae Vis. are: Lilium cattaniae (Vis.) Vis. , Lilium martagon ssp. cattaniae sword , Lilium martagon var. dalmaticum Elwes , Lilium martagon var. dalmaticum Maly , Lilium dalmaticum Vis. et Maly (in schedis), Lilium martagon var. atropurpureum Neilr. , Lilium martagon var. Sanguineo-purpurum Beck .

History of horticultural culture

Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum Maly . Louis van Houtte: " Flore des serres et des jardin de l'Europe " , plate 2127, vol. 20, 1874

introduction

This taxon was introduced into European garden culture shortly after the Visian description . Three people worked on the horticultural introduction. The »Hofgarteninspector« of the Belvedèregarten in Vienna, Franz de Paula Maly, the natural scientist Maria Selebam de Cattani from Split and the lily specialist Maximilian Leichtlin from Karlsruhe. It is thanks in particular to the latter that lily bulbs came "en masse" from their natural habitat into the hands of commercial British plant traders.

Franz de Paula Maly

In 1864, the Viennese court garden inspector Franz Maly, together with Thomas Pichler, went on an exploration trip to what was then the Austrian Cattaro (now Kotor) in southern Dalmatia. Ascending via Risan , he collected plants on the east side of Orjen for the courtyard garden of the Belvedère Palace and later the Vienna Botanical Garden in the collection of plants of the Austrian Crown Lands. Among the new additions he took with him on the mountain plateau known as Krivošije were three taxa recognized by botanists as new species: the snakeskin pine , the pleasant columbine and the Cattani lily. Maly's exact travel route can only be traced back through Franz Antoine's publication and notes on herbarium evidence. It is clear that he climbed over Risan to the ridge of the "Bila gora" (actually Pazua) and picked up the plants in question there. He then cultivated his material in the Host'schen Garten in the Upper Belvedere in Vienna. He labeled herbarium records in the herbarium of the Botanical University of Vienna as Lilium dalmaticum , but gave no taxonomic description of the plant. Maly's lilies were in the collection in the Host'schen Garten for a longer period of time, in 1874 the journal Gartenflora reported on them from there, Günther Beck from Mannagetta also reported in 1893 that he could study Maly's original plants there.

Maximilian Leichtlin

As a passionate lily lover, Maximilian Leichtlin had received some Malys onions from Lilium dalmaticum . In 1872 at the latest, he exhibited them publicly in his collection of lilies in Karlsruhe. Leichtlins own Bereisung the Bay of Kotor in 1874 served the massive distribution of the plant, which he in the Houttenschen garden neuentstanden in Ghent, in the collection Elwes and in Leichtlins since 1873 in Baden-Baden, the garden under the name Malyschen L. dalmaticum introduzierte . However, via this collection trip Leichtlins in particular "en masse" Cattni lilies were exported to England, which were offered by the horticultural company The New Bulb and Seed Company (formerly Teutschel & Co. ) in Colchester , or in auctions by JC Stevens.

Henry James Elwes reported on Leichtlin's dangerous expedition to Montenegro , which was then dominated by mountain clans:

“He informs me that when he received the information about the area where it grows, he arrived in Cattaro from Trieste in September 1874 by steamboat after a seven-day voyage . From there he went to a very wild country on the border with Turkey, where he found the plant he was looking for, after asking a lot of the locals. "

- Henry James Elwes, "A Monograph of the genera Lilium" - " Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum ", 1877

The introduction of the lilies by Leichtlin in plant-loving Great Britain was a matter of weeks. "The Garden" had already announced on September 26, 1874 ( The Garden , September 26, 1874, p. 288) that Max Leichtlin's successful collection of L. dalmaticum from Montenegro had arrived at "The New Plant and Bulb Company" in Colchester . On November 14, 1874, the news appeared that a chromolithography of the Leichtlin type plants, which he had brought with him from the expedition in Montenegro, was in Van Houtte's fourth and last supplement to volume 20 of the “Flore des Serres” ( “The Garden “ , November 14, 1874, p. 460).

"The New Plant and Bulb Company" had blooming specimens for the first time in 1875 and put a taxonomic question to the editors of "The Garden" (July 31, 1875, p. 84):

“We are sending them a scion of Lilium dalmaticum Catanii. It is completely different from the ordinary Martagon. We will also send you a scion of the white-blooded Martagon, which is the exact counterpart in growth size to the common species. Is the Dalmaticum Catanii a real species? Surely such a vigorous plant never came from a parent species like the old Martagon? "

- The Balck Martagon Lily, "The New Plant and Bulb Company," The Garden, July 31, 1875

Maria Selebam de Cattani

Another less important introduction path also took place via Maria Selebam de Cattani, the plants of the Visianic form from the area around Split and Velebit to Padua, as well as to Mutius von Tommasini and the Trieste Horticultural Society under the Visianic name as Lilium martagon var . cattaniae spread. Tommasini, who tended the plants himself in Trieste, sent further living material to Visiani in Padua and to Edmond Boissier in Geneva.

In English garden culture

Lilium dalmaticum with Lilium martagon var. Album . Chromolithography from "The Garden" , January 13, 1883, p. 33

In the reign of Queen Victoria, the Cattani lily was a common garden plant in Great Britain. At that time it was hardly missing from a large collection. Among other things, George Fergusson Wilson kept it in the garden of the Royal Horticultural Society Wisely and also at the lily show of the Royal Horticultural Society in London in 1901 it was presented alongside other lilies. The peculiarly gloomy flower color remained the main reason for this popularity, as the allusion to the Madonna lily with its main attribute as an emblem of purity and innocence in the "Saturday Review" of 1901 illustrates:

“But look past two others, with their resounding imperial titles, lilium chalcedonicum Heldreichi and lilium dalmaticum . Their petals, which curve sharply upwards, are colored blood red or have a deep purple, which at the edges seems to have burned almost into the deepest blackness; in their shape and color they have a suggestive effect that stands for ideas far other than sincerity and innocence; "

- Consider the Lilies, "The Saturday Review," July 20, 1901

The garden culture of the lily is easy, according to information from numerous English garden newspapers, because they are long-lived with appropriate care. The plants therefore tolerate well shady locations, but do not fade even in full sun locations. Since ingrown plants are a good 1.8 to 2.1 m high, they go particularly well with accompanying large-growing perennials such as knight's spurs .

The painter George Francis "Frank" Miles (1852-1891), chief illustrator at " Life " and illustrator for the British gardening magazine "The Garden" from 1877 to 1887, was particularly impressed by the effect of the unusual color of the flowers after initial skepticism:

“I didn't think much of the black and purple Lilium dalmaticum until this year , but now I think they are one of the greatest flowers for contrast I have ever seen. It grows 1.8–2.1 m high, and against a large group of Belladonna Larkspurs it looks truly regal. "

- Frank Miles, The Garden, Aug 7, 1880, p. 123

Classic illustrations

As Lilium dalmaticum (with Lilium neilgherrense ), “The Florist and pomologist, and suburban gardener” , 1880, plate 513 (here only as a black and white copy), chromo-cithograph Walter Hood Fitch

After its "discovery", a colored botanical illustration of the new lily was first published by Visiani in 1872. In this illustration, the main focus was mainly on an exact reproduction of the morphological parts of the plant.

After Leichtlin's collective expedition, Van Houtte published an illustration in the form of a colored lithograph to accompany the text in the last supplement to Volume 20 of the “Flore des serres et des jardins de l'Europe” in 1874 from Leichtlin's material .

From the hand of the most important and influential plant painter of the 19th century, Walter Hood Fitch , 43 years chief illustrator in Kew and Curtis's Botanical Magazines , two separate lithographs on Lilium dalmaticum were published in 1877 and 1880 . In addition to the first botanical illustration published in the Elwes lily monograph, the artistic highlight is the second botanical illustration in the gardening magazine “The Florist and pomologist, and suburban gardener” . By accentuating the contrasting effect of a white-flowered Lilium neilgeherrense with the dark, wine-red colored Lilium dalmaticum , this is particularly effective. This is accompanied by a taxonomically descriptive text by Thomas Moore , from whom a diagnosis of Lilium dalmaticum is also available for the first time .

In 1884, the gardening magazine The Garden finally published a chromo-lithograph, with which this series of classic lithographs on Lilium dalmaticum, which had been created in just a decade, ended .

The publications in which the chromo-lithographs of the Cattani lily and Lilium dalmaticum were made were as follows:

  • Roberto de Visiani , "Flora Dalmatica sive enumeratio stirpium vascularium quas hactenus in Dalmatia lectas et sibi digessit" (as Lilium cattaniae , plate 3, 1872 by G. Kirchmaijr)
  • Louis van Houtte , " Flore des serres et des jardin de l'Europe " (as Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum Maly, Vol. 20, 1874)
  • Henry John Elwes , "A Monograph of the Genus Lilium" (as Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum . Plate 23, 1877, chromo-lithograph Walter Hood Fitch)
  • Thomas Moore 1880: "Choice Lilies" . "The florist and pomologist, and suburban gardener", (as Lilium dalmaticum , plate 513, chromo-lithograph 1880 by Walter Hood Fitch, printed by Guillaume Severeyns)
  • "The Garden - An Illustrated Weekly Journal of Horticulture in all its Branches" (as Lilium dalmaticum , January 13, 1883, Vol. 23, p. 32. Illustration, p. 33).

Varieties and hybrids

Lilium x Dalhansonii (from Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum × L. hansonii , chromolithography from "The Garden" , September 16, 1893, plate 927)

Varieties of Cattani Lily are: Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae 'Black Dalina', Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae 'The Moor' By dunkelblütige, brilliant color excellent clones like 'The Moor' correspond to the color characteristic of the southern variety dalmaticum . Cultivars traded with Lilium martagon var. Cattaniae are mostly burgundy-red in color and are more like the cattaniae variety .

Leichtlin also introduced a white form of var. Dalmaticum , Lilium dalmaticum var. Cattaniae 'Album Superbum'. This white-flowered Cattani lily is much more vigorous than the white-flowered form of the nominate form - Lilium martagon var album .

Lilium x Dalhansonii , a hybrid of Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum and Lilium hansonii

The hybrid Lilium × Dalhansonii ( Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum × Lilium hansonii ), which Powell bred on a Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum with pollen from Lilium hansonii and first flowered in Southborough in 1890, comes from horticultural crossings . An illustration of this fertile hybrid, which is said to exceed both parent species in vigor and is also intermediate in flower color and flowering time, appeared in The Garden (September 16, 1893, volume 44, p. 260, illustration 927). Another hybrid grown from Lilium dalmaticum at the end of the 19th century is Lilium 'Marhan'. More recent is Lilium 'Theodor Haber' ( Lilium martagon var. Dalmaticum × Lilium tsingtauense ) from 1976 (breeder J. Petruske).

Common names

Trivial names: German Cattani lily, Serbo-Croatian Vrtoglav or Liljan Katanijeve

swell

  • William Bertram Turrill : The lilies of the Balkan Peninsula. In: Lily Year-Book , Volume 17, 1953, pp. 30-39.
  • Nursel Ikinci, Christoph Oberprieler, Adil Güner: On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of Lilium section Liriotypus (Liliaceae) using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers. In: Willdenowia , Volume 36, 2006, pp. 647–656 (PDF)
  • Thomas Moore 1880: Choice Lilies [Plate 513.] Lilium dalmaticum & Lilium neilgherense. In: The Florist and pomologist, and suburban gardener , London. Plate 513 (Walter Hood Fitch), p. 65.
  • Patrick M. Synge: Lilies - A revision of Elwes' Monograph of the Genus Lilium and ist Supplements. Universe Books, New York 1980. ISBN 0-87663-340-8 . Pp. 34-38.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Thomas Moore : Choice Lilies ( Lilium dalmaticum & Lilium neilgherrense ). In: The Florist and pomologist, and suburban gardener , 1880, p. 65.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Čedomil Šilić: Endemične Biljke. In: Priroda Jugoslavije , Volume 3, Svjetlost, Sarajewo 1990, 3rd edition, ISBN 86-01-02557-9 , p. 166.
  3. ^ WB Turrill 1930: On the Flora of the Nearer East: XI. A Contribution to the Flora of Albania . Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew), January 1, 1932, Volume 1932 (4), pp. 193-198. Here p. 197 (JSTOR)
  4. ↑ a b Vukić Pulević 2005: Građa za vaskularnu Floru Crne Gore (Material for vascular Flora of Montenegro - a Supplement to Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae (J. Rohlena)). Republički zavod za zaštitu prirode Crne Gore, Posebna Izdanja, 2, Podgorica, ISBN 86-907229-0-4 , p. 145.
  5. ↑ Pavle Fukarek 1970: Fitocenološka, ​​istraživanja i kartiranja šumskih i šibljačkih zajednica na hercegovačkim planinama Orjen, Prenj i Čvrsnica . Radovi ANUBiH 39, l, 175-229, 1970., Sarajevo. Here p. 189
  6. ↑ EUNIS Habitat classification 2011: Subalpine deciduous scrub.
  7. ↑ Pavle Cikovac: Sociology and site-related distribution of fir-rich forests in the Orjen Mountains (Montenegro) . Diploma thesis LMU, Munich 2003, p. 72 [1]
  8. ↑ Carola Küfmann 2008: Are Cambisols in Alpine Karst Autochthonous or Eolian in Origin . Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 40 (3): 506-518. [2] Here p. 506
  9. ↑ Pavle Cikovac 2002: Sociology and location-dependent distribution of fir forests in the Orjen Mountains (Montenegro) . P. 72
  10. ↑ Pavle Cikovac 2002: Sociology and location-dependent distribution of fir forests in the Orjen Mountains (Montenegro) . P. 40
  11. ↑ Pavle Cikovac 2002: Sociology and location-dependent distribution of fir forests in the Orjen Mountains (Montenegro) . P. 52 (Note: Lilium candidum is incorrectly stated in the text, Lilium cattaniae is correct .)
  12. ↑ Christian Bräuchler, Pavle Cikovac 2007: Iris orjenii ( Iridaceae ) - a new species from the litoral Dinaric Alps. Wildenowia, 37 (1), pp. 221-228, Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Free University of Berlin, ISSN  0511-9618 . P. 226 (PDF)
  13. ↑ Čendomil Šilic: Endemične biljke (Priroda Jugoslavije; Vol. 4). 3rd edition Svjetlost, Sarajevo 1990. 227 pp.
  14. ↑ Ivana Rešetnik, Sandro Bogdanović 2013: Typification of Lilium jankae Kern. and Lilium martagon var. cattaniae Vis. Candollea, 68, 151–154 (PDF)
  15. ↑ Roberto Visiani 1872: Flora Dalmatica sive enumeratio stirpium vascularium quas hactenus in Dalmatia lectas et sibi digessit . Vol. 2, p. 32 Lipsiae, Venice.
  16. ^ Günther Beck von Mannagetta and Lerchenau, 1893: About forms of the Turkic League ( Lilium Martagon L. ). Wiener Illustrierte Gartenzeitung, November 1893, 18th century, issue XI., 409–413. Here p. 411 [3]
  17. ^ Henry John Elwes 1877: " A Monograph of the Genus Lilium " .
  18. ↑ The Gardeners Chronicle, 1910, v. 48, p. 249
  19. ^ The Gardeners' Chronicle, Oct. 16, 1909: Fasciation of Lilium dalmaticum . [4]
  20. ^ The past Lily season in Scotland
  21. ^ Günther Beck von Mannagetta and Lerchenau 1890: Flora of South Bosnia and the neighboring Herzegovina . Annals of the KK: Natural History Court Museum. Vienna, p. 569
  22. ^ Günther Beck von Mannagetta 1904: Flora of Bosnia, Herzegovina and Sadzaks Novipazar . Vienna, p. 468
  23. ↑ Ian Bordie: European Lilies untangled . Walter Mitchell (Ed.) 2009: Lilies and related plants . Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group, 92-102. (PDF)
  24. ^ Henry John Elwes 1877: A Monograph of the Genus Lilium. scanned at the Biodiversity Heritage Library .
  25. ↑ Data sheet at Euro + Med Plantbase , BGBM.
  26. ^ JG Baker: Revision of the Genera and Species of Tulipae. In: The Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 14, 1874, p. 274 (Biodiversity Library)
  27. ↑ Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Volume 2/2, 1907, Monocotyledons , p. 237
  28. ↑ Niketić, M., Cikovac, P., Stevanović, V. 2013: Taxonomic and nomenclature notes on Balkan columbines ( Aquilegia L. , Ranunculaceae). In: Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Belgrade, 6: 33-42. PDF
  29. ^ Franz Antoine 1864: Pinus leucodermis Ant.Austrian Botanical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 12 (December 1864), 366-368 (JSTOR)
  30. ↑ Gartenflora, Vol. 23 1874 p. 246 Notes
  31. ↑ Weekly of the Association for the Promotion of Horticulture in the Royal Prussian States for Horticulture and Herbology, 1872, Vol. 15, p. 224 [5]
  32. ^ Plant collection in the Leichtlinschen garden in Baden-Baden
  33. ↑ Karlsruhe: City History - View into History No. 89 from December 23, 2010 Biography Max Leichtlin
  34. ^ "The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen", January 7, 1875 [6]
  35. ↑ The Gardeners' Chronicle, v. 7, 1877 [7]
  36. ↑ The Garden, v.6, p. 460 (Biodiversity Heritage Library)
  37. ↑ The Garden, July 31, 1875, p. 84 (Biodiversity Heritage Library)
  38. ^ Tommasini, M. 1866: From the coastal land . Austrian Botanical Journal, 1866, 16 (8), 236–240. Here page 238 (JSTOR)
  39. ↑ Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library 11: 3-66, 2014 Brent Elliott 2014: Experimental gardening: Wisley in the nineteenth century (PDF)
  40. ↑ Wiener Illustrierte Gartenzeitung, vol. 18, 1893, p. 334 Lilium martagon dalmaticum
  41. ↑ Loius van Houtte 1874: Flore des serres et des jardin de l'Europe. Vol. 20. Plate 2127, pp. 120–121 [8]
  42. ↑ The Garden, Lilium dalmaticum
  43. ↑ Black Dalina
  44. ↑ The Moor
  45. ↑ Michael Jefferson-Brown 2004: Lilien The Handbook for Selection Design and Care . Christian Verlag, Munich. ISBN 3-88472-627-7 , p. 14
  46. ↑ Michael Jefferson-Brown 2004: Lilien The Handbook for Selection Design and Care . Pp. 42-43
  47. ↑ Patrick M. Synge 1980: Lilies - A revision of Elwes' Monograph of the Genus Lilium and ist Supplements . Universe Books, New York. ISBN 0-87663-340-8 , pp. 35-38
  48. ↑ The Garden , 1893, Volume 44, p. 260, Illustration 927: Lilium x Delhansonii
  49. ↑ Yoshito Asano: CHROMOSOME ASSOCIATION AND POLLEN FERTILITY IN SOME INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS OF LILIUM. Euphytica Vol 31, 1982, pp 121-128. Here p. 126
  50. ↑ Wiener Illustrierte Gartenzeitung, Volume 23, 1898, p. 404 [9]

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